Effect Factor Analysis of Spraying Quality for Agricultural Chemicals

Wenfeng Sun,Qichao Li,Yongcun Fan,Yanhua Wan,Teng Wang,Baozhong Cong 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of u- and e- Service, Scienc Vol.8 No.11

As one of the most important parts of the agricultural work, agricultural chemicals spray is to protect the plants from weeds, pest and bacteria. With development of high efficient agricultural chemicals, the consumption of agricultural chemicals should be controlled within a couple of liter per hectare in theory. But it’s very hard to realize effective use of agricultural chemicals in fact. In this paper, the most effect factors of spray quality such as droplets size, environment temperature, droplets density, nozzle type and spray method were analyzed in agricultural chemicals spray operation. Droplet size effects drift and uniformity of droplet distribution directly. Environment temperature effects drift and uniformity of droplet distribution greatly. Character of nozzle affects spraying quality directly. All research of the paper can offer valuable reference to appropriate application of agricultural chemicals.

A Case Study to Estimate the Greenhouse-Gas Mitigation Potential on Rice Production System in Farming without Agricultural Chemicals

Jong-Sik Lee,Jong-Hee Ryu,Hyun-Cheol Jeong,Eun-Jung Choi,Gun-Yeob Kim 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.47 No.5

To estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, the inventory of rice cultivation at the farming without agricultural chemicals was established from farmers in Gunsan, Jeonbuk province in 2011∼2012. The objectives of this study were to calculate carbon footprint and analyse the major factor of GHGs. To do this, we carried out a sensitivity analysis using the analyzed main factors of GHGs and estimated the mitigation potential of GHGs. Also we suggested agricultural methods to reduce GHGs that can be appled by farmers at this region. At the farming system without agricultural chemicals, carbon footprint of rice production unit of kg was 2.15 kg CO₂.-eq. kg<SUP>-1</SUP>. Although the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission was the largest among GHGs, methane (CH₄) emission had the highest contribution to carbon footprint on rice production system when it was converted to carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂-eq.) multiplied by the global warming potential (GWP). Main source of CO₂ emission in the rice farming system without agricultural chemicals was combustion of fossil fuels used by agricultural machinery. Most of the CH₄ was emitted during rice cultivation practice and its major emission factor was flooded paddy field in anaerobic condition. Also, most of the N2O was emitted from rice cultivation process. Major sources of the N₂O emission was application of fertilizer such as compound fertilizer. As a result of sensitivity analysis in energy consumption, diesel had the highest sensitivity among the energy inputs. With the reduction of diesel consumption by 10%, it was estimated that CO₂ potential reduction was about 2.0%. With reducing application rate of compound fertilizer by 10%, the potential reduction was calculated that CO₂ and N₂O could be reduced by 0.5% and 0.9%, respectively. At the condition of 10% reduction of silicate and compost, CO₂ and CH₄ could be reduced by 1.5% and 1.6%, respectively. With 8 days more drainage than the ordinary practice, CH₄ emission could be reduced by about 4.5%. Drainage and diesel consumption were the main sources having the largest effect on the GHG reduction at the farming system without agricultural chemicals. Based on the above results, we suggest that no-tillage and midsummer drainage could be a method to decrease GHG emissions from rice production system.

A Case Study to Estimate the Greenhouse-Gas Mitigation Potential on Rice Production System in Farming without Agricultural Chemicals

이종식,유종희,정현철,최은정,김건엽 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.47 No.5

To estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, the inventory of rice cultivation at the farming withoutagricultural chemicals was established from farmers in Gunsan, Jeonbuk province in 2011∼2012. Theobjectives of this study were to calculate carbon footprint and analyse the major factor of GHGs. To do this, wecarried out a sensitivity analysis using the analyzed main factors of GHGs and estimated the mitigationpotential of GHGs. Also we suggested agricultural methods to reduce GHGs that can be appled by farmers atthis region. At the farming system without agricultural chemicals, carbon footprint of rice production unit of1 kg was 2.15 kg CO2.-eq. kg-1. Although the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission was the largest amongGHGs, methane (CH4) emission had the highest contribution to carbon footprint on rice production systemwhen it was converted to carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq.) multiplied by the global warming potential(GWP). Main source of CO2 emission in the rice farming system without agricultural chemicals wascombustion of fossil fuels used by agricultural machinery. Most of the CH4 was emitted during rice cultivationpractice and its major emission factor was flooded paddy field in anaerobic condition. Also, most of the N2Owas emitted from rice cultivation process. Major sources of the N2O emission was application of fertilizer suchas compound fertilizer. As a result of sensitivity analysis in energy consumption, diesel had the highestsensitivity among the energy inputs. With the reduction of diesel consumption by 10%, it was estimated thatCO2 potential reduction was about 2.0%. With reducing application rate of compound fertilizer by 10%, thepotential reduction was calculated that CO2 and N2O could be reduced by 0.5% and 0.9%, respectively. At thecondition of 10% reduction of silicate and compost, CO2 and CH4 could be reduced by 1.5% and 1.6%,respectively. With 8 days more drainage than the ordinary practice, CH4 emission could be reduced by about4.5%. Drainage and diesel consumption were the main sources having the largest effect on the GHG reductionat the farming system without agricultural chemicals. Based on the above results, we suggest that no-tillageand midsummer drainage could be a method to decrease GHG emissions from rice production system.

A Case Study to Estimate the Greenhouse-Gas Mitigation Potential on Rice Production System in Farming without Agricultural Chemicals

Lee, Jong-Sik,Ryu, Jong-Hee,Jeong, Hyun-Cheol,Choi, Eun-Jung,Kim, Gun-Yeob 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.47 No.5

To estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, the inventory of rice cultivation at the farming without agricultural chemicals was established from farmers in Gunsan, Jeonbuk province in 2011~2012. The objectives of this study were to calculate carbon footprint and analyse the major factor of GHGs. To do this, we carried out a sensitivity analysis using the analyzed main factors of GHGs and estimated the mitigation potential of GHGs. Also we suggested agricultural methods to reduce GHGs that can be appled by farmers at this region. At the farming system without agricultural chemicals, carbon footprint of rice production unit of 1 kg was 2.15 kg $CO_2.-eq.kg^{-1}$. Although the amount of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) emission was the largest among GHGs, methane ($CH_4$) emission had the highest contribution to carbon footprint on rice production system when it was converted to carbon dioxide equivalent ($CO_2-eq.$) multiplied by the global warming potential (GWP). Main source of $CO_2$ emission in the rice farming system without agricultural chemicals was combustion of fossil fuels used by agricultural machinery. Most of the $CH_4$ was emitted during rice cultivation practice and its major emission factor was flooded paddy field in anaerobic condition. Also, most of the $N_2O$ was emitted from rice cultivation process. Major sources of the $N_2O$ emission was application of fertilizer such as compound fertilizer. As a result of sensitivity analysis in energy consumption, diesel had the highest sensitivity among the energy inputs. With the reduction of diesel consumption by 10%, it was estimated that $CO_2$ potential reduction was about 2.0%. With reducing application rate of compound fertilizer by 10%, the potential reduction was calculated that $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ could be reduced by 0.5% and 0.9%, respectively. At the condition of 10% reduction of silicate and compost, $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ could be reduced by 1.5% and 1.6%, respectively. With 8 days more drainage than the ordinary practice, $CH_4$ emission could be reduced by about 4.5%. Drainage and diesel consumption were the main sources having the largest effect on the GHG reduction at the farming system without agricultural chemicals. Based on the above results, we suggest that no-tillage and midsummer drainage could be a method to decrease GHG emissions from rice production system.

골프장의 농약 사용방안

태현숙 한국골프학회 2008 골프연구 Vol.2 No.1

Environmental problems on golf course has been argued for a long time in the world. It has been supposed that soil contamination by agriculture chemicals could be more serious by increasing of golf courses. However, we are confusing since there is little information or studying about environmental effects of golf courses in Korea. Therefore, it is very important to understand well the characteristic and the usage of pesticide and herbicide for environmental preservation. There are 3 points in order to reduce the effects of agricultural chemicals. 1) what is the best chemical in each golf course 2) when is the best time to spray chemicals 3) how to decrease the scattering and moving of chemicals. It must be more useful for many golf course managers to protect environment, but there are many management programs including pesticide management in golf courses. In conclusion, it can be proposed to consider not only the agricultural chemical program but also the integrated pest management system for eco -friendly golf courses.

