실시간 휴대전화 위치정보 추적 수사의 적법성에 대한 미국 판결의 최신 동향 ― Carpenter v. United States 판결 이후의 미국 하급심 판결 동향을 중심으로 ―

전치홍 전남대학교 법학연구소 2021 법학논총 Vol.41 No.4

In today's criminal investigation, phone records (cell-site location information) play an important role. Because most citizens always have a cell phone with them, investigative agencies can easily identify the suspect's whereabouts through cell-site location information. Such cell-site location information can be divided into historical cell-site location information and real-time cell-site location information depending on the time of collection. In Carpenter v. United States, the United States Supreme Court has issued an important ruling on historical cell-site location information. In Carpenter v. United States, the United States Supreme Court ruled that obtaining information about Carpenter's historical cell-site location information by an investigative agency constituted a search. However, the United Supreme Court ruled that the purpose of this judgment did not extend to investigations into the acquisition of real-time cell-site location information. Accordingly, lower courts in the United States have issued different judgments as to whether the Fourth Amendment protection applies to real-time cell-site location information. Therefore, this paper analyzed in detail the latest US lower court judgments on the legality of real-time cell-site location information acquisition by investigative agencies. The Constitutional Court of South Korea also ruled that the Communications Secret Protection Act, which was the basis for the location information collection investigation, was unconstitutional. Accordingly, the National Assembly amended the Communications Secret Protection Act in December 2019. However, the revised Communications Secrets Protection Act still seems insufficient to guarantee citizens' right to information privacy. As a result of reviewing judgment trends in the United States and South Korea, South Korea's Communications Secret Protection Act needs to be improved as follows. First, it is necessary to check whether the court's permission under the Communications Secret Protection Act, which is the basis for the collection of cell-site location information, is strictly issued. Second, to properly operate the permit system under the Communications Secrets Protection Act, it is necessary to strictly revise the current Communications Secrets Protection Act. Third, the Communications Secret Protection Act should be amended so that the scope for which an investigation agency can acquire location information is limited to certain crimes and subjects. 오늘날의 범죄 수사에서는 휴대전화 위치정보가 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 대부분의 시민들이 항상 휴대전화를 소지하고 있기 때문에, 수사기관은 휴대전화 위치정보를 통하여 용의자의 행적을 쉽게 파악할 수 있기 때문이다. 이러한 휴대전화 위치정보는 수집하는 시점에 따라서 과거의 위치정보와 실시간 위치정보로 나눌 수가 있다. 이 중 과거의 위치정보와 관련하여 미국의 연방대법원은 2018년도의 Carpenter v. United States 판결에서 기념비적인 결정을 내렸다. Carpenter v. United States 판결에서 미국 연방대법원은 ‘제3자 이론은 과거의 휴대전화 위치정보에는 적용될 수 없다’라는 취지를 밝힌 후, ‘수사기관이 Carpenter의 과거의 휴대전화 위치정보를 획득한 행위는 수정헌법 제4조 상의 수색에 해당한다’라고 판시하였다. 연방대법원은 ‘영장을 받지 않고 Carpenter의 위치정보를 수집한 수사기관의 행위는 수정헌법 제4조에 위반된다’라고 본 것이다. 그런데, 연방대법원은 ‘실시간 위치정보(real-time CSLI) 취득 수사, tower dumps 수사, 방범 카메라(security cameras)에 의한 정보 취득, 외교(foreign affairs) 또는 국가 안보(national security)와 관련된 정보 수집’에 대해서는 본 판결의 취지가 미치지 않는다는 점을 명시하였다. 또한, Carpenter v. United States 판결은 ‘수사기관이 7일의 과거 위치정보를 취득한 경우’에 대하여 판단하였으므로, 7일 미만의 과거 위치정보에 대해서는 본 판결의 명시적인 판단이 없다. 따라서 ‘7일 미만의 과거 위치 정보와 실시간 위치 정보에 대하여 수정헌법 제4조의 보호를 어떻게 적용하여야 하는지의 여부’를 두고 미국의 하급심들은 견해를 통일하지 못하고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 ‘수사기관의 실시간 휴대전화 위치정보 취득’에 대한 미국의 최신 하급심 판결들을 먼저 상세히 분석하였다. 한편, 대한민국의 헌법재판소는 2018. 6. 28. 선고 2012헌마191, 550(병합), 2014헌마357(병합) 결정에서 위치정보 수집 수사의 근거가 된 통신비밀보호법 관련 조항에 대해서 헌법불합치결정을 한 바 있다. 그리고 이에 따라 국회는 2019년 12월에 통신비밀보호법을 개정한 바 있다. 그러나 개정된 통신비밀보호법은 여전히 정보 주체의 정보 프라이버시권 보장에 미흡하다고 보인다. 미국의 최신 판결 동향을 비교법적으로 검토한 결과, 대한민국의 통신비밀보호법은 다음과 같은 점들이 개선될 필요가 있다. 첫째, 통신사실 확인자료(위치정보) 제공 요청과 관련하여, 법원의 허가가 충실히 운영되는지를 점검할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 통신비밀보호법상의 허가제도가 충실히 운영되기 위하여, 현행 통신비밀보호법상의 요청 조항을 더 엄격히 개정할 필요가 있다. 셋째, ‘통신사실 확인자료 제공 요청 제도의 대상 범죄와 대상자 등을 일정한 범위 내로(예컨대 중범죄 등) 한정하자’라는 논의가 있어왔는데, 이러한 견해에 주목할 필요가 있다.

