시민참여와 시민참여 제도에 대한 탐색적 분석: 민주주의 및 권위주의 체제의 비교를 중심으로

김종호 동국대학교 사회과학연구원 2020 사회과학연구 Vol.27 No.S

Most of existing studies on citizen participation have been focused on the action of citizen participation. However, citizen participation varies depending on how structural and institutional frameworks to urge citizen participation are established. In other words, citizen participation needs to be considered not only the types of behavior but also institutions for promoting citizen participation. The institutional framework to induce citizen participation has a very tight relationship with the political regime - such as authoritarian, hybrid, flawed democracy, full democracy by Economist Intelligence Unit’s Democracy Index- of the country. The countries of democratic regime have been established an environment that can increase citizen participation in the government, such as voting, petitions, peaceful demonstrations, and strikes, can be freely done, but it has not in the countries of the authoritarian regime. It is necessary to compare and consider the behavior and the institutional frameworks of citizen participation depending on the types of regime. In conclusion, the institutional frameworks for strengthening citizen participation and the behavior of citizen participation are tightly coupled. It is necessary to establish an institutional mechanism for inducing citizen participation.

국민참여재판 전담변호사 제도 제안

윤영석(Young-Suk Yun) 경희법학연구소 2023 경희법학 Vol.58 No.1

In citizen participation criminal trials, ordinary citizens participate directly in the verdict. Accordingly, procedural adequacy is more strongly required than in ordinary trials. Therefore, state-appointed attorneys appointed in citizen participation criminal trials shall have sufficient competence to perform the aforementioned tasks. However, since citizen participation criminal trials are compulsory representation cases, a state-appointed attorney is assigned to a defendant without an attorney. But it is not certain that the state-appointed attorney arbitrarily designated by the court will be able to proceed smoothly in citizen participation criminal trials with the following reasons. First of all, it is difficult for a defendant to determine whether the state-appointed attorney to conduct such trial has the minimum ability even though the defendant is the party who applied for citizen participation criminal trials. Additionally, there is no special benefit even if a state-appointed attorney diligently carries out the case, and the cases and defense techniques of citizen participation criminal trials are held only by individual attorneys so that it is difficult to improve the quality of defense in citizen participation criminal trials over time. The current state-appointed counsel system that courts assign cases to attorneys, has its limitations in allowing high-quality attorneys to take charge of citizen participation criminal trials. This is because it is difficult for a state-appointed attorney to be fundamentally independent from the court. Even if these limitations are acknowledged to some extent, there is a great need for the state-appointed attorney to be completely independent of the court in citizen participation criminal trials in which juries participate. Therefore, this paper proposes establishment of a dedicated attorney system that conducts only citizen participation criminal trials. Attorneys dedicated to citizen participation criminal trials should belong to a separate organization independent of the courts, and at the very least, they should hold higher job security than the current state-appointed attorneys. In terms of jurisdiction area, it would be reasonable to allow attorneys in charge of citizen participation criminal trials to take nationwide jurisdiction. Other remuneration, treatment, workload, etc. are recommended to be determined by referring to the example of the dedicated state-appointed attorney, but to complement the reverse incentives of the existing state-appointed counsel system, it would be necessary to provide additional benefits to excellent attorneys.

시민참여에 대한 인식 연구: 시민참여 주체와 성과 중심으로

선소원 한국행정학회 2020 韓國行政學報 Vol.54 No.3

The citizen participation process involves citizens, local governments, and experts in various fields. Theoretical and practical interests are shifting from the normative justification of citizen participation to its outcomes. Research has so far focused mainly on the design of expanded systems of citizen participation, but research on the role of experts and citizens' perceptions of these expanded roles and outcomes is insufficient. The purpose of this paper is to present related theoretical and practical implications by identifying subjective perceptions of citizens and their views on actors in citizen participation (citizens, local governments, and experts) and outcomes of citizen participation through Q methodology. The results show that the perceptions of citizen participation include citizen participation support (performance recognition), distrust of citizen participation, and citizen–local government cooperation. This study suggests that the importance of citizen–local government–expert communication and the role of local government in citizen participation should be multifunctional. 시민참여과정에서 시민, 지방정부, 다양한 분야의 전문가들이 참여하면서 시민참여의 주체가 확대되고 있다. 이와 동시에 이론적・실천적 관심은 시민참여의 규범적 정당성에서 시민참여로 인한 성과로 옮겨가고 있다. 이에 더하여 지금까지의 연구는 주로 새로 확대되는 시민참여의 제도설계에 초점을 맞추면서, 확대된 시민의 역할이나 성과에 대한 시민들의 인식에 대한 연구와 전문가의 역할에 대한 연구가 미흡하였다. 이 논문은 시민참여의 주체(시민, 지방정부, 전문가) 및 시민참여의 성과에 대한 시민들의 인식을 Q 방법론을 통해 심층적으로 파악하여 이론적, 실천적 함의를 제시하였다. 분석결과, 시민참여에 대한 인식은 시민주도형(성과긍정), 시민불신형(시민 중심의 참여를 부정), 연합형(시민-지방정부 협력 강조)의 세 유형으로 파악되었다. 본 연구는 시민-지방정부-전문가의 소통의 중요성과 시민참여에서의 지방정부의 역할이 보다 입체적이어야 함을 시사하고 있다.