Recent developments in liquid-phase synthesis and applications of nanomagnesia

Hanie Abdollahzade,Asghar Zamani Techno-Press 2023 Advances in nano research Vol.14 No.1

Recent developments in the synthesis of nanomagnesia of controlled sizes and shapes that are suitable for various applications are reviewed. Two main methods, based on liquid-phase synthesis, i.e., chemical methods and bio-based methods, are used to synthesize nanomagnesia. Conventionally, nanomagnesia was synthesized by chemical methods such as coprecipitation, sol-gel, combustion method, and so on using different chemical agents and stabilizers which later on become responsible for several biological risks because of the toxicity of used chemicals. Bio-based protocols are growing as another environmental friend method for the synthesis of various nanostructures especially nanomagnesia using biomass, plant extracts, alga, and fungi as a source of precursor material. The ideal method should offer better control of textural properties of nanostructures and decrease the necessity for purification of the synthesized nanoproducts, which sequentially removes the use of large amounts of chemicals and organic solvents and manipulation of products that are unsafe to the environment. Finally, the broad applicability of nanomagnesia in diverse areas is presented. Employment of nanomagnesia reported in several laboratory and industrial fields are valued from the standpoint of the significance of these issues for technological requests, as described in the literature. Nanomagnesia has various applications such as antimicrobial performance, removing pollutants, batteries application, and catalysis.

Preparation of Aromatic β-Selenolactams and Their Bioactivities as Agricultural Chemicals

Mitsutoshi Kimura,Hideharu Ishihara,Shinzi Kato 대한약학회 2007 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.30 No.8

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of aromatic β-selenolactams being used in agricultural chemicals. A series of β-selenolactams with aromatic substituents at the 1-, 2- and 3-positions were synthesized and their bioactivities were evaluated. Acarianicidal and insecticidal activity against common destructive insects, antibacterial activity against seven common plant pathogens, and plant growth activity of typical food crops were investigated. We found that introduction of 4-chloro and 4-methyl groups on 2- or 3-phenyl groups of the β-selenolactam ring brought about acarianicidal activity against adults and eggs of Plutella xylostella. However, except for moderate to weak effect on fatality of Culex pipiens molestus Forskal, insecticidal activity against two other kinds of insects, antibacterial activity against plant pathogens, and activity on plant growth regulation were not detected among the β-selenolactam derivatives.

Preparation of Aromatic ${\beta}-Selenolactams$ and Their Bioactivities as Agricultural Chemicals

Ishihara, Hideharu,Kato, Shinzi,Kimura, Mitsutoshi 대한약학회 2007 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.30 No.8

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of aromatic ${\beta}-selenolactams$ being used in agricultural chemicals. A series of ${\beta}-selenolactams$ with aromatic substituents at the 1-, 2- and 3-positions were synthesized and their bioactivities were evaluated. Acarianicidal and insecticidal activity against common destructive insects, antibacterial activity against seven common plant pathogens, and plant growth activity of typical food crops were investigated. We found that introduction of 4-chloro and 4-methyl groups on 2- or 3-phenyl groups of the ${\beta}-selenolactam$ ring brought about acarianicidal activity against adults and eggs of Plutella xylostella. However, except for moderate to weak effect on fatality of Culex pipiens molestus Forskal, insecticidal activity against two other kinds of insects, antibacterial activity against plant pathogens, and activity on plant growth regulation were not detected among the ${\beta}-selenolactam$ derivatives.

농약(Gramoxon)중독에 의한 화상으로 발생된 구강점막염 치험

유재하(Jae-Ha Yoo),강상훈(Sang-Hoon Kang),김현실(Hyun-Sil Kim),백성흠(Sang-Hum Baek),유태민(Tae-Min You),이지웅(Ji-Woong Lee),정원균(Won-Gyun Chung),김종배(Jong-Bae Kim) 대한구강악안면외과학회 2003 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.29 No.2

