Anxiety before dental surgery under local anesthesia: reducing the items on state anxiety in the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-form X

Koga, Sayo,Seto, Mika,Moriyama, Shigeaki,Kikuta, Toshihiro The Korean Dental Society of Anesthsiology 2017 Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Vol.17 No.3

Background: It is important to evaluate preoperative anxiety and prepare sedation when performing dental surgery under local anesthesia. Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is useful for predicting preoperative anxiety. State anxiety is defined as a subjective feeling of nervousness. Reduction in the number of the state anxiety items (questions) will be clinically important in allowing us to predict anxiety more easily. Method: We analyzed the STAI responses from 1,252 patients who visited our institution to undergo dental surgery under local anesthesia. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted for 9 groups comprising anxiety level determinations using the STAI; we then developed a coefficient of determination and a regression formula. We searched for a group satisfying the largest number of requirements for regression expression while setting any necessary conditions for accurately predicting anxiety before dental surgery under local anesthesia. Results: The regression expression from the group determined as normal for preoperative state anxiety was deemed the most suitable for predicting preoperative anxiety. Conclusion: It was possible to reduce the number of items in the STAI by focusing on "Preoperative anxiety before dental surgery."

State and Trait Anxiety of Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Kim So Yoon,Kim Young Ah,Song Da-Yea,Bong Guiyoung,Kim Jong-myeong,Kim Joo Hyun,Yoo Hee Jeong 대한신경정신의학회 2021 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.18 No.3

Objective This study examined how state and trait anxiety of adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with their demographic characteristics, repetitive and restricted behaviors (RRBs), and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors.Methods A total of 96 participants with ASD (mean age=14.30 years; 91 males) completed a battery of tests including the State/Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), and a cognitive test measuring intelligence quotient (IQ). Participants’ parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Pearson’s correlations among age, IQ, two subscales of the STAI (i.e., STAIS and STAIT, measuring self-reported state and trait anxiety, respectively), and the Anxiety subscale of CBCL (i.e., CBCL-Anxiety, measuring parent-reported trait anxiety) were computed. Subsequently, Pearson’s correlations were computed among the three anxiety measures, RRBs, and problem behaviors, while controlling for participants’ age and IQ.Results The STAIS and CBCL-Anxiety were both significantly correlated with higher age, sensory sensitivity, depressive symptoms, somatic complaints, and aggressive behaviors. All three anxiety variables were significantly and positively correlated with total SRS RRB scores. Additionally, the STAIS and STAIT were significantly associated with more severe Compulsion/Adherence behaviors, and the CBCL-Anxiety was also significantly associated with more severe Rule-breaking Behaviors.Conclusion Self-reported state anxiety showed association patterns similar to those of parent-reported trait anxiety. Future studies investigating the precise operationalization of different anxiety instruments are needed to accurately measure the anxiety of adolescents with ASD.