말초혈액림프구, HaCat세포 및 MRC-5세포에서 Aphidicolin에 의해 유도되는 Fragile sites

박경란,구동억,이증훈,김원식,이영호,권오유,장성익 대한해부학회 1998 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.31 No.5

Integrated Quantitative Phosphoproteomics and Cell-Based Functional Screening Reveals Specific Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy-Related Phosphorylation Sites

Kwon, Hye Kyeong,Choi, Hyunwoo,Park, Sung-Gyoo,Park, Woo Jin,Kim, Do Han,Park, Zee-Yong Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2021 Molecules and cells Vol.44 No.7

Cardiac hypertrophic signaling cascades resulting in heart failure diseases are mediated by protein phosphorylation. Recent developments in mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics have led to the identification of thousands of differentially phosphorylated proteins and their phosphorylation sites. However, functional studies of these differentially phosphorylated proteins have not been conducted in a large-scale or high-throughput manner due to a lack of methods capable of revealing the functional relevance of each phosphorylation site. In this study, an integrated approach combining quantitative phosphoproteomics and cell-based functional screening using phosphorylation competition peptides was developed. A pathological cardiac hypertrophy model, junctate-1 transgenic mice and control mice, were analyzed using label-free quantitative phosphoproteomics to identify differentially phosphorylated proteins and sites. A cell-based functional assay system measuring hypertrophic cell growth of neonatal rat ventricle cardiomyocytes (NRVMs) following phenylephrine treatment was applied, and changes in phosphorylation of individual differentially phosphorylated sites were induced by incorporation of phosphorylation competition peptides conjugated with cell-penetrating peptides. Cell-based functional screening against 18 selected phosphorylation sites identified three phosphorylation sites (Ser-98, Ser-179 of Ldb3, and Ser-1146 of palladin) displaying near-complete inhibition of cardiac hypertrophic growth of NRVMs. Changes in phosphorylation levels of Ser-98 and Ser-179 in Ldb3 were further confirmed in NRVMs and other pathological/physiological hypertrophy models, including transverse aortic constriction and swimming models, using site-specific phospho-antibodies. Our integrated approach can be used to identify functionally important phosphorylation sites among differentially phosphorylated sites, and unlike conventional approaches, it is easily applicable for large-scale and/or high-throughput analyses.

Evaluation of availability of various internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) for bicistronic expression in different fish cell lines

