The Impact of the Parking Spot’ Surroundings on Charging Decision: A Data-Driven Approach

Xizhen Zhou,Yanjie Ji,Mengqi Lv 대한토목학회 2024 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.28 No.5

The charging behavior of drivers serves as a valuable reference for planning and managing charging facilities. This study examines the influence of surrounding environments on charging decisions using real trajectory data from electric vehicles. It considers the built environment, vehicle conditions, and the nearest charging station attributes. The mixed binary logit model was applied to capture the impact of unobserved heterogeneity. The findings indicate that the number of fast chargers in the charging station, parking prices, dwell time, and shopping services significantly influence charging decisions, while leisure services, scenic spots, and mileage since the last charging exhibit opposite effects. Additionally, factors related to unobserved heterogeneity include the number of fast chargers, parking and charging prices, and residential areas. The interaction effects of random parameters further illustrate the complexity of charging choice behavior. Overall, the results offer valuable insights for the planning and management of charging facilities.

충전소에서의 대기시간을 고려한 전기차량의 경로 최적화 문제에서 강화학습 기법의 적용 방안 연구

김예지,민대기 한국경영과학회 2023 經營 科學 Vol.40 No.4

There are several technical obstacles to Electric Vehicles (EVs) adoption such as limited battery capacity, long charging time and low accessibility to EV charging stations. We extend the conventional EVRP (Electric Vehicle Routing Problem) by including charging station visits in the routing decisions. Unlike the literature, the proposed model particularly decides which charging station to visit based on the information of charging station complexity, which is specified by arrival and service rates at each charging stations. We formulated the routing optimization problem as an MDP (Markov Decision Problem) model and used a deep reinforcement learning approach (i.e., DQN; Deep Q-Network) to optimize the route including charging station visits. Numerical analysis shows that the proposed model outperforms two other benchmarks such as nearest station choice and random choice in terms of the total travel time. Moreover, we show that the charging station complexity and the resulting waiting time have significant impact on the performance.

입지배분모형 기반의 서울시 수소충전소 접근성 분석

김상균,원종석,편용범,조민경 한국재난정보학회 2024 한국재난정보학회 논문집 Vol.20 No.2

연구목적: 이 연구는 서울시 10개 수소충전소의 공간적 접근성 분석을 실시하고, 접근이 어려운 지역을 식 별하였다. 입지의 형평성과 안전성 측면에서 신규 입지를 추가하여 접근성을 분석을 다시 수행한 후, 개선 효과 비교를 통해 시사점을 도출하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구방법: ArcGIS 프로그램의 네트워크 분석 기 반의 입지배분(Location-Allocation) 모형과 이용권역(Service Area) 모형을 적용하여 접근이 취약한 지역 을 식별하였다. 입지선정 방분석 기반의 입지배분(Location-Allocation) 모형과 이용권역(Service Area) 모 형을 적용하여 접근이 취약한 지역을 식별하였다. 입지선정 방법은 부족한 수소충전소에 신속한 도착이 필요한 점을 고려하여 ‘최소시설 수로 최대수요를 확보하도록 함(Minimize Facilities)’ 방법을 적용하였다. 특정한 시간 내의 도착을 위한 한계 거리는 서울시 2022년 평균 차량통행속도(23.1km/h, 서울시 열린데이 터 광장)를 적용하여 10분 이동가능 거리인 3,850m과 5,775m(15분) 그리고 7,700m(20분)의 세 가지로 분하여 분석하였다. 신규 입지는 수소충전소 설치에 대한 갈등을 최소화하기 위하여 산업통상자원부의 특례기준1)을 적용하여 기존의 주유소, LPG/CNG 충전소 중에서 수소충전소 추가 설치가 가능한 후보지를 도출하였다. 연구결과: 분석 결과, 최종적으로 상세 현황 검토를 통해 추가 후보지 5개소가 도출되었다. 기존 10개의 수소충전소에 20분 이내 접근이 취약한 지역을 중심으로 상대적으로 안전한 기존 주유소와 LPG/CNG 충전소에 신규 수소충전소 5개소를 설치하면 접근성이 크게 개선됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 여전히 접근이 어려운 지역이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 입지배분모형을 이용하여 수소충전소 접근이 어려운 지역을 식별하고, 설치의 우선순위를 부여한다면 과학적 근거 기반 수소충전소 입지 선정을 위한 의사결정을 지원할 수 있다. Purpose: This study analyzes accessibility of 10 hydrogen charging stations in Seoul and identifies areas that were difficult to access. The purpose is to re-analyze accessibility by adding a new location in terms of equity and safety of location placement, and then draw implications by comparing the improvement effects. Method: By applying the location-allocation model and the service area model based on network analysis of the ArcGIS program, areas with weak access were identified. The location selection method applied the 'Minimize Facilities' method in consideration of the need for rapid arrival to insufficient hydrogen charging stations. The limit distance for arrival within a specific time was analyzed by applying the average vehicle traffic speed(23.1km/h, Seoul Open Data Square) in 2022 to three categories: 3,850m(10minutes), 5,775m(15minutes), 7,700m(20minutes). In order to minimize conflicts over the installation of hydrogen charging stations, special standards of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy applied to derive candidate sites for additional installation of hydrogen charging stations among existing gas stations and LPG/CNG charging stations. Result: As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that accessibility was significantly improved by installing 5 new hydrogen charging stations at relatively safe gas stations and LPG/CNG charging stations in areas where access to the existing 10 hydrogen charging stations is weak within 20 minutes. Nevertheless, it was found that there are still areas where access remains difficult. Conclusion: The location allocation model is used to identify areas where access to hydrogen charging stations is difficult and prioritize installation, decision-making to select locations for hydrogen charging stations based on scientific evidence can be supported.