인간형성의 조건으로서의 불안

임병덕(Byung-Duk Lim) 한국도덕교육학회 2021 道德敎育硏究 Vol.33 No.4

불안은 인간의 존재 그 자체에서 비롯되는 정서이다. 그것은 자유 또는 정신의 정서적 대응물로서, 무구에서 죄책을 거쳐 신앙에 이르는 인간형성의 조건으로 간주될 수있다. 인간형성은 절망 또는 죄에서 신앙으로의 이행이며, 이 이행은 ‘질적 도약’을 필수적 요소로 하는 과정이다. 불안은 질적 도약에 가장 가까운 그것의 ‘심리학적 근사치’ 에 해당하는 만큼, 그것에 대한 고찰은 인간형성의 해명에 결정적인 도움이 될 수 있다. 불안은 부정적인 정서로서 심각한 질병으로 간주되기도 하고, 심지어 ‘악마적인’ 양상을띠기도 하지만, 그것은 ‘자유의 가능성’으로서 ‘시간성과 영원성의 종합’으로서의 자아가‘그것이 있게 한 힘’으로서의 신과 관계를 맺도록 이끄는 안내자가 되기도 한다. 인간형성 과정에서 불안은 ‘신앙의 도움으로 개인을 섭리에 귀의하도록 교육하는’ 역할을 한다. ‘불안에 의한 교육’은 개인에게서 유한하고 사소한 것들에 대한 미련과 집착을 제거함으로써 ‘그가 가기를 원하는 곳’으로 이끈다. 키에르케고르는 그의 저작 전체가 그 자신의 자기교육을 위한 것이었음을 분명하게 밝혔으며, 이 점에서 그 저작들은 그 자신이 몸소 경험한 ‘불안에 의한 교육’을 기술한 것이라는 해석이 가능하다. 불안에 의하여안내되는 그의 저작활동은 신에 의한 교육을 지향하는 자기교육의 기록이라고 말할 수있다. 불안이 무엇인지를 배우는 것은 지고의 존재로부터 지고의 것을 배우는 것이다. In his monumental study on anxiety, The Concept of Anxiety, Kierkegaard approaches to anxiety in relation to the dogmatic issue of hereditary sin. He denies any qualitative difference between Adam and subsequent individuals, in that both of them sin by a ‘qualitative leap’ as an individual’s free act. The psychological approach to anxiety can contribute to understanding the qualitative leap which does not permit any rational explanation, for anxiety is the psychological state that precedes and follows sin. Though it cannot explain sin, ‘which breaks forth only in the qualitative leap’, can serve as “the closest psychological approximation.” Anxiety is rooted in the very being of man as a ‘synthesis of the psychical and the physical’ sustained by spirit as the third term. Spirit posits this synthesis along with the synthesis of the temporal and the eternal. Human becoming can be construed as spirit’s movement constituted by the relation’s(synthesis’) relating itself to “the Power that posited it.” Spirit express itself as anxiety in the process of human becoming. Anxiety leads the individual to ‘rest in providence.’ Kierkegaard opened the possibility of understanding anxiety as ‘a serving spirit’ that help the individual relate himself to God. When he is educated by anxiety, it leads him to faith. It means that anxiety get rid of everything finite and petty out of him and make him free. Kierkegaard’s works can be seen as documents to describe his own self-education by anxiety. His authorship as the true autodidact is also a theodidact. An individual who has learned to be anxious in the right way has learned ‘the ultimate.’

불안장애 및 우울장애에 따른 불안민감성(Anxiety Sensitivity)의 차별성

김예원,이정애,오강섭,임세원 한국임상심리학회 2011 Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol.30 No.1

Anxiety sensitivity is the fear of anxiety-related symptoms, arising from beliefs that the sensation has harmful physical, social, or psychological consequences. To measure anxiety sensitivity, the Anxiety Sensitivity Index(ASI) is commonly used. Several studies have show the relationship between depression and anxiety disorder assuming multidimensional structure. In this study, ASI, BDI, and BAI were administered to 611 adult males and females, who had been -diagnosed with depression and anxiety disorder, upon visiting the psychiatric clinic. Exploratory factor and Confirmatory factor analyses were employed to test competing models, and the results suggested that the hierarchical model(comprising three first-order factors corresponding to physical concern, social concern and cognition concern) provided the best fit to the data. This finding was consistent with the results of previous studies. The current study also investigated(using an ANCOVA) differences with respect to the three factors of anxiety sensitivity in four clinical groups of patients who had been diagnosed either with social anxiety disorder(n=101), panic disorder(n=145), generalized anxiety disorder(n=33) or depressive disorder(n=135) and had been free of comorbidity. Results indicated that physical concern was significantly higher in panic disorder patients compared with the other three groups, and that social concern was significantly higher in social anxiety disorder patients. Further, generalized anxiety disorder patients and depressive disorder patients had more cognitive concern than social anxiety disorder patients. The implications and limitations of this study were also discussed.

불안과 면역

정연식(Yeonsik Jung) 한국비평이론학회 2013 비평과이론 Vol.18 No.2

Sigmund Freud's theory of anxiety, particularly of "neurotic anxiety," as an elusive affect related to the indeterminacy of object suggests the creativity of anxiety through which the ego imagines the object of fear or "realistic anxiety." As a response to the impossible threat to the unity of the ego, neurotic anxiety serves as a unique symptom of the human being that discloses the imaginary structure of the ego. Yann Martel's Life of Pi(2001) provides an effective parable of creative anxiety, in which the protagonist imagines a Bengal tiger as a companion and foe, a virtual threat that keeps him alive. The imagined, life-preserving object of fear, as manifested also in Freud's case study of Little Hans who fears being bitten by a horse, indicates the reality principle governing the dynamics of anxiety. The ways in which the anxious subject preconceives the object of fear, evades it, and contains it as a way to maintain its subjectivity construct the defensive mechanism of anxiety, which shares a common ground with that of the immune system. Immunity can be acquired through the antigen-antibody reaction, in which antibodies register pathogens, exterminates them, and incorporates their trace as the part of a body. Roberto Esposito's definition of immunity as the simultaneous protection and negation of life not only reveals the paradoxical nature of immunization, which requires an element of heterogeneity in order to maintain the homogeneity of life, but also sheds light on the dialectical dynamics of anxiety hinged on a threat to subjectivity. Following the reality principle, anxiety and the immune system contradictorily perform the inclusion and exclusion, respectively, of a fear-object and an antigen, which function as pharmakon, as both remedy and poison, that maintains the homeostasis of the ego and life.