시민참여 도시계획의 제도화 방안

이상대,정유선 경기연구원 2015 정책연구 Vol.- No.-

Forms of participation that are currently prescribed in the National Land Use and Planning Act and its subordinate legislation are largely public hearing, council hearing, opening plan document, newspaper announcements, and website announcements. The metropolitan area plan needs to go through public hearings and regional council hearings. And local government’s urban basic plan and urban management plan should go through the procedures circulated with public hearing, council hearing, opening plan document, and listening to local opinion. The actual practice of citizen engagement approach based on the rule of law is lacking and very formal. Of course 31 cities and counties of the Gyeonggi Province have citizen participation progresses on the legal system in the process of making and implementing urban plans. But they do not have plenty of new ways of citizen participation. So, citizen consulting group meetings are held in 28 cities and counties (90.3% of total), citizen talks are made in 24 cities and counties (77.4% of total), and citizen participation forums are held in 3 cities and counties (9.7% of total). So, citizen participation in the current system and practices strikes steps of information provision and consultation stage in the five phase of citizen participation. In order to practice citizen participation in urban planning practices, we propose the following measures instituted. First, local government need to create a citizen participation plan from the outset of plan-making. Second, operate the citizen participation forums from planning an early stage. Third, actively take advantage of the SNS and mobile environments in order to enhance openness and transparency. Fourth, submit citizen participation report on the process of plan draft review by upper government. Fifth, link a expert committee and dispatch experts in an advisory role to the citizen forums. Futhermore, the Gyeonggi Province should also promote provincial ordinance improvements for the citizen participation. In the short term, the province needs to amend the urban basic plan guideline draft to insert the rules of citizen participation practices. In the mid-to long-term, the province needs the Ordinance for the Citizen Participation-oriented Urban Planning to establish a regulatory mandates and incentives.

The Present Status and Development Plan of Citizen Participation: Focused on the Autonomous Police System

Seungchal Lee,Younggil Kwak J-INSTITUTE 2022 Regulations Vol.7 No.1

Purpose: This study aims to examine the current status of citizen participation in the self-governing police system, which has been implemented since July 1, 2021, focusing on metropolitan municipalities in Korea, and to suggest improvement plans for revitalization. Method: The research method was based on the website of local government, government statistics data, and academic papers. Results: The current citizen participation in the self-governing police system is limited to formal participation because there is a lack of system and support to be a citizen participation. Conclusion: As an improvement plan, first, it is necessary to open a unique homepage and strengthen the publicity in order to actively encourage citizens participation. In other words, it is necessary to actively promote and provide institutional support so that local citizens can actively know and participate in the main policies of the autonomous police committee. Second, active interactive communication plans should be sought to promote citizen participation (regular meetings, holding briefing sessions, etc.). Third, it is necessary to seek cooperation in the level of co-production in the security services. Fourth, it is the enactment of ordinances by local governments that can activate citizen participation. Fifth, the activation of citizen participation through the network construction of police cooperation organizations and civic groups related to security services should be promoted. For the success-ful settlement of the self-governing police system, citizen participation should be activated so that it can be a police activity that meets the needs of residents and the residents who are the purpose of the self-governing police system.