2019년 법인세법 판례회고

황남석(Hwang Namseok) 한국세법학회 2020 조세법연구 Vol.26 No.1

저자는 2019년에 선고된 법인세법 관련 판결 중 법리적으로 의미가 있는 것을 5개 선정하여 검토하였다. 전체적으로 살펴보면 2019년에는 치열한 쟁점이 다루어진 판결의 숫자가 많지 않았고 외국법인의 국내원천소득에 관한 원천징수가 문제된 판결이 2개나 되었다는 점이 특징이라고 할 수 있다. 부당행위계산 부인의 새로운 유형에 관하여 설시한 판결도 주목할 만하다고 생각된다. 구체적으로 살펴보면, 대법원 2019. 12. 27. 선고2018두37422 판결은 고유목적사업준비금과 법정기부금의 손금산입한도를, 대법원 2019. 10. 18. 선고 2016두48256 판결은 확정기여형 퇴직연금부담금의 손금산입시기 및 한도를, 대법원 2019. 4. 23. 선고 2016두54213 판결은 내국법인이 특수관계인인 이사들에게 경영권 프리미엄이 붙은 주식의 매매대금 일부를 분여한 경우 부당행위계산 부인의 성립 여부를, 대법원 2019. 4. 23. 선고 2017두48482 판결은 국제적 선박건조도급계약상의 선수금 이자가 국내원천 기타소득에 해당하는지 여부를, 대법원 2019. 7. 4. 선고 2017두38645 판결은 위약금으로 외국법인에게 몰취된 계약금에 대한 원천징수의무를 각각 다루고 있다. 대법원판결이취한결론의당부에관하여는각자가입장의차이가있겠으나적어도위판결들을 통하여 법인세법의 이론이 한층 더 정치하게 발전한 것으로 총평할 수 있을 것이다. 다만, 아쉬운 점으로는 몇몇 법률적 해석이 필요한 사안에 관하여 심리불속행 결정이 내려져서 대법원의 분명한 입장을 알 수 없게 되었다는 사실을 들 수 있다. 2020년에도 법인세법의 다양한 법률적 쟁점에 관하여 대법원 판결이 선고되어 학계에서의 논의가 보다 풍성해지는 계기가 되기를 소망한다. The author selected and reviewed five judicially significant decisions relating to the Corporate Tax Law, which were sentenced in 2019. Overall, the number of decisions dealing with fierce issues in 2019 was low. And it is noteworthy that the number of decisions related to withholding taxes on domestic source income of foreign corporation was two. It is also worth noting that the decision concerning the new type of repudiation of wrongful calculation was newly sentenced. Specifically, the Supreme Court"s decision sentenced on December 27, 2019(2018DU37422) sets the limit on the amount of deduction for reserve funds for proper purpose business and statutory donation. The Supreme Court’s decision sentenced on October 18, 2019(2016DU48256) treats the timing and amount of deduction for defined contribution charges. The Supreme Court’s decision sentenced on April 23, 2019(2016DU54213) treats on the issue of repudiation of wrongful calculation on the payment for the directors for the control premium. The Supreme Court’s decision sentenced on April 23, 2019(2017DU48482) ruled whether the advance payment under international shipbuilding contracts falls under the category of domestic source other income. The Supreme Court’s decision sentenced on July 4, 2019(2017DU38645) deals with the withholding obligations of down payments forfeited by the foreign corporation. Each may have a different views on the conclusion of the foregoing Supreme Court decisions, but at least we can conclude that the theory of corporate tax law is more elaborately developed. Unfortunately, the decision to discontinue of trial on issues that require some legal interpretation made the Supreme Court"s position unclear. In 2020, the Supreme Court"s decisions on various legal issues in the corporate tax law is hoped to enrich the discussion in the academia of tax law.

