문학교육의 창의성에 관한 연구

김선민 한국문학교육학회 2004 문학교육학 Vol.13 No.-

Literature education and creativity should form an organic relationship. Literature education must be able to control changes and regulate disorder in a society appropriately, and creativity is the basic factor enabling to implement roles of such literature education. Accordingly, a precise understanding on true nature of literary creativity is required since it is a factor enabling to manifest creativity of literature education. A literary work is a product of creative manifestation. Creativity is a foundation of the new and a driving force of the production. Consequently, creativity can be named as the key factor of literature education. According to a research on people with excellent creativity, those creative people are much more open and permissive than we generally think. Creative ideas manifested by those people are mostly from the already existing outside world and combined with their inner creativity. In addition, they know about respecting themselves and giving consideration to others for respecting themselves. They have confidence in contributing their creative abilities to a society by preserving the integrity of all surrounding resources with care. The answer to the possibility of manifesting features of such creative human being in general students can be found in a solution to a question of what literature can provide us with. Namely, the educational outcome of literature can be thought of as in connection with features of human being with excellent creativity. This research aims to manifest creativity of a learner through literature education. In order to achieve such aim, the research should focus on a kind of an organic relationship formed between creativity and literature education. A discussion on True Nature of Creativity in Literature Education in the Chapter 2 is to help understand creativity in literature education correctly by clarifying an aspect, feature and a manifestation type of creativity. A Creative Factor in Literature Education in the same chapter discusses a key factor that can stimulate manifestation of creativity in school education considering characters of literature education. A discussion on Manifestation of- Creativity in Literature Education in the Chapter 3 focuses on projecting a practical solution to a factor and method. A Factor of Creative Manifestation in Literature Education of the Paragraph 1 in the same chapter presents the manifestation factor by classifying it into teacher, student, curriculum and environment after analyzing those factors restraining creativity in a school first. In A Teaching/Learning Method of Creative Manifestation in Literature Education of the Paragraph 2, a new type of a teaching/learning mthod different from general teachingflearning methods of thus far is projected and presented.

설화 속 영웅 인물의 신성 현현 양상에 관한 연구 -남이장군 관련 서사-제의-도상의 기호작용을 중심으로

윤인선 ( In Sun Yoon ) 한국기호학회 2012 기호학연구 Vol.32 No.-

This paper is to study the divine manifestation`s aspect to be shown in folktale of hero-character. Folktale has narrative of action about character. At this time, NamiJanggun, Kyungum, Rim become accepted as the divine, based on heroic action. But such as humane death in the situation of ordeal, their narrative are differently unfolded to mythical character. Thru semiotic approach, this paper studies the divine manifestation`s aspect of character who has humane but heroic aspect. In order to discuss aspects of divine manifestation of hero-character in folktale, this paper uses inter-semiotic approach of narrative-icon-rite about NamiJanggun. In the Rite of NamiJanggunsadang, a rite in connection of symbolic message to be passed in narrative of NamiJanggun folktale and aspects of narrative-communication will be examined first. If Dangol`s narrative of divine manifestation thru NamiJanggun folktale is understand, these message is generated and communicated only through a particular context of rite. Therefore, by participating Dangol, it can be recognized the act for divine meaning to be expressed in NamiJanggun folktale. The Divinity that appears in the Namijanggunsadang-gut is the complete godhead to give Dangol to temporal blessings. This is different from the godhead presented in NamiJanggun folktale, which incompleted godhead. Therefore, in this paper, by the aspects connecting the gap between the godhead in NamiJanggun folktale and the godhead that appears in Namijanggunsadang-gut, it will note the Dangol`s participation of process in ancestral rites. Next, the Panting of Shaman God to be expressed in the manifestation of the divinity is remarkable. The Panting of Shaman God will be discussed regarding the manifestation`s aspect after being called by shaman, beyond reappearance of simple NamiJanggun folktale`s character in terms of time. Thru the above discussion, in this paper, the divinity, which was showed the divine manifestation will be described in terms of aspects produced by self-reference, based on the Dangol`s life not transcendental and metaphysical.