집단미술치료를 통해 본 불안에 관한 질적 연구

홍지영(Hong, Ji Young),임지현(Im, Ji Hyun),이승희(Lee, Seung Hui),하승연(Ha, Seung Yeon) 한국디지털디자인협의회 2015 디지털디자인학연구 Vol.15 No.3

본 연구는 연구 참여자들이 집단미술치료를 통해 기술한 언어적 자료를 Giorgi의 기술적 현상학의 연구방법을 적용하여 참여자들이 경험한 불안의 본질과 그 구조를 파악하고, 불안을 보다 긍정적으로 수용할 수 있는 가능성을 탐색하고 논의해 보는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 연구 참여자들은 객관적 검사도구 4가지를 실시하여 불안의 수준이 높게 측정된 20대 성인 4인으로 구성되었으며, 12회기의 집단미술치료를 실시하였고 2회의 개인면담과 1회의 심층면담, 그리고 2회의 집단면담을 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 Giorgi의 자료 분석 절차에 따라 의미단위를 나누고 이를 심리학적 용어로 전환하여 기술하였다. 이 중 유사한 단위를 묶어 구성요소로 범주화하여 분석한 결과, 2개의 구성요소와 5개의 하위 구성요소를 도출하였다. 2개의 구성요소는 ‘타인의 시선’과 ‘비합리적 신념’이며 연구 참여자들이 경험한 불안의 구성요소와 구조를 분석한 결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 일적 · 성취적 능력에 자신의 가치기준을 두는 사고를 가지고 있으며, 이는 불안에서 비롯된 강박적 사고에 기인한다. 둘째, 집단미술치료를 통해 불안을 다루는 보다 긍정적인 방법을 찾고자 노력하였다. 불안을 다루는 방법으로 자신의 감정을 표출하고 불안을 승화시켜 과거에는 하지 않았던 자신을 위한 행동과 자신의 생각에 집중하여 불안을 완화시키려고 노력하는 모습을 볼 수 있었다. 셋째, 집단미술치료를 통하여 연구 참여자들이 불안을 보다 긍정적인 심리적 요소로 재인식 할 수 있도록 도움을 주었다. 이로써 본 연구는 불안을 창조적으로 극복하는 과정을 통해 불안의 의미를 새롭게 발견하고, 개인적 맥락에서 나아가 사회적 맥락에서도 불안에 대한 인식이 보다 긍정적인 방향으로 변화할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다는 데에 본 연구의 의의가 있다. The purpose of this study is to find out the essence of anxiety experienced by participants, explore and discuss the possibility of positively accepting anxiety by applying Giorgi’s technical phenomenology to linguistic data stated through group art therapies that they participated in. For this, participants were made up of 4 adults in their 20s whose anxiety level was measured high with 4 objective test tools and a total of 12 group art therapies were conducted along with personal interviews twice , in-depth interview once and group interviews twice. Data collected were divided to their meaning unit pursuant to Goirgi’s data-analyzing procedures and stated in psychological language. Similar units among them were bound and categorized together for analysis, whose result drew out two constituents;‘others’ view’/‘irrational belief’ and 5 sub constituents. Result of analyzing the constituents of anxiety experienced by participants drew out the following conclusion; First, they had a thought that put the standard measuring their own value on their work-related/work-performing ability, which results from their obsessed thinking aroused by anxiety. Second, they tried to find positive ways to deal with anxiety through group art therapies. As for ways to deal with anxiety, they tried to ease anxiety by focusing on behaviors and thoughts that they had not tried before by expressing their emotions and sublimating anxiety. Third, through group art therapies, they were helped to realize anxiety as a more positive factor of psychology. This study has its meaning in that it found the meaning of anxiety in the process of creatively overcoming it and presented the possibility that recognition of anxiety can be changed towards a more positive direction not only in personal but also social context.