숙의적 시민참여 모델 연구

조현석(Cho Hyun-Suk) 한국과학기술학회 2006 과학기술학연구 Vol.6 No.1

이 논문은 울산시 북구의 음식물자원화 시설 건립을 둘러싼 환경 갈등에 대한 ‘시민 배심원제’의 적용을 분석한다. 북구의 시민배심원제는 우리나라에서 보기 드문 숙의적 시민참여 모델의 적용 사례로서 중요한 의미를 띤다. 이 논문은 우선 이론적으로 시민참여의 유형화를 통해서 숙의적 시민참여의 성격을 파악하였다. 시민참여의 유형화는 두 가지 기준에 바탕을 둔다. 첫째, 1차 참여자가 시민들인가 아니면 시민들을 포함한 여러 이해당사자 집단들인가? 둘째, 각 시민참여 모델이 상정하는 의사소통구조가 상호작용적인가 아닌가? 이 두 가지 기준을 적용하여 네 가지 일반적 시민참여 모델을 도출하였다. 직접 참여 모델, 협의 모델, 협상 모델, 그리고 숙의 모델이 이것들이다. 울산 북구의 시민배심원제에 의한 시민참여 사례는 숙의적 시민참여 모델에 해당된다. 우선 울산 지역의 여러 시민단체에서 선발되었지만 각 시민단체를 대표하는 입장이 아니라 개별 시민의 입장에서 참여가 이루어졌다고 여겨진다. 이론적으로는 이러한 참여자의 선정은 대표성 기준보다 포용성 기준에 의해서 타당성을 부여받을 수 있다. 또한 이러한 시민들을 대변하는 참여자들이 1차 참여자로 숙의의 주체가 되고 전문가, 정부와 주민 측을 대표한 이해당사자들은 증인의 자격으로 정보와 의견을 숙의과정에 투입했다는 점, 사회자에 의한 정보제공 및 숙의과정에 대한 관리가 공정하게 이루어졌다는 점 등에서 볼 때 숙의과정의 설계와 집행이 숙의적 시민참여 모델의 기본적인 원칙에 따라서 이루어졌다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 울산 북구의 시민참여 사례가 숙의적 시민참여 모델에 해당하는 것으로 판단되지만 미국에서 확립된 시민배심원제에 해당하는 것을 아니라고 보아야 할 것이다. This paper is to analyse the case of citizen participation employed in the local government, Buk-gu (Northern District) in the city of Ulsan, Korea. A kind of deliberative type of citizen participation named' citizen jury' was exercised to resolve an environmental conflict between Buk-gu government and its residents. The conflict was caused by the construction of a food waste recycling facility near by some residential areas in Buk-gu. Theoretically this paper makes a typology of citizen participation methods. Two criteria are employed. First of all, lay citizens are the primary participant or not? Secondly, interactive communication is feasible or not among participants in the process of citizen participation. Four generic types of citizen participation are sorted out: technocratic, pluralist, direct/participatory, and deliberative type. Especially deliberative type of citizen participation is based on an idea of deliberative democracy. This paper argues that the case of citizen participation employed in Buk-gu belongs to deliberative type of citizen participation. The argument is based on the following reasons. Firstly, primary participants in deliberation process can be considered as lay citizens though they are selected form local NGOs and religious groups. According to a survey, most of participants said that they would participate in the process of deliberation in the capacity of lay citizens though they were selected by their own groups. Secondly, the citizen participation process was deliberately designed and implemented to facilitate competence of primary participants and fairness in the deliberation. Viewed from this analysis, this Buk-gu case can be safely considered an innovative method of citizen participation which is also very successful in resolving intractable environmental conflict in the local government.

스마트도시사업 단계별 시민참여 수준 진단에 관한 연구

박지호 ( Ji-ho Park ),박정우 ( Joung-woo Park ),남광우 ( Kwang-woo Nam ) 한국지리정보학회 2021 한국지리정보학회지 Vol.24 No.2

