Post-discharge coping difficulties and influencing factors of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study

Wen Li,Yan Zhang,Lili Wei 한국간호과학회 2021 한국간호과학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10

Aim(s): To identify coping difficulties after discharge and influencing factors of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Method(s): A convenience sampling method was used to select 252 women with gestational diabetes mellitus from four tertiary hospitals in Shandong Peninsula in China as the object of investigation. Using demographic questionnaire, quality of discharge teaching scale, readiness for hospital discharge scale and post-discharge coping difficulty scale to investigate the current status of post-discharge coping difficulties in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the factors of coping difficulties after discharge. Result(s): The score of discharge difficulty scale for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus was (5.22±0.97) which is not optimistic. Results of correlation analysis show that there was a strong negative association between quality of discharge teaching and post-discharge coping difficulty (r=-0.840). Readiness for hospital discharge also showed strong negative correlation (r=-0.734) with post-discharge coping difficulty total score. Age, education level, type of birth, parity, quality of discharge teaching and discharge readiness are six factors that significantly influence in post-discharge coping difficulties, which could explain 69.0% of the variation of post-discharge coping difficulty. Conclusion(s): The study showed that difficult situation of women with gestational diabetes mellitus after discharge needs to be solved. Health professionals should focus on advanced age, low level education, primipara and cesarean section puerpera with gestational diabetes mellitus, strengthen health education, improve the quality of discharge teaching and discharge readiness, so as to reduce the level of difficulties after discharge.

ConvLSTM2D 기법을 이용한 부분방전 유형 자동분류 성능개선

이수일(Su-Il Lee),송석일(Seok-Il Song),고대식(Dae-Sik Ko) 한국정보기술학회 2021 한국정보기술학회논문지 Vol.19 No.4

Conv2D techniques can be used to automatically classify the type of partial discharge by learning with two-dimensional data with the phase and amplitude of the partial discharge signal, but fail to take into account the characteristics of the time series, resulting in the failure to accurately classify the type of partial discharge. In the paper, we propose an automatic classification technique of the type of partial discharge using the ConvLSTM2D technique with LSTM, which reflects time series characteristics on the Conv2D technique. The ConvLSTM2D technique proposed in this work is a method of learning with three-dimensional data with the phase, amplitude and time of the partial discharge signal. Experiments using Corona discharge and void discharge data, a representative type of partial discharge, confirm that ConvLSTM2D techniques improve the accuracy of classifying the types of Corona discharge and void discharge than conventional Conv2D techniques. The results of this paper are expected to be utilized in the field of failure prediction of switchboards through accurate automatic classification of the types of corona discharge and void discharge, which are representative types of partial discharge occurring in switchboards.

Does Ultrasound-Guided Directional Vacuum-Assisted Removal Help Eliminate Abnormal Nipple Discharge in Patients with Benign Intraductal Single Mass?

장정민,문우경,박정선,정세영,장미정,조나리야 대한영상의학회 2009 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.10 No.6

Objective: To evaluate whether the removal of an intraductal mass using an ultrasound (US)-guided directional vacuum-assisted device can eliminate symptoms in patients presenting with abnormal nipple discharge. Materials and Methods: Between March 2004 and October 2006, 36 patients who presented with abnormal nipple discharge, underwent US-guided, 11-gauge vacuum-assisted biopsy for a benign intraductal single mass on US. The ability of the procedure to eliminate nipple discharge was evaluated by physical examination during follow-up US. Lesion characteristics, biopsy variables, and histologic features were analyzed to identify factors affecting symptom resolution. Results: Of the 36 lesions, 25 (69%) were intraductal papillomas, 10 (28%) were fibrocystic changes, and one (3%) was a fibroadenoma. The nipple discharge disappeared in 69% (25 of 36) of the women at a mean follow-up time of 25 months (range 12-42 month). There was no difference in the lesion characteristics, biopsy variables, and the histologic features between groups that eliminated the symptom compared those with persistent nipple discharge. Conclusion: US-guided directional vacuum-assisted removal of an intraductal mass appears to eliminate nipple discharge in only 69% of patients and thus, it should not be considered as an alternative to surgical excision. Objective: To evaluate whether the removal of an intraductal mass using an ultrasound (US)-guided directional vacuum-assisted device can eliminate symptoms in patients presenting with abnormal nipple discharge. Materials and Methods: Between March 2004 and October 2006, 36 patients who presented with abnormal nipple discharge, underwent US-guided, 11-gauge vacuum-assisted biopsy for a benign intraductal single mass on US. The ability of the procedure to eliminate nipple discharge was evaluated by physical examination during follow-up US. Lesion characteristics, biopsy variables, and histologic features were analyzed to identify factors affecting symptom resolution. Results: Of the 36 lesions, 25 (69%) were intraductal papillomas, 10 (28%) were fibrocystic changes, and one (3%) was a fibroadenoma. The nipple discharge disappeared in 69% (25 of 36) of the women at a mean follow-up time of 25 months (range 12-42 month). There was no difference in the lesion characteristics, biopsy variables, and the histologic features between groups that eliminated the symptom compared those with persistent nipple discharge. Conclusion: US-guided directional vacuum-assisted removal of an intraductal mass appears to eliminate nipple discharge in only 69% of patients and thus, it should not be considered as an alternative to surgical excision.