임상실습전 간호학생의 불안과 대응양상과의 관계

허혜경 연세대학교 원주의과대학 1997 원주의대논문집 Vol.10 No.1

Factors Related to Anxiety in Predialysis Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Su-Jeong Han,Hye-Won Kim 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Techn Vol.7 No.4

Anxiety is common emotions in predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of this study was to measure the anxiety in predialysis patients and to identify clinical variables that are associated with anxiety. The subjects for this study were 102 patients who visited the nephrology outpatient department of a tertiary hospital in Seoul between October 12th and October 26th, 2013 and consented to participate in the study. The collected data were analyzed by the SPSS WIN 12.0 program. The mean score of anxiety was 12.2 which means their experience of high level anxiety and moderate and severe symptoms of anxiety were identified in 59.8% of the patients. There were significantly negative correlations between anxiety and residual renal function (r=-.221, p=.026). There was a significant difference in the anxiety of the subjects at each stage (F=4.54, p=.013). The Scheffe post hoc test confirmed that patients at Stage 5 had highest levels of anxiety. There were significantly positive correlations between anxiety and uremic symptoms (r=.481, p<.001). There were significantly negative correlations between anxiety and age (r=-.201, p=.045) and comorbidities (r=-.218, p=.028). Also, Age, GFRs, comorbidities and uremic symptoms predicted value accounted for 57.2% of the variance on anxiety (F=11.77, p<.001). Hence, health care providers should be concerned about helping to slow the progression of renal failure and considered related variables when planning an approach towards managing the anxiety in predialysis patients with CKD.

Comparative analysis of the correlation between anxiety, salivary alpha amylase, cortisol levels, and athletes’ performance in archery competitions

( In-soo Lim ) 한국운동영양학회 2018 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.22 No.4

[Purpose] This study aimed to analyze the correlation between anxiety, salivary alpha amylase (sAA), and salivary cortisol (sC) changes in athletes showing a high or low level performance in an actual archery competition. [Methods] The participants were female university athletes who participated in the individual 50 m archery competition at the 21st Korean National Archery Team Trials, in July 2018. Based on their game record in the competition, 9 athletes were allocated to the high-performance group (HPG) and another 9 to the low-performance group (LPG). Anxiety caused by the competition was rated on a 1-10 point Likert scale at 30 min before competition (pre-30), 3 min before competition (pre-3), and 30 min after competition (post-30). This assessment method directly measured their cognitive anxiety. Saliva samples were collected in a tube by having the athletes chew on an absorber swab. For data analysis, two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was performed and Pearson’s correlation method was applied to correlate the variables. [Results] In the actual competition, significant difference between the game records of the HPG (mean score 339.5±4.1) and the LPG (mean score 323.3±3.4) was observed. Competitive anxiety showed a significant decrease in the HPG compared to the LPG. Due to the competition, sAA and sC were significantly decreased in the HPG compared to the LPG. Analysis of correlations between competition scores, anxiety, sAA, and sC, revealed that lower anxiety was associated with higher scores in the HPG. Pre-3 anxiety positively correlated with pre-3 sAA and sC. In the LPG, lower scores were associated with persistent anxiety until the completion of the competition. Positive correlations were observed for pre-3 anxiety with post-30 sC, pre-3 sAA with post-30 sAA and sC, and pre-3 cortisol with post-30 sAA. [Conclusion] Increased anxiety in the actual archery competition was associated with significant increase in sAA and sC. Elevated sAA and sC from prior-competition to post-competition stage were associated with reduced performance. Significant correlations between the measured variables (game records, anxiety, sAA, and sC) were associated with worse performance.

리더의 불안, 리더십 연구에서 어떻게 다룰 것인가? 문헌 검토와 연구 제언

김성준,이중학,임창현 리더십학회 2021 리더십연구 Vol.12 No.4

Main purpose of this study is to review studies on the anxiety of the leaders, to explore its application in leadership research, and to suggest future research directions. Under the rapidly changing environment, leaders are likely to feel anxiety especially after COVID-19 pandemic. Even if the anxiety is an important emotion these days, studies have yet to pay attention to it, especially about leader’s anxiety. It might be because there is a conceptual overlap of fear, neuroticism, and job stress, and at the same time, may studies have not been conducted due to the difficulty to observe leader’s emotion. Therefore, this study first looked at the history of anxiety research and clarified differences from other related concepts before reviewing researches at home and abroad. Then, we propose six research suggestions based on leader’s anxiety. In particular, it is suggested that studies about the sources of leader’s anxiety, the comparison between groups of leaders and employees, the negative and positive effects of anxiety, and the relevance of decision-making ability with leader’s anxiety need to be further investigated. This study presents a new emphasis on leadership research based on anxiety and has a theoretical contribution to making specific research suggestions. In addition, there is a practical contribution in terms of enhancing the understanding of anxiety of the leaders.