Research on Mobile Cloud Computing Services for Electric Vehicle Charging Facilities

Zhao Yan 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Grid and Distributed Comp Vol.9 No.7

With the development of Internet of things, especially the development of mobile Internet, electric vehicle charging device and location data and power allocation can reach the cloud through mobile Internet, providing reliable basis for public decision-making and public services. However, the provided real-time performance and cost is the key problem of the implementation of the vehicle area network cloud computing. In this paper, aiming at this problem, proposing the mobile Internet scheduling and transmission strategy based on cloud computing, the simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

영국과 미국의 수사와 기소에 관한 절차적 통제구조와 시사점

박형관 한국형사소송법학회 2020 형사소송 이론과 실무 Vol.12 No.1

범죄에 상응하는 처벌을 함으로써 사법정의를 실현하는 국가작용은 매우 중요하다. 다만 수사와 기소에 관한 국가기관의 결정은 피의자를 포함하여 많은 사람들의 기본권 행사에 큰 제약을 준다. 따라서 객관적이고 공정한 결정이 내려져야 한다. 한국은 제정 형사소송법에서 설계한 기소 절차의 틀을 그대로 유지하고 있다. 기존 틀도 장점이 있지만 이제 국민의 참여가 더욱 보장되고 적법절차 원칙이 실질적으로 구현되는 틀이 요구되고 있다. 영국과 미국의 수사와 기소 절차의 특징은 다양한 절차와 적절한 권한 분산을 통하여 인권보장에 충실한 체제를 추구한다는 점이다. 절차적 통제구조가 잘 짜여져 있다고 볼 수 있다. 양국 모두 경죄와 중죄를 구분하여 경죄의 경우에는 1단계 절차에서 기소와 재판이 이루어지도록 하고 중죄의 경우에는 2단계를 거쳐 공식적인 기소 결정이 이루어지도록 한다. 체포가 행해진 경우 피체포자가 신속히 법관 앞에 인치되고 법관이 관여하는 사법절차가 신속히 개시된다. 아울러 치안판사나 대배심 제도 등 실질적인 기소 결정에 국민이 적극 참여하는 틀을 갖추고 있다. 다만 절차적 보장을 강화되는데 따른 업무부담을 완화하기 위하여 유죄협상제도 등을 채택하였다 법체계가 다른 영미의 방식을 한국에 그대로 받아들일 수 없지만 좋은 점은 수용할 수 있을 것이다. 경죄처리절차를 구분하고, 체포와 구속의 적정성이나 기소 결정의 적정성 여부를 판단하는 절차를 도입할 필요가 있다. 구속적부심은 모든 사건으로 전면 확대할 필요가 있다. 일부 중죄에 대하여 검사 기소 결정의 적정성을 심사하는 절차를 새로 마련할 수도 있다. 여러 요건을 고려할 때 대배심 제도를 도입하기보다 시민들이 영미의 치안판사와 같은 일종의 부판사로 수사와 기소과정에 참여하도록 하는 방안이 고려될 필요가 있다. 형사사법제도의 개혁은 국가의 기본 틀을 바꾸는 것이므로 신중을 기할 필요가 있다. 하지만 국민 참여를 높이고 인권보장에 더욱 충실한 수사와 기소 절차를 본격적으로 모색할 시점이다. Meting out punishment that rightly fits the crime is essential to the criminal justice system and must be a mandate for any state to follow. However, decision making on the part of state agencies as regarding the investigation and prosecution can unwittingly place restrictions on the exercise of the basic rights of many including the suspect. Hence the crucial nature of rendering objective and fair decisions. South Korea maintains the framework of the prosecution process designed by the original Criminal Procedure Act which is not without its advantages; however it has now become imperative to establish a new framework that encourages active citizen participation and where the principles of due process are actually implemented. A distinctive feature of the investigation and prosecution process in the United Kingdom and the United States is that it places great importance on the protection of human rights through various procedures and decentralization of appropriate powers. Procedural control structures are well organized and both countries distinguish between felonies and misdemeanors whereby the prosecution and trial of misdemeanors are conducted in the first step, and in the case of felonies, the formal prosecution decision is made through the second step. If an arrest is made, the arrestee is promptly brought before a judge and the judicial proceedings are initiated in a timely manner. Furthermore, the involvement of a magistrate or grand jury allows for active public participation in the prosecution decision. And in order to alleviate what could be an inordinate burden of work due to the strengthening of procedural guarantees, the two countries have maintained the plea bargaining system. Due to the very distinct basic legal systems, it would be difficult to seamlessly implement the British and American framework into Korea. However, adopting favorable aspects of both could be advantageous. To begin with, a new criminal procedure dealing exclusively with misdemeanors would be efficacious as would be procedures to review the appropriateness of the charging decision and whether an arrest or detention should be executed. Other points that need to be addressed is the expansion of detention hearings to all cases and introducing procedures to re-examine the prosecutors' charging decisions for certain felony charges. In light of the current circumstances, instead of introducing a grand jury system, it may be more appropriate to introduce a new procedure in which citizens can participate in the investigation and prosecution process in the capacity of a deputy judge along the lines of a British or American magistrate. The reform of the criminal justice system needs to be effected with great caution and deliberation as it changes the very basic framework of the state. However, it is high time to increase public participation and to fully pursue investigation and prosecution procedures that are in line with the protection of human rights.