중소하천(요천)에서 지배유량 연구

임창수(Chang-Soo Rim),이준호(Joon-Ho Lee) 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2011 농업과학연구 Vol.38 No.2

The purpose of this study is to select the dominant discharge which mostly affects the formation of the channel shape in Yo-Stream. So far, three different discharge conditions such as bankfull discharge, discharge of a specific recurrence interval, and effective discharge have been considered as an indicator of dominant discharge. Therefore, three different discharge conditions were studied and based on the study results, dominant discharge was selected for Yo-Stream. When comparing bankfull discharge and effective discharge at Beonam stream gaging station, it has turned out that effective discharge was 10 ㎥/sec, which is 6 times greater than bankfull discharge of 58.83 ㎥/sec. Furthermore, when comparing bankfull discharge and discharge of a specific recurrence interval, bankfull discharge was quite similar to discharge with recurrence interval of 1.52 years. Previous study results also indicate that dominant discharge occurs with recurrence interval of similar duration. Therefore, discharge of 58.83 ㎥/sec was considered as a dominant discharge, which corresponds to discharge with recurrence interval of 1.52 years.

하상계수가 큰 하천의 하도형성유량 산정

지운(Ji Un),장은경(Jang Eun Kyung),여운광(Yeo Woon Kwang) 대한토목학회 2011 대한토목학회논문집 B Vol.31 No.4B

하천 정비 및 하천 복업사업의 기준유량이 되는 하도형성유량 산정은 안정하도 설계시 반드시 선행되어야 하는 것이다. 국내의 경우 하도형성유량 산정방법에 대한 연구가 많이 수행되지 않아 특정패턴을 도출하기가 어려운 실정이다. 국내하천의 경우 외국의 주요하천과 비교하여 하상계수가 크게 나타나는 특성으로 인해 외국사례를 국내에 적용하기에 어려움이 있다. 따라서 현재 구하도 복원이 진행 되고 있거나 계획되어 있는 만경강, 청미천, 함평천을 대상으로 하도형성유량 산정을 위해 만제유량, 특정 재현기간별 유량, 유효유량을 산정해보고 각각의 상호관계를 분석하여 하상계수가 큰 국내하천에 적용 가능한 하도형성유량을 제안하고자 한다. 만제유량은 대상유역의 지형자료를 이용한 HEC-RAS 모의를 통해 산정하였으며 특정 재현기간별 유량과 유효유량은 대상구간의 유량, 하상토, 유사 자료를 이용하여 산정하였다. 산정결과 하상계수가 큰 하천에서는 유효유량이 만제유량보다 크게 나타났으며 하상계수와 관련하여 특정 재현기간별 유량은 일관성 있는 특징이 없는 것으로 나타났다. The channel-forming discharge, which is a standard and single flow for the river maintenance and restoration project, should be estimated necessarily in the stable channel design. It is difficult to produce the specific pattern for the channel-forming discharge in the domestic rivers due to the insufficient researches and case studies. Also, it is improper to adopt the foreign cases for the domestic rivers and streams which have the high coefficients of river regime. Therefore, the channel-forming discharge possible to use for rivers with high coefficients of river regime is suggested in this study through analyzing the bankfull, specified recurrence interval, and effective discharges of Mangyeong River, Cheongmi Stream, and Hampyeong Stream for the abandoned channel restoration project. The bankfull discharge was calculated with geometric data using the HEC-RAS modeling and the flow, bed materials, and sediment data for the study reaches were used to estimate the specified recurrence interval and effective discharges. As a result for calculating the channel-forming discharge, the effective discharge was greater than the bankfull discharge in the river with high coefficient of river regime and the effective discharge was greater than the bankfull and there was no correlation between the coefficient of river regime and the characteristics of the specified recurrence interval discharges.