Extravascular manifestations of Takayasu arteritis: focusing on the features shared with spondyloarthritis

Kwon, Oh Chan,Lee, Sang-Won,Park, Yong-Beom,Oh, Ji Seon,Lee, Sang Hoon,Hong, Seokchan,Lee, Chang-Keun,Yoo, Bin,Kim, Yong-Gil BioMed Central 2018 ARTHRITIS RESEARCH AND THERAPY Vol.20 No.-

<P><B>Background</B></P><P>Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is a systemic disease characterized by large vessel involvement. Although the vascular characteristics of TAK are well characterized, there is no well-organized study demonstrating the extravascular manifestations of TAK. We aimed to evaluate the characteristics of extravascular manifestations of TAK, and to identify the association between vascular and extravascular manifestations of TAK.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>TAK patients from two independent cohorts between January 2012 and October 2017 were included in the study. Patient characteristics were retrospectively collected from the electronic dataset. The computed tomography scans of all subjects were reviewed to evaluate the pattern of vascular involvement and presence of sacroiliitis. Clinical findings including uveitis, skin lesions, oral ulcers, arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were reviewed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between vascular and extravascular manifestations.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>For the 268 TAK patients, the mean age at diagnosis was 41.2 ± 14.2 years and 88.1% were female. The extravascular manifestation of TAK was observed in 19.0% of patients, the most common being arthritis including sacroiliitis (11.9%) followed by recurrent oral ulcers (8.6%) and IBD (2.6%). A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed type IIB vascular involvement (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.956, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.337–6.537, <I>p</I> = 0.007) and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (adjusted OR 1.014, 95% CI 1.003–1.025, <I>p</I> = 0.012) as significantly associated with the presence of axial and peripheral arthritis.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>Extravascular manifestations of TAK were observed in up to one-fifth of patients. The most common extravascular manifestation was arthritis, which was associated with a type IIB vascular involvement pattern and a high ESR.</P>

한우에서 PGF_(2α) 투여 후 난포 크기 및 발달 과정에 따른 발정 증상의 발현

박철호,류재선,유대중,박인철,김종택,서국현,오기석,손창호 사단법인 한국동물생명공학회 2012 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.27 No.3

This study was operated to establish induction using ultrasonography by estimating the relation of follicle size and estrus manifestation. Clinical estrus symptoms were observed 97.4% in cows and 87.5% in heifers when overall 55cows were induced to estrus in a single dose of PGF_(2α) after verifying CL through ultrasonography, which means estrus hours among those 52 cows showing the clinical estrus symptoms were estimated 2.39 days on cows and for 2.37 days on heifers which showed no differences (p>0.05). The estrus manifestation hours according to the follicle size in cows didn't have any significance each other (p>0.05), though estrus hours was 54 hours (the shortest) with follicle size bigger than 10 mm and were made up within 69 hours. The estrus manifestation hours according to the follicle size in heifers didn't have any significance each other (p>0.05) and took around 42 hours (the shortest) with follicle size of 5mm (the smallest) and were made up within 66 hours. Follicles after PGF_(2α) injection were ovulated and assigned to many phases as follows; Group 1 (growing phase) -continuously growing into ovulation, Group 2 (growing and static phase) - delaying in growth after the growth of follicles, Group 3 (static and growing phase) - growing after growth delay, Group 4 (regressing and new growing phase) - the follicle is closed and a new follicle grows. In addition, the process of follicle development and estrus hours had no significance each other (p>0.05), though estrus manifestation hours in Group 1 and 2 was relatively short, and in Group 3 and 4 for a relatively long time. In the result of all above, the estrus manifestation hours after PGF_(2α) injection has no differences accoring to the follicle size in cows and heifers. Therefore, High pregnancy rate is obtained when practicing artificial insemination within 3 days in estrus or TAI in 72 to 80 hours after adminitrating PGF_(2α).