Optimal Energy Management Policy of Mobile Energy Gateway

Yang Zhang,Niyato, Dusit,Ping Wang,Dong In Kim IEEE 2016 IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology VT Vol.65 No.5

<P>With the advancement of wireless energy harvesting and transfer technologies, e.g., radio frequency (RF) energy, mobile nodes are fully untethered as energy supply is more ubiquitous. The mobile nodes can receive energy from wireless chargers, which can be static or mobile. In this paper, we introduce the use of a mobile energy gateway that can receive energy from a fixed charging facility, as well as move and transfer energy to other users. The mobile energy gateway aims to maximize the utility by optimally taking energy charging/transferring actions. We formulate the optimal energy charging/transferring problem as a Markov decision process (MDP). The MDP model is then solved to obtain the optimal energy management policy for the mobile energy gateway. Furthermore, the optimal energy management policy obtained from the MDP model is proven to have a threshold structure. We conduct an extensive performance evaluation of the MDP-based energy management scheme. The proposed MDP-based scheme outperforms several conventional baseline schemes in terms of expected overall utility.</P>

관세평가협정과 관세법상 하자보증비용에 관한 연구

김진규 한국무역학회 2022 貿易學會誌 Vol.47 No.5

Recently, Korean customs authorities have attempted to impose customs duties on the warranty charges paid by Korean subsidiaries (“the taxpayers”) of multinational corporations to their overseas headquarters, or their affiliates, as indirect payment of the price actually paid or payable for imported goods and services, and the taxpayers’ complaints have been steadily increasing. The key issue of Korean Supreme Court decision, 2018Du56619, revolves around opposing interpretations of the Korea Customs Act and the WTO’s Customs Valuation Agreement in determining who is responsible for paying duties levied on warranty charges. The Supreme Court’s ruling was consistent with its previous interpretations of the WTO agreement on customs valuations. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, a Korean subsidiary, stating that the overseas corporate headquarters’ payments of warranty charges to Korean dealers are made on behalf of the Korean subsidiary, which is ultimately responsible for covering warranty charges. Thus, the Korean subsidiary’s settlement of the warranty charges to their Korean dealers through the overseas headquarters is effectively the same as a direct payment to the dealers. Therefore, the Korean subsidiary performed warranty services on its liability and account. As such, the court ruled that warranty charges should not include tariffs on the indirect payment for warranty services in such cases. This paper presents the comparative legal implications for the warranty charge clauses in the WTO agreement and the Korean Customs Act and analyzes the Supreme Court’s decisions.

성폭력범죄에 대한 고소의 주관적 불가분의 원칙으로 인한 피해방지방안

이동임(Lee, Dong-Im) 한국피해자학회 2012 被害者學硏究 Vol.20 No.1

There has been an increase in the number of damage cases of sexual assault crimes by the principle of subjective indivisibility of the charges. Where man A was accused of semi-rape for aiding and abetting and man C was the main offender of semi-rape, woman B made a settlement for 3 million won at the pleading of man A and his parents. Woman B agreed to the settlement after hearing from the parents of man A that man C would be punished as original. However, man C was released by the principle of subjective indivisibility of the charges. Although woman B did not forgive man C, the law released him and killed her twice over. Thus, it would be imperative to seek for proper measures not to make another victim as follows Firstly, investigative agency shall be obliged to notify any victim of the principle of subjective indivisibility of the charges, and such notification shall be made in written form. Provided that any damages occurred by investigative agency failing to make a notification, the victim shall reserve the right to demand compensation for damage from the country, or call off the withdrawal of the charges. Secondly, sexual violence, which was formerly stipulated as an offense subject to complaint, shall be changed to an offense of no publishment without victim's intention, to open up the possibilities of settlement and publishment at the same time. The victim may express the intention for punishment of the accomplice before the second trial, or may decide to impose direct punishment to those as you please. Thirdly, victim shall be offered the rights to make objection and provide for punishment measures by offering an ID. Unless otherwise specified, rapers shall be punished, and tourism designation for efficient punishment. While some hope for punishment, it is important to add the rationality of punishment by setting aside special provisions.

유료양로시설 이용의 의사결정 단계별 결정요인

이성학 ( Sung Hak Yi ) 한국보건행정학회 1999 보건행정학회지 Vol.9 No.1