하드쉽면책(Hardship Discharge)

박재완 한양대학교 법학연구소 2019 법학논총 Vol.36 No.4

The aim of this paper is to grasp legal principles of hardship discharge in individual rehabilitation proceedings. In individual rehabilitation proceedings, even if a debtor fails to fulfill the repayment plan, he still can get hardship discharge. According to Article 624(2) of Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act(“DRBA”), in order for a debtor to get hardship discharge, (1) failure to complete payments must be due to circumstances for which he should not justly be held accountable, (2) each unsecured creditor must have received equivalent of distribution in bankruptcy case, (3) modification of the plan is not practicable. This paper gathered and analyzed lower court cases dealing with requirement (1) and reviewed current law and theories of modification of plan after confirmation, which is closely related to requirement (3). Under current law, courts can dismiss hardship discharge petition even when all the requirements above are met. This discretion may throw heavy burden on courts and uncertainty on debtors, so it is wise to revise current DRBA to eliminate this discretion. Currently hardship discharge is almost neglected by courts and debtors. This paper advised that courts should use hardship discharge more actively, while keeping valance between hardship discharge and modification of plan. This paper also introduced undue hardship discharge of the Bankruptcy Code of the United States, which is related to student loans. 개인회생절차에서 면책은 원칙적으로 채무자가 변제계획에 따른 변제를 완료한 경우에 부여되지만, 채무자가 변제계획에 따른 변제를 완료하지 못한 경우에도 일정한 요건을 갖추면 면책받을 수 있다. 이를 하드쉽면책(Hardship Discharge)이라고 한다. 하드쉽면책을 받기 위하여는 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제624조 제2항의 각 호의 요건, 즉 ① 채무자에게 귀책사유가 없고(제1호), ② 청산가치가 보장되고(제2호), ③ 계획변경이 불가능하여야 한다(제3호). 위 조항에 명시된 요건 외에 면책의 상당성도 요건이 된다고 보는 것이 통설과 실무의 입장이다. 면책불허가사유의 부존재라는 소극적 요건도 요구된다. 이 글은 위 ①과 관련된 우리나라와 일본의 하급심 판례들을 분석하였고, 또 ③과 관련하여 하드쉽면책과 표리의 관계에 있는 계획변경의 사유와 내용에 관하여 검토하였다. 면책의 상당성 요건은 실무와 통설이 이를 요구하고 있으나, 법원에게 부담을 주고 이해관계인에게 불확실성을 높이는 역할을 하므로, 이를 요건에서 제외하는 법개정을 하는 것이 바람직하다. 미국의 개인도산절차에서 학자금대출채권은 원칙적으로 비면책채권이지만, 이로 말미암아 채무가가 과도한 곤경에 처하게 되는 경우에는 예외적으로 면책이 허용되는바, 이를 과도한 곤경에 기한 하드쉽면책(Undue Hardship Discharge)이라고 한다. 우리나라의 경우 취업 후 상환 학자금대출채권을 파산절차의 비면책채권으로 한 것에 대한 비판이 있으므로 이 글은 위 제도를 간략히 소개하였다. 하드쉽면책의 제도적 취지를 생각하면 하드쉽면책을 보다 활성화할 필요가 있다고 생각된다. 면책의 상당성 요건을 배제하는 법개정이 이루어지기 이전이라도 그로 인한 불확실성을 줄이는 것이 일단 시도해 볼만한 활성화방안이라고 생각된다.