한우에서 $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ 투여 후 난포 크기 및 발달 과정에 따른 발정 증상의 발현

박철호,류재선,유대중,박인철,김종택,서국현,오기석,손창호,Park, Chul-Ho,Ryu, Jae-Sun,Yu, Dae-Jung,Park, In-Chul,Kim, Jong-Taek,Suh, Guk-Hyun,Oh, Ki-Seok,Son, Chang-Ho 한국수정란이식학회 2012 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.27 No.3

This study was operated to establish induction using ultrasonography by estimating the relation of follicle size and estrus manifestation. Clinical estrus symptoms were observed 97.4% in cows and 87.5% in heifers when overall 55 cows were induced to estrus in a single dose of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ after verifying CL through ultrasonography, which means estrus hours among those 52 cows showing the clinical estrus symptoms were estimated 2.39 days on cows and for 2.37 days on heifers which showed no differences (p>0.05). The estrus manifestation hours according to the follicle size in cows didn't have any significance each other (p>0.05), though estrus hours was 54 hours (the shortest) with follicle size bigger than 10 mm and were made up within 69 hours. The estrus manifestation hours according to the follicle size in heifers didn't have any significance each other (p>0.05) and took around 42 hours (the shortest) with follicle size of 5mm (the smallest) and were made up within 66 hours. Follicles after $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ injection were ovulated and assigned to many phases as follows; Group 1 (growing phase) - continuously growing into ovulation, Group 2 (growing and static phase) - delaying in growth after the growth of follicles, Group 3 (static and growing phase) - growing after growth delay, Group 4 (regressing and new growing phase) - the follicle is closed and a new follicle grows. In addition, the process of follicle development and estrus hours had no significance each other (p>0.05), though estrus manifestation hours in Group 1 and 2 was relatively short, and in Group 3 and 4 for a relatively long time. In the result of all above, the estrus manifestation hours after $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ injection has no differences accoring to the follicle size in cows and heifers. Therefore, High pregnancy rate is obtained when practicing artificial insemination within 3 days in estrus or TAI in 72 to 80 hours after adminitrating $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$.

P042 : Cutaneous manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus

( Seung Woo Lee ),( Young Uk Kim ),( Kea Jeung Kim ),( Eun Phil Heo ) 대한피부과학회 2013 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.65 No.2

Background: SLE is a multisystem disease. Skin manifestations are some of the most common symptoms. Objectives: Our purpose was to study in detail the cutaneous lesions in SLE. Methods: We carried out a retrospective study of 45 patients with SLE during a 10years period. Results: 1. The female:male ratio was 10.5:1. 2. Cutaneous manifestation(95%) was the second common finding, next to ANA positivity. 3. Lupus specific cutaneous lesions were as follows: Localized ACLE, 33%; generalized ACLE, 9%; subacute cutaneous LE, 2.2%; discoid LE, 2.2%; lupus panniculitis, 2.2%. 4. Lupus non-specific lesions were follows: Raynaud`s phenomenon, 22%; oral ulcer, 15.4%; diffuse non-scarring alopecia, 13.2%; photosensitivity, 8.8%; urticaria, 6.6%. Conclusion: Skin changes play a prominent part in SLE and may provide helpful diagnostic information. In this study, malar rash was the most common manifestation.

A case of oral manifestation of cutaneous lupus erythematosus treated by alitretinoin

( Ju Yeon Choi ),( Jung Yup Kim ),( Sun Min Lim ),( Jae Yun Lim ),( Han Saem Kim ),( Jung In Kim ),( Jung Min ),( Joon Hong Min ),( Young Jun Choi ),( Jae Hui Nam ),( Won Serk Kim ),( Ga Young Lee ) 대한피부과학회 2016 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.68 No.1

Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease with a broad spectrum of skin and multisystemic manifestations. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is referred to the lesions restricted to skin and/or mucous membranes. The prevalence of oral involvement ranges from 9 to 45% in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and from 3 to 25% in patients with chronic cutaneous involvement. Thus far, antimalarial drugs, dapsone, and retinoids are considered as the first- and second-line treatment medicine in the treatment of CLE. In case of treatment failure or intolerance by the above drugs, vitamin A derivative, alitretinoin was reported as an effective alternative treatment option. We report a case of a 63-year-old woman presenting erythematous eroded plaques on the right buccal mucosa. She was diagnosed as CLE after punch biopsy and received alitretinoin (30 mg daily for 2 days and 10 mg daily for 4 weeks). For 1 month, the patient showed continuous improvement of buccal lesions and finally, the lesions were nearly cleared. She experienced headache and vomiting when she took alitretinoin 30 mg at the first time and those symptoms were disappeared after the dose reduction of alitretinoin. There was no other adverse effect. Herein, we report a case of oral manifestation of CLE treated by alitretinoin and suggest that alitretinoin could be an effective treatment option for CLE.