이경민,김기홍 한국어병학회 2023 한국어병학회지 Vol.36 No.1

The internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements from various RNA viruses are widely used to express proteins in bicistronic or multicistronic ways in mammalian cells. However, research on the application of IRESs in fish cells has been poorly conducted. In this study, to evaluate the availability of various viral IRESs in fish cells based on a bicistronic vector system, the translation activity of IRESs from viruses of invertebrates (aphid lethal paralysis virus ALPV; cricket paralysis virus, CrPV; and Plautia stali intestine virus, PSIV), of mammals (encephalomyocarditis virus, EMCV), and of fish (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, IPNV; marine birnavirus, MABV; and snakehead retrovirus, SnRV) was analyzed in various fish cell lines originated from salmonid (chinook salmon embryonic cells, CHSE-214), cyprinid (Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid, EPC), and flatfish (Hirame natural embryonic cells, HINAE). Translation mediated by EMCV IRES was shown in all cell lines, but the activity was weak in CHSE-214 and HINAE cells while high activity was shown in EPC cells, suggesting that although EMCV IRES can be broadly used in various fish cells, the translational activity can be varied according to different cell lines. PSIV IRES showed moderate activity in EPC cells and low activity in CHSE-214 and HINAE cells. CrPV IRES showed weak activity in EPC and HINAE cells and no activity in CHSE-214 cells. In the case of ALPV IRES, green fluorescence was observed only in EPC cells but the activity was very weak. These results suggest that dicistroviral IRESs analyzed in this study would not be the best option for protein expression in various fish cells. The translation activity of SnRV IRES in fish cells was first verified in EPC cells, though the activity was very weak. The 5’UTR of MABV segment A showed high translation activities in all examined fish cell lines, suggesting that IRES of MABV can be used to develop multicistronic expression systems or cap-independent RNA-based translation systems in a wide range of fish cells.

미국의 휴대전화에 대한 통신감청 및 위치정보 확인수사의 법제 및 최근 판례에 대한 비교법적 연구

이흔재 국민대학교 법학연구소 2019 법학논총 Vol.31 No.3

Recently, the Supreme Court of the US had sentenced a series of meaningful decisions in connection with cell phone investigations. Riley v. California, the decision by the Supreme Court of the US ruled that police generally may not, without a warrant, search digital information on a cell phone seized from an individual incident to arrest. The Court rejected, “any expansion of search-incident to-arrest because it implicates far greater individual privacy interests than the brief physical search generally involved in a search incident to arrest. In addition, Carpenter v. United States, the recently decision by the Supreme Court of the US ruled that gathering the cell phone’s historical cell site location information over a certain period of time, applys to violating the reasonable expectation of privacy and it is necessary to issue a warrant to respond to the search of Article 4 of the Constitution amendment because it intrudes into comprehensively individuals' privacy life. It can be said that such a ruling began with the characteristics of a cellular phone to be used with individual privacy. Checking a content of real-time conversation exchanged by cell phone, real-time mail transmission, real-time text message and finding a cell-site location information of cell phone holder are used for new investigation techniques. However, the collection of such information by investigative authorities will serve as a serious violation of the privacy rights of individuals. Although communication interception and location information investigation of cell phone may be different with the key areas of constitutional rights, the possibility that a serious infringement on an individual's privacy has occurred is high, so how to do this limiting is a very important issue. If the investigation authority is abused, the first step towards an individual's "monitoring and control society" by the nation may has come. In this article, I examined the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of the US and the federal Supreme Court rulings concerning communication interception and positional tracking investigation. Also, concerning such infringement of privacy by the investigation, I conducted comparative legal examination on how to proactively and ex post control and restrictions. As a result, the United States is moving toward strengthening warrant principles for latest location information tracking investigations of cell phones. Recently, Korea’s Constitutional Court made an unconstitutional decision on the provision about part of the wiretapping and tracking of location information in the Protection of Communications Secrets Act. Korea also acknowledges the need for stronger control of the latest investigation techniques. Therefore, I believe that the latest tendency in US legislation and precedents will be useful for future revisions to the PCSA. 최근 미국 연방대법원은 휴대전화에 대한 수사와 관련하여 일련의 의미 있는 판결들을 선고하고 있다. Riley판결에서는 전통적인 체포시의 영장없는 압수·수색과 관련하여 휴대전화의 경우에는 사생활 보호가치가있는 개인정보가 다량 저장된 휴대전화의 데이터를 영장 없이 수색할 수없고, 수색 전에 일반적으로 영장을 발부받아야 한다고 판시한 바 있다. 또한, 연방대법원은 Carpenter판결에서 새로운 수사기법인 과거의 휴대전화 기지국위치 정보수집과 관련하여 일정 기간 이상의 위치정보는 개인의 전 생활에 대한 프라이버시를 포괄적으로 침해할 수 있고, 이는 프라이버시의 합리적 기대를 침해하는 것에 해당하여 수정헌법 제4조의 수색에 해당하므로 영장을 발부받아야 한다고 판시하였다. 이와 같은 판결은개인의 프라이버시가 집약되어 사용되는 휴대전화의 특성에서 비롯된다고 할 수 있다. 휴대전화로 주고받는 실시간 대화내용, 실시간 이메일 전송내용 확인, 실시간 문자메시지 확인, 기지국을 통한 휴대전화 소지자의 위치정보확인등은 새로운 수사기법으로 사용되고 있다. 그러나, 수사기관에 의한 위와같은 정보의 수집은 개인의 프라이버시권에 대한 중대한 침해로 작용하게 된다. 휴대전화에 대한 통신감청과 위치정보수사는 각각 보호하는 기본권의 핵심영역은 다를 수 있지만, 개인의 프라이버시권에 대한 보다 중대한 침해가 발생할 개연성이 농후하므로 이를 어떻게 제한할 것인가는매우 중요한 쟁점이다. 자칫, 수사권이 남용되는 경우에는 국가에 의한개인의 ‘감시·통제사회’로 가는 첫걸음이 될 수도 있기 때문이다. 이 글에서는, 최근 미국의 통신감청 및 위치추적수사에 대한 법제인 전자통신프라이버시법 및 연방대법원 판결을 검토하였다. 또한 위와 같은 수사에 의한 프라이버시 침해에 대하여 어떤 방법으로 사전·사후적 통제 및 제한을 하고 있는지 비교법적 검토를 하였다. 그 결과 미국은 휴대전화에 대한 최근의 위치정보 추적수사에 대하여 영장주의를 강화하는 방향으로나아가고 있다. 최근 우리 헌법재판소는 통비법의 감청 및 위치정보추적 일부 규정에대하여 위헌결정을 하였다. 우리나라도 최신수사기법에 대한 보다 강한통제의 필요성을 인정하고 있는 것이다. 따라서, 향후 통비법의 개정에있어서 이러한 미국의 전자통신 프라이버시법과 판례에 대한 연구가 참고가 될 것으로 생각한다.