Revisit of LLD Requirements for Airborne Discharges From PWRs in Line With Effluent Concentration Limit

Soyun Kim,Jae Hak Cheong 한국방사성폐기물학회 2022 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.20 No.1

Radioactive effluent discharged from the nuclear power plant (NPP) during normal operation is controlled by the discharge limit in terms of radioactivity concentration (Bq·m?3) and dose constraints in Korea. To ensure compliance with discharge limits of effluents, the licensee operates radioactive effluent monitoring systems in each discharge point to detect radioactivity and control discharge. The predetermined regulatory requirements of analytical sensitivities for sampling devices in the monitoring system are established in various countries to guarantee the performance of the monitoring systems. In Korea, Lower Limits of Detection (LLD) are selected as the regulatory requirements and adopted from the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) NUREG-1301. The International Atomic Energy Agency stated that the detection limits have to be low enough (e.g., less than 1% of discharge limits) to safely demonstrate compliance with the discharge limits. However, no technical background of LLD has been explained regarding the compliance with discharge limits in Korea. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the compatibility of discharge limits and detection limits. The USNRC Regulatory Guide 1.21 has stated the risk-informed approach for effluent control by identifying the principal radionuclides whose radiological impact is more than 1% of discharge limits. In 2017, Cheong proposed the methodology and derived risk-based detection limits for liquid effluents from Korean NPPs. In 2019, Choi derived risk-based detection limits for liquid and gaseous effluents based on APR 1400 Design Control Document (DCD). The methodology of those studies can derive the detection limit for each principal radionuclide that is comparable to 1% to 10% of discharge limits. However, the previous study based on APR 1400 DCD was for the discharge limits of the US and didn’t consider the multiple discharge points in the reactor. Therefore, this study preliminarily derived the risk-based detection limits consistent with Korean Effluent Concentration Limits for gaseous effluents reflecting the characteristics of each discharge point. Also, this study confirmed the validity of risk-based detection limits and current LLD. This study is expected to be basic research for detection limits of Korean NPPs in line with international safety standards.

Estimation of Amazon River discharge based on EOF analysis of GRACE gravity data

Eom, Jooyoung,Seo, Ki-Weon,Ryu, Dongryeol Elsevier 2017 Remote sensing of environment Vol.191 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>River discharge is a critical component for understanding hydrological processes and sustainable management of water resources. The importance of discharge observation has increased due to its potential extreme variation resulting from the projected climate change and stronger variability of precipitation and temperature in some large basins. However, inherent difficulties in ground-based observations and decreasing number of gauge stations hinder accurate measurement of global river discharge and its spatio-temporal variations. Various remote sensing methods have been examined as alternatives, however, they require ground measurements to convert their proxy measurements into the actual river discharge. In this study, we estimate the discharge at the Óbidos station and the mouth of the Amazon basin using the water storage variations derived from GRACE gravity data without relying on any auxiliary ground observations. We extract the water mass signal along the main stem of the river by applying the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) for water storage variations over the basin. The relative water storage variations along the main stem derived from the EOF decomposition are highly correlated with in-situ discharge at the Óbidos. However, in high water season, the GRACE-based discharge is estimated larger than the in-situ observations, and the difference is particularly significant during the 2009 extreme flood season. We argue that the in-situ river discharge in 2009 was underestimated due to the missed water volume for the flow detouring around the Óbidos gauge station during the high-flow event. Net river discharge of the Amazon Basin to Atlantic Ocean is also estimated, and its annual discharge is about 23% larger than that of the Óbidos. In particular, 2009 river discharge to Atlantic Oceans is estimated as 1050Gton.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We estimate river discharge at the Óbidos station using GRACE. </LI> <LI> Discharge from GRACE is larger than that from in-situ observation during flooding. </LI> <LI> We argue that in-situ observation missed some flooding flow. </LI> <LI> River discharge at the Amazon Basin mouth is also estimated for the first time. </LI> </UL> </P>

산림유역의 만사 사방댐에 의한 토사유출 조절 효과 추정

서정일 ( Jung Il Seo ),전근우 ( Kun Woo Chun ),송동근 ( Dong Geun Song ) 한국임학회 2016 한국산림과학회지 Vol.105 No.3