눈대상포진 환자의 임상양상 및 위험인자 분석

문치영,정문선 대한안과학회 2017 대한안과학회지 Vol.58 No.12

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of severe manifestation of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis using medical records from 106 patients diagnosed with herpes zoster ophthalmicus from January 2012 to June 2015. Patients were classified according to the type and frequency of ophthalmologic manifestations. Patients with conjunctivitis, punctate keratitis, and pseudodendritic keratitis were classified into the mild group, whereas patients with deep stromal keratitis, endothelitis, scleritis, glaucoma, and extraocular muscle paralysis were classified into the severe group. The age, sex, severity, location of skin lesions, delayed time to treatment, the presence of Hutchinson's sign, and associated systemic diseases were compared between the groups. In addition, we investigated changes in vision, intraocular pressure, treatment duration, recurrence and the prevalence of postherpetic neuralgia. Results: The incidence of conjunctivitis (47.2%), punctate keratitis (42.5%), pseudodendritic keratitis (12.2%), deep stromal keratitis (12.2%), endothelitis (15.1%), scleritis (18.9%), glaucoma (14.2%), and extraocular muscle (EOM) paralysis (4.7%) were observed in these patients. The group with mild disease included 70 cases with conjunctivitis, punctate keratitis and pseudodendritic keratitis. The severe group included 36 cases with deep stromal keratitis, endothelitis, scleritis, glaucoma and EOM palsy. Disease most often occurred in the distribution of the first branch of the trigeminal nerve, with no differences in the age or sex of patients in both groups. Severe manifestations were more common when a greater extent of the skin was involved, when Hutchinson’s sign was present, or when treatment was significantly delayed. There were no significant differences between the two groups in recurrence or the presence of postherpetic neuralgia. Conclusion: Long-term treatment for herpes zoster opthalmicus is more likely to be required if severe manifestation of disease exists, such as widespread skin involvement, Hutchinson's sign, or a delay to the initiation of antiviral treatment. More active observation and treatment are required in such cases. 목적: 눈대상포진 환자 중 심한 안증상이 동반된 경우의 임상양상과 위험인자에 대하여 알아보고자 한다. 대상과 방법: 2012년 1월부터 2015년 6월까지 눈대상포진으로 진단된 106명을 대상으로 의무기록을 이용한 후향적 분석을 시행하였다. 눈대상포진 환자들의 안증상의 종류와 빈도를 확인하고, 결막염, 점상각막염, 가성수지각막염 소견을 보이는 환자를 경증군, 심층기질각막염, 각막내피염, 공막염, 녹내장, 외안근마비를 보이는 환자를 중증군으로 나누었다. 두 군에서 나이, 성별, 피부 병변의 정도와 위치, 증상 발생부터 치료 시작까지의 시간, Hutchinson’s 징후 여부 그리고 동반된 전신질환들에 대해 비교하였다. 또한 두 군의 치료 후 시력, 안압의 변화와 치료기간, 재발 및 포진 후 신경통 발생에 대해 조사하였다. 결과: 전체 106명의 환자의 안증상은 결막염(47.2%), 점상각막염(42.5%), 가성수지상각막염(12.2%), 심층기질각막염(12.2%), 각막내피염(15.1%), 공막염(18.9%), 이차성 녹내장(14.2%), 외안근 마비(4.7%)의 빈도로 관찰되었다. 경증군은 결막염, 점상각막염, 가성수지상각막염을 진단 받은 70명 70안이, 중증군에는 심층기질각막염, 각막내피염, 공막염, 녹내장, 외안근 마비를 진단 받은 36명 36안이 포함되었다. 두 군을 비교하였을 때 가장 많이 침범한 뇌신경분지는 삼차신경의 첫 번째 분지로 동일하게 나타났으며, 연령이나 성별에서는 차이가 없었다. 피부병변의 범위가 넓고 심한 경우(p<0.01), Hutchinson 징후가 있는 경우(p=0.01) 그리고 치료 시작까지 지연된 시간이 긴 경우(p=0.02) 중증군에 속하는 안증상이 더 흔하였다. 재발과 포진 후 신경통의 발생은 두 군에서 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=0.16). 결론: 눈대상포진 환자에서 피부병변이 넓고 심하거나 Hutchinson' 징후가 있고 항바이러스제 치료가 지연된 경우에는 장기간 치료가 필요하며 후유증 발생 가능성이 높은 심한 안증상이 발생할 가능성이 높으므로 적극적인 관찰과 치료가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