Specific Biological Activity of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG) Glycosylation Sites in Cells Expressing Equine Luteinizing Hormone/CG (eLH/ CG) Receptor

Munkhzaya Byambaragchaa,Seung-Hee Choi,Hyo-Eun Joo,Sang-Gwon Kim,Yean-Ji Kim,Gyeong-Eun Park,Myung-Hwa Kang,민관식 한국발생생물학회 2021 발생과 생식 Vol.25 No.4

Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), produced by the endometrial cups of the placenta after the first trimester, is a specific glycoprotein that displays dual luteinizing hormone (LH)- like and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-like effects in non-equid species. However, in equidaes, eCG exhibits only LH-like activity. To identify the specific biological functions of glycosylated sites in eCG, we constructed the following site mutants of N- and O-linked glycosylation: eCGβ/αΔ56, substitution of α-subunit56 N-linked glycosylation site; eCGβ-D/ α, deletion of the O-linked glycosylation sites at the β-subunit, and eCGβ-D/αΔ56, double mutant. We produced recombinant eCG (rec-eCG) proteins in Chinese hamster ovary suspension (CHO-S) cells. We examined the biological activity of rec-eCG proteins in CHO-K1 cells expressing the eLH/CG receptor and found that signal transduction activities of deglycosylated mutants remarkably decreased. The EC50 levels of eCGβ/αΔ56, eCGβ-D/ α, and eCGβ-D/αΔ56 mutants decreased by 2.1-, 5.6-, and 3.4-fold, respectively, compared to that of wild-type eCG. The Rmax values of the mutants were 56%-80% those of wildtype eCG (141.9 nmol/104 cells). Our results indicate that the biological activity of eCG is greatly affected by the removal of N- and O-linked glycosylation sites in cells expressing eLH/ CGR. These results provide important information on rec-eCG in the regulation of specific glycosylation sites and improve our understanding of the specific biological activity of receCG glycosylation sites in equidaes.

Aging effect on the structure formation of active sites in single-atomic catalysts and their electrochemical properties for oxygen reduction reaction

이선영,이종윤,Han-Wool Jang,U Hyeok Son,Sungho Lee,조한익 한국공업화학회 2023 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.117 No.-