Chemical burns onto oral mucosa which are infrequent, may result from contact with a wide variety of chemical agents. The degree of injury depends on the chemical, its concentration, duration of contact, and the natural penetrability and resistance of the tissues involved. Chemicals do not usually “burn”in that they do not cause destruction by hyperthermic activity. Rather, they damage tissue by causing coagulation of protein by one of several processes, reduction, oxidation, desiccation, corrosion, or vesication. Paraquat(Gramoxon) is the most frequently agricultural chemicals that induce the severe toxic reactions onto the organs of human body in Korea. The toxic reaction are composed of pulmonary edema and fibrosis, formation of hyaline membrane, inflammatory reaction and bleeding tendency, owing to the cell damage by the production of superoxide radicals. The contents of essential treatment in paraquat intoxication are commonly airway and breathing maintenance, gastric lavage, much hydration and diuresis, hemoperfusion and medications for the removal of the chemicals and the prevention of various complications. The sedative oral dressings, such as, orabase ointment application, warm saline gargling, lidocaine viscous gargling and oral gargling by the mixed solutions(tetracycline, prednisolone and 10% dextrose water) are important for the improvement of chemical oral mucositis and the comfortable feeding of diet. The authors managed properly two cases of oral chemical mucositis that were occurred by the incorrect use of agricultural chemicals(paraquat) and report the cases with the review of literatures about care of the chemical intoxication and oral mucositis.

금비(金肥), 퇴비(堆肥), 녹비(綠肥)-식민지시기 비료 담론의 과학적/사회경제학적/생태학적 전회

홍덕구 상허학회 2023 상허학보 Vol.68 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to trace aspects of scientific, socio-economic, and ecological preoccupations in colonial fertilizer discourse and, in doing so, to reveal whether or not a school of thought or discourse existed during this period that could be considered one of the origins of modern ecologism. The term “gold fertilizer(金肥)” usually refers to chemical fertilizers. At the time, chemical fertilizers were touted as the most scientific and efficient fertilizers. However, they were expensive to buy, so peasants could not easily use them, even though they envied their productivity- enhancing effects. It was also known that chemical fertilizers ruined the soil if abused or used for a long time. One biologist even claimed that chemical fertilizers were an ecological disaster because they wiped out the frogs that lived in the rice paddies, allowing the pest rice grasshopper to flourish. In this context, chemical fertilizers has been compared to opium, which ruins the land. Meanwhile, compost and green manure were promoted as alternatives or complements to manure. However, as long as the reality of agriculture was distorted under the imperial-colonial system, no fertilizer could truly improve the lives of peasants. The colonial discourse of fertilizer, with its scientific, socio-economic, and ecological turns, reveals the various ways in which modern science was implemented in colonial Korea, along with its limitations and possibilities. 이 논문의 목적은 식민지시기 비료 담론에 나타난 과학적, 사회경제학적, 생태학적 전회의 양상들을 추적하고, 이를 통해 현대 생태주의의 한 기원이라고 할 만한 사유 또는 담론이 이 시기에 존재했는지 여부를 밝히는 것이다. ‘금비(金肥)’는 통상 화학비료를 지칭한다. 당시 화학비료는 가장 과학적이며 효율적인 비료로 선전되었다. 그러나 비싼 가격을 지불하고 구입해야 했으므로 농민들은 화학비료의 생산성 향상 효과를 선망하면서도 쉽게 사용하지 못했다. 또한 화학비료를 남용하거나 장기간 사용하면 토질을 망친다는 사실 또한 알려져 있었다. 한 생물학자는 화학비료가 논에 서식하는 개구리류를 절멸시킴으로써 해충인 벼메뚜기가 창궐하게 하는 생태학적 재해라고 주장하기도 하였다. 이러한 맥락에서 금비는 땅을 망치는 아편에 비유되기도 하였다. 한편 금비의 대체재 또는 보완재로 퇴비(堆肥)와 녹비(綠肥)가 장려되기도 하였다. 그러나 제국—식민지 체제 하에서 농업의 현실이 왜곡되어 있는 한, 어떤 비료도 농민들의 생활을 진정으로 나아지게 하지는 못하였다. 과학적, 사회경제학적, 생태학적으로 전회(轉回)하는 식민지시기의 비료 담론은 근대 과학이 식민지 조선에서 구현되었던 다양한 양상들, 그리고 한계와 가능성을 함께 보여주었다.