글로벌 스마트도시 추진 동향을 기반으로 2018년‘4차산업혁명위원회’는 국내 스마트도시 정책의 방향과 관련하여‘지속가능성’과‘사람중심’을 핵심 키워드로 선정하였다. 이에 따라 국내 스마트도시사업 추진단계별로 적극적인 시민중심의 혁신 방법론인 리빙랩 프로그램을 적용하고 있다. 스마트도시는 리빙랩을 통해 시민이 중심이 되어 지역문제를 발굴하고, 공공·전문가와 함께 시민의 니즈(Needs)를 반영한 해결방안 도출을 통해 지속가능한 도시문제 해결방안 및 지역발전방안을 마련하고 있다. 그러나 상대적으로 오랜 시간 운영된 도시재생사업과 비교할 때 스마트도시사업의 시민참여는 그 수준이나 지속가능성에서 상당한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 본 연구는 2018년부터 2019년까지 추진된 스마트도시사업에서 수행한 리빙랩 프로그램 사례를 대상으로 도시재생사업 단계별 시민참여 특성과의 비교 분석과 Arnstein의‘참여의 사다리’모형을 기준으로 한 시민참여 활동 수준진단을 수행하였다. 진단결과, 스마트도시사업에서 수행된 리빙랩에 나타난 시민참여 활동은 스마트도시서비스의 선정이나 해결책 구성 등에 상대적으로 높은 수준의 권한을 기반으로 지역주민의 수요에 맞는 스마트도시서비스를 선택하고 지역에 맞는 서비스의 기술수준이 결정되는 데 큰 영향을 보이고 있었다. 그러나 스마트도시 구축사업만을 위한 단발성 성격의 시민참여단 모집으로 사업 종료 후 에는 대부분의 시민참여활동이 중단되고 있었다. 이에 반해 도시재생사업의 시민참여 활동은 지역공동체 중심으로 사업 계획 단계부터 사업 종료 후 운영단계까지 지속적인 운영·관리 방안이 도출되고 있었다. 본 연구는 이와 같은 도시재생사업과 스마트도시사업간의 시민참여의 특성 비교와 수준진단을 통해 보다 지속가능한 스마트도시 구현을 위한 시민참여활성화 방안을 제시하였다. Based on the global smart city promotion trend, in 2018, the“Fourth Industrial Revolution Committee”selected“sustainability”and“people-centered”as keywords in relation to the direction of domestic smart city policy. Accordingly, the Living Lab program, which is an active citizen-centered innovation methodology, is applied to each stage of the domestic smart city construction project. Through the Living Lab program, and in collaboration with the public and experts, the smart city discovers local issues as it focuses on citizens, devises solutions to sustainable urban problems, and formulates a regional development plan that reflects the needs of citizens. However, compared to citizen participation in urban regeneration projects that have been operated for a relatively long time, participation in smart city projects was found to significantly differ in level and sustainability. Therefore, this study conducted a comparative analysis of the characteristics of citizen participation at each stage of an urban regeneration project and, based on Arnstein’s“Participation Ladder”model, examined the level of citizen participation activities in the Living Lab program carried out in a smart city commercial area from 2018 to 2019. The results indicated that citizen participation activities in the Living Lab conducted in the smart city project had a great influence on selecting smart city services, which fit the needs of local residents, and on determining the technological level of services appropriate to the region based on a relatively high level of authority, such as selection of smart city services or composition of solutions. However, most of the citizen participation activities were halted after the project’s completion due to the one-off recruitment of citizen participation groups for the smart city construction project only. On the other hand, citizens’ participation activities in the field of urban regeneration were focused on local communities, and continuous operation and management measures were being drawn from the project planning stage to the operation stage after the project was completed. This study presented a plan to revitalize citizen participation for the realization of a more sustainable smart city through a comparison of the characteristics and an examination of the level of citizen participation in such urban regeneration and smart city projects.

주민참여와 지방 거버넌스

가상준 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2018 한국과 국제정치 Vol.34 No.1

This study aims at examining the current system of direct citizen participation to ensure local autonomy through citizen involvement. To this end, the study examines how the referendum system, the recall system, the initiative system, the audit demand system, and the citizen litigation system are operated and investigates their problems. In particular, it examines what is necessary to realize local autonomy through citizen participation at the local community level. Since the system of direct citizen participation has been come into effect, the methods of controlling elected officials and government employees who were only controlled by election have been varied. However, citizen involvement through the direct participation system is not invigorated. In order for local autonomy to be established through citizen participation, the requirements for the system of direct citizen participation should be eased. Above of all, strict claim and vote count requirements prevent citizens from participating in local affairs. Likewise, proper decentralization should be implemented in order to realize local autonomy through citizen participation. In addition, discussion of citizen participation in local autonomy should be expanded and linked to citizen involvement at the community level. When local autonomy through meaningful citizen participation is established, grassroots democracy will be settled and democratic administration will be realized.

The Effect of Political Institutions on the Use of Citizen Participation Programs

( Young Min Oh ),( Jong Sun Park ) 서울대학교 행정대학원 2013 Journal of Policy Studies Vol.28 No.2

Local governments` use of citizen participation programs is influenced by external environments, especially in the form of political institutions. Local governments decide to expand or limit citizen participation in administrative decision-making processes in response to political uncertainties created by different types of political institutions. Despite the importance of institutional contexts, few studies have examined the effects of these political institutions on the use of citizen participation programs. This study empirically tested whether political institutions affect the adoption of citizen participation programs. The results suggest that the council-manager form of government increases both the adoption of citizen participation mechanisms and the use of citizen participation programs in functional areas, while nonpartisan elections are associated only with the adoption of citizen participation mechanisms. At-large elections show no statistical association with either type of citizen participation. These findings suggest that local political contexts play important roles in the adoption of bureaucratic practices such as citizen participation programs and still support the classical assertion that public administration is closely connected to politics.