FeANAC catalysts have attracted attention because of their superior oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)performance in alkaline media. However, there is a conflict between the active sites of FeANAC catalysts,namely single-atomic Fe–Nx sites and dual active sites consisting of atomic sites/iron carbide nanoparticles. Herein, we synthesized catalysts with different types of active sites by controlling the facile agingprocess. The main active sites varied from single active sites to dual active sites when the aging timeand Fe content was decreased and increased. A catalyst with 0.6 wt% Fe that is aged for 24 h(FeNC-24–0.6) has dual active sites, whereas a catalyst with 0.9 wt% Fe that is aged for 48 h(FeNC-48–0.9) consists mainly of single active sites. The catalysts showed outstanding ORR activity,exceeding the half-wave potential of the commercial 20 wt% Pt/C catalysts by 11 mV. Interestingly,the FeNC-48–0.9 catalyst exhibited a rare negative shift compared to the FeNC-24–0.6 catalyst in thedurability tests. Therefore, it is believed that increasing the number of single-atomic Fe–Nx sites is aneffective approach to enhance the ORR performance of FeANAC catalyst in alkaline media.

NonO Binds to the CpG Island of oct4 Promoter and Functions as a Transcriptional Activator of oct4 Gene Expression

박유진,금동호,이자명,황민영,손기훈 한국분자세포생물학회 2013 Molecules and cells Vol.35 No.1

We investigated the relationship between oct4 gene ex-pression patterns and CpG sites methylation profiles during ES cell differentiation into neurons, and identified relevant binding factor. The oct4 gene expression level gradually declined as ES cell differentiation progressed, and the CpG sites in the oct4 proximal enhancer (PE) and promoter regions were methylated in concert with ES cell differentiation. An electro-mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that putative proteins bind to CpG sites in the oct4 PE/ promoter. We purified CpG binding proteins with DNA-binding purification method, and NonO was identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. EMSA with specific competitors revealed that NonO specifically binds to the conserved CCGGTGAC sequence in the oct4 promoter. Methylation at a specific cytosine residue (CC* GGTGAC) reduced the binding affinity of NonO for the recognition sequence. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed that NonO binds to the unmethylated oct4 promoter. There were no changes in the NonO mRNA and protein levels between ES cells and differentiated cells. The transcriptional role of NonO in oct4 gene expression was evaluated by luciferase assays and knockdown experiments. The luciferase activity significantly increased threefold when the NonO expression vector was co-transfected with the NonO recognition sequence, indicating that NonO has a transcription activator effect on oct4 gene expression. In accordance with this effect, when NonO expression was inhibited by siRNA treatment, oct4 expression was also significantly reduced. In summary, we purified NonO, a novel protein that binds to the CpG island of oct4 promoter, and positively regulates oct4 gene expression in ES cells.