이 연구에서는 2006년 집중호우 시 산사태 및 토석류가 발생한 강원도 인제군의 기룡산 유역을 대상으로 사면붕괴 및 계상변동을 추정하여 만사 상태에 도달한 불투과형 사방댐이 토사유출 조절에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 해석하고, 이를 토대로 사방댐의 설계 및 준설기준을 고도화하는 데에 필요한 새로운 인자를 제안하였다. 일반적으로 사방댐은 계획평형기울기 구간과 계획홍수기울기 구간에서 각각 토사유출의 억제와 조절 기능을 발휘하고 있다. 연구대상유역에 시공된 불투과형 사방댐은 계획억제토사량에 해당하는 저사량이 2,111 m³로 설계되었지만, 2006년 집중호우로 인한 산지교란 발생 시에는 해당 사방댐 직상부로부터 250 m의 계류구간에 걸쳐 3,996 m³의 유출토사를 조절한 것으로 관측되었다. 결과적으로 해당 사방댐은 유출토사 억제를 위한 계획억제토사량보다 큰 규모의 계획조절토사량을 나타내어 만사된 이후에도 유출토사의 조절이라는 사방댐의 기능을 발휘하고 있었다. 이와 같이 사방댐의 토사유출 조절기능은 토사유출 억제기능과 구분하여 평가하여야 하지만, 현재 우리나라에서는 현지에서 유역특성을 실측한 자료를 기반으로 한 계획억제토사량 또는 계획조절토사량을 사방댐의 설계 및 준설기준 인자로서 고려하고 있지 않다. 따라서 합리적인 사방댐의 설계 및 유지관리 기준을 마련하기 위해서는 사방댐의 토사유출 억제기능과 조절기능을 정량적으로 해석한 현장자료가 축적되어야 하며, 이는 우리의 사방기술이 보다 객관적이고도 체계적인 면모를 갖춘 과학적 기술로 발전할 수 있는 방안일 것이다. To estimate the sediment discharge controlled by sediment-filled check-dam and thereby enhancing factor for check-dam design and dredging criteria, we surveyed slope failures and stream-bed fluctuation caused by geomorphic disturbances (i.e., landslides and debris flows) in Inje, Gangwondo. In general, check-dams play roles for restraining and controlling sediment discharge within a section under the design equilibrium gradient and a section under the design flood gradient, respectively. The results in this study showed same pattern: that is, the closed type check-dam, which has a design restraint sediment discharge of 2,111 m³, estimated to control a sediment discharge of 3,996 m³ in the stream section within 250 m right upper area immediately after the disturbances occurred in 2006. As a result, a design control sediment discharge of the check-dam was larger than its design restraint sediment discharge. This represents that the check-dam is still having an own function for controlling sediment discharge although it exceeded the designed capacity by the sediment discharged from upstream during the disturbances. Our finding suggests that the sediment discharge controlling of check-dam may need to be evaluated separately from its sediment discharge restraint. Currently, the country, however, does not consider the design control (or restraint) sediment discharges, based on the actual field survey, as criteria for checkdam design and/or dredging work. Therefore, the accumulation of the quantitative data is required to support that check-dam has functions for both restraining and controlling sediment discharge. This would be a way to develop our erosion control technology to the scientific technology equipped with a more objective and systematic aspects.

통원 수술환자의 안전한 귀가 결정을 위한 퇴실기준에 관한 연구

윤계숙,김은경,정소현,이승주,정미경,이영미 병원간호사회 2012 임상간호연구 Vol.18 No.3

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare three discharge criteria; 1) discharge criteria of S Hospital determined by nurses, 2) discharge readiness determined by patients, and 3) the Modified Post-Anesthetic Discharge Scoring System (MPADSS). The usefulness of MPADSS as a discharge criteria for the patients’safe return to home after ambulatory surgery was also evaluated. Methods: A total of 370 day surgery cases were investigated. The MPADSS was employed in every 30 min. in parallel with discharge readiness assessment by nurses and patients. The percentage of the patients who were categorized as being ready to discharge were compared according to three discharge criteria. Results: The percentage of patients scored to be as MPADSS > 9 in 30 min, 60 min, 90 min were 96.5%, 99.5%, 100% respectively. Whereas 11.1%, 44.3%, 71.1% of patients rated themselves as being ready to discharge and 2.7%, 23.5%, 54.3% of patients actually discharged by nurses according to discharge criteria of S Hospital. Conclusion: Nurses tend to keep patients longer in the hospital when compared to the patient's own assessment about their readiness to home and to that of MPADSS. Faster discharge in the evening than day time suggests patient discharge can be influenced by nursing factors. This brings out the importance of scoring system to determine the safe discharge. The MPADSS could be a useful tool in evaluating patients for safe discharge.