일반논문 : 주민참여제고 방안에 관한 실증적 연구: 통합창원시를 중심으로

백형배 ( Hyung Bae Baek ),김필두 ( Pil Doo Kim ) 한국지방행정연구원 2011 地方行政硏究 Vol.25 No.1

통합시의 출현으로 인한 관할 면적의 확대, 상주인구 증가로 인해 지역 주민의 참여가 어려울 수도 있다는 우려가 나타나고 있다. 즉 자치단체 간 통합을 통해 얻을 수 있는 이익극대화를 위해서는 권한이 강화된 통합시장에 대한 견제로서 주민참여의 활성화가 필요하다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 이러한 필요성에 따라 자치단체 간 통합으로 인하여 발생할 수 있는 행정과 주민과의 심리적 거리의 격차를 좁히는 동시에 지역주민의 소외감을 해소할 수 있는 다양한 주민참여제도 모색을 연구목적으로 한다. 주민참여의 강조는 기본적으로 지방정부가 주민의 요구나 선호에 냉담하다는 것을 전제로 한다. 주민참여 활성화를 위해서는 참여의 제도화가 중요하다. 본 연구는 2010년 5월 19일부터 5월 22일까지 통합 창원시의 주민참여 제고 방안과 실태 분석을 위해 편의표본추출(convenience sampling)방법을 이용하여 창원, 마산, 진해시의 시민 각각 50명씩을 표본추출(유효표본수, 150명)하였다. 본 연구의 설문조사결과의 시사점을 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 주민참여활성화를 위한 바람직한 제도에 관한 설문조사의 결과에 의하면, 행정정보공개제도, 주민 소송, 민원실 활용 등에 대한 응답 비율이 높아서 주민들은 지역사회의 공동체 의식이나 주인의식이 결여된 개인의 이익 중심으로 생각하는 경향이 있다. 현재 제대로 기능하고 있는 주민참여제도에 대한 설문결과, ``그저 그렇다``라는 응답을 부정적인 응답으로 간주한다면, 설문에서 제시한 16개 제도 중에서 13개 제도에 대하여 부정적인 입장을 보이고 있다. 지역주민들이 현재 참여중인 제도는 민원실제도, 반상회, 주민투표, 설문조사 등의 순으로 나타나고 있으며, 조례제정 및 개폐청구제도, 시민헌장제도, 주민참여예산제도, 주민감사청구제도 등에는 참여가 저조한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 적극적인 참여 활동 보다는 주어진 여건에 따라 수동적으로 의견을 표출하는 소극적인 참여의 경향이 높은 것으로 판단된다. 통합 창원시 주민참여를 활성화시키기 위한 향후 기본 방향은 민주성의 원칙, 자율성의 원칙(Autonomy), 공공성의 원칙, 경제성의 원칙 등 네 가지 원칙을 바탕으로 이루어져야 할 것이다. The expansion of jurisdiction and increasing the resident population due to the advent of consolidated cities, it is concerned that participation of local residents might be difficult. In other words, the activation of citizen participation may be needed as a check system of the enhanced consolidated market to get maximized benefit from integration of local governments. In this research purposes based on the need of various civil-participation institutions that eliminate the alienation of local residents and narrow the gap to psychological distance between administration and residents because of integration between local governments. Fundamentally, emphasizing the citizen participation involved that government indifferent to the needs and preferences of residents. To enable the participation of citizen is important to institutionalized of participation. In this study, to analysis improving the citizen participation in integration city ``Changwon``, using the convenience sampling method in Changwon, Masan and Jinhae. In 2010 may 19 to may 22, citizens of each in Changwon, Masan and Jinhae selected sample of 50(effective sample size, 150) people. The implications of this study, the results of the survey are as follows. According to survey results, it tend to be think that the people of the community more important their personal interests than community spirit and ownership though high response rates for active citizen participation on the preferred system, public administrative information, residents claim, using the civil service utilities. The result of survey for functioned civil-participation systems, participating institutions of local residents appeared in order of civil service, neighborhood meeting, the inhabitants` vote, survey research. Also these are poor that the claim of ordinance revision and dismiss the court, citizen charter system, residents participation budget system, the claim of residents auditing. It is show that higher tendency of negative participation to express passive opinions depending on the conditions rather than active participation. The basic direction for enable civil participation in consolidated ``Changwon`` should be designed to based on four principles-the principle of democratic, the principle of autonomy, the principle of public, the principle of economic.