정보통신기기의 위치추적에 대한 헌법적 통제에 관한 소고

이상경 헌법재판연구원 2019 헌법재판연구 Vol.6 No.1

Recently, a so-called Location-Based Service (LBS) has been activated using geographical location information, which can lead to various constitutional problems as well as various beneficial services. In particular, there is a great deal of concern about infringement of fundamental rights in using such location information for investigation purposes. The conflicts occur between the basic rights, especially securing freedom of communication, privacy, protection of personal information, and the investigatory utilization of location information. Therefore, this paper discusses the key issues related to location tracking, which are currently in question, in the following three categories. First, this paper discusses the sorts of location information tracking methods, the second, tracking cell-site location information, and the third, tracking real time GPS location information. In addition to these discussions, this paper examines whether investigatory use of location information infringes search warrant, freedom of communication, and right to self -determination of personal information. Use of location information can be largely classified into tracking of cell-site location information and GPS location tracking. The cell-site location information tracking can be divided into two again. The first is a location tracking method through the use of mobile information and communication equipment, which is related to the request of the communication confirmation fact data in the recent constitutional case. The second is a form in which communication history and location information of all communication subscribers existing in a specific base station are collectively. The following is the tracking of GPS location information. The tracking of such GPS location information can be further divided into two. First, there is a way to continuously track by attaching a location tracking device. Second, there is a method of tracking real time GPS location information using a virtual cell-site location, namely, a cell-site simulator. Since tracking real time GPS location information is directly related to the privacy, freedom of communication, and right to self-determination of personal information, this papers suggests that search warrant issued by courts be strictly needed for investigatory use of real time GPS location information. 최근 개인의 위치정보(Location Information)를 활용하는 소위 “위치기반서비스(Location-Based Service)”가 활성화되었다. 이러한 위치정보의 활용은 다양한 편의를 제공함에도 불구하고 여러 가지 헌법적 문제를 발생시킨다. 특히 국가가 개인의 위치정보를 수사목적으로 활용하는 경우, 정보주체의 통신비밀, 사생활의 비밀 및 개인정보 등의 침해를 야기할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 현재 문제 되고있는 위치추적과 관련된 핵심 쟁점을 다음 3가지로 구분하여 논의한다. 먼저 정보통신기기의 위치추적의 종류를 논의하고, 두 번째로 발신기지국 위치추적, 세 번째로 실시간 GPS위치정보 추적에 관해 순서대로 논의한다. 이러한 논의와 더불어 위치추적의 헌법적 통제문제로서 영장주의, 통신비밀의 보장 및 개인정보자기결정권 등 침해 여부에 관해 검토한다. 위치정보를 수사목적으로 활용하는 방법은 다양하다. 크게는 발신기지국 위치정보 추적과 실시간 GPS위치정보의 추적으로 구별할 수 있다. 발신기지국 위치정보 추적은 다시 2가지로 구별될 수 있다. 첫째는 이동정보통신기기의 사용을 통한 위치추적 방법으로 과거의 발신기지국 접속 정보를 통한 위치추적-우리의 경우 통신확인사실자료의 요청과 관련된 부분-이다. 둘째는 특정한 기지국 내에 존재하는 모든 통신 가입자들에 대한 통신내역과 위치정보를 일괄 제공받는 형태-소위. ‘기지국 수사’-의 위치정보 추적이다. 우리나라 헌법재판소와 미국의 연방법원의 판례를 통해 발신기지국 위치정보의 추적에 관한 헌법적 통제문제를 살펴본다. 다음은 실시간 GPS위치정보의 추적이다. GPS위치정보는 인공위성과 GPS장치 부착 단말기 사이를 신호가 이동하는 시간을 측정하여 단말기의 위치가 파악되는 것으로써, 기술적인 수단이나 추적범위, 추적의 용이성 등의 측면에서 ‘발신기지국 위치정보’와 구별된다. 실시간 GPS위치정보의 추적도 다시 2가지로 구별될 수 있다. 첫째는 GPS위치추적 장치를 부착하여 지속적으로 실시간 추적하는 방법이고, 둘째는 가상기지국을 이용한 실시간 GPS위치정보의 추적방법이다. 실시간 GPS위치정보의 활용은 명문의 근거 법률이 없다는 점에서 법률유보 위반 문제와 사생활의 비밀과 자유 등 침해문제를 야기하므로, 활용에 대한 법적 근거를 마련하되 법원의 영장주의를 요건으로 하는 등 엄격하게 인정되어야 한다. 이와 관련된 미국 연방법원의 판례를 고찰함으로써 우리에게 필요한 시사점을 얻고자 한다.

Signal Transduction of C-Terminal Phosphorylation Regions for Equine Luteinizing Hormone/Chorionic Gonadotropin Receptor (eLH/CGR)

민관식 한국발생생물학회 2022 발생과 생식 Vol.26 No.1

This study aimed to investigate the signal transduction of phosphorylation sites at the carboxyl (C)-terminal region of equine luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor (eLH/ CGR). The eLH/CGR has a large extracellular domain of glycoprotein hormone receptors within the G protein-coupled receptors. We constructed a mutant (eLH/CGR-t656) of eLH/ CGR, in which the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail was truncated at the Phe656 residue, through polymerase chain reaction. The eLH/CGR-t656 removed 14 potential phosphorylation sites in the intracellular C-terminal region. The plasmids were transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 and PathHunter Parental cells expressing β-arrestin, and agonist-induced cAMP responsiveness was analyzed. In CHO-K1 cells, those expressing eLH/CGR-t656 were lower than those expressing eLH/CGR wild-type (eLH/CGR-wt). The EC50 of the eLH/ CGR-t656 mutant was approximately 72.2% of the expression observed in eLH/CGR-wt. The maximal response in eLH/CGR-t656 also decreased to approximately 43% of that observed in eLH/CGR-wt. However, in PathHunter Parental cells, cAMP activity and maximal response of the eLH/CGR-t656 mutant were approximately 173.5% and 100.8%, respectively, of that of eLH/CGR-wt. These results provide evidence that the signal transduction of C-terminal phosphorylation in eLH/CGR plays a pivotal role in CHO-K1 cells. The cAMP level was recovered in PathHunter Parental cells expressing β-arrestin. We suggest that the signal transduction of the C-terminal region phosphorylation sites is remarkably different depending on the cells expressing β-arrestin in CHO-K1 cells