창의성의 영역성과 발현요인 측정도구 개발과 타당화 연구

김홍권(Kim Hong-kweon) 교육종합연구원 2004 교육종합연구 Vol.2 No.2

이 연구는 창의성의 영역성과 발현요인에 대한 인식을 적절하게 측정할 수 있는 측정도구를 개발하는데 그 목적을 두었다. 창의성 인식에 대한 측정도구를 인지적 영역과 정의적 영역을 통합적으로 고찰하기 위한 설문형식의 검사지의 개발에 중점을 두었다. 창의성의 통합적 접근 방법에 근거하여, 이 검사지의 하위요인은 창의성의 영역성(일반성, 특수성) 및 발현요인인 지능, 관련지식, 사고, 동기의 5개 요인으로 구성되어 있다. 이 검사지는 일반인을 대상으로(1차 316명, 2차 237명, 3차 본검사 217명) 실시되었으며, 타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하였다. 또한 창의성의 실체를 규명함에 있어 영역성 및 발현요인의 파악과 창의성에 대한 전문가 합의법에 의한 관계구조망(구조방정식 모형)의 적합도를 설계하고 분석하는데 적합하게 사용되어질 수 있다. 그리고 기존의 확산적 사고 중심의 연구에서 벗어나 각계각층의 창의적인 사람들에 대한 인식을 통한 연구방법 등으로 사용될 수 있을 것이다. This thesis has an aim to appropriately develop the tool useful for examining domain of creativity and its manifestation. It centered on developing the questionnaire of examination with the form of making up a question to contemplate the tool useful for examining creativity applying confluent way of cognitive domain and sentimental domain. Based on the method of confluent approach of creativity, the subsidiary factors of this questionnaire are composed of five factors including domain of creativity, intelligence as the factor of manifestation, related knowledge, thoughts, and motives, and each factor has two subsidiary factors. This questionnaire is composed of 5 point measurement and total 50 items. This questionnaire will be appropriately applied to study creativity through the creative persons recognition(expert s agreement). In addition, it will be applied to grasp the factor of domain and manifestation and to analyse the related structural net(model of structural question) in searching the actuality of creativity.

天台의 본적사상(本迹思想) 수용과 그 전개

이기운 한국선학회 2010 한국선학 Vol.27 No.-

본적 사상은 인도 전통 브라만 화신(化身)사상에서 그 원초가 보이고, 대승불교가 일어나면서 석가의 전생담이나 삼신(三身)사상 속에도 응화(應化)와 본지(本地)의 형태로 나타난다. 불교계에서 본적사상을 경문 해석에 처음 적용한 것은 승조(僧肇)와 승예(僧叡)였다. 승조는 본지와 수적(垂迹)의 입장에서 유마경 을 해석하였고, 승예는 법화경 을 9철(轍)로 나누어 제7을 본적무생철(本迹無生轍)이라 하여, 다보여래를 본지로 하고 석가불을 수적으로 해석하였다. 그러나 이들의 본적사상은 경문해석 전반에 적극적으로 반영하지 못하였다. 이러한 본적사상을 체계적으로 경문해석에 적용하여 법화경 해석의 새로운 경지를 연 것은 천태대사(天台大師)라 할 수 있다. 천태의 법화문구 에서는 천태사석(天台四釋) 중에 본적석(本迹釋)을 두었고, 법화현의 에서는 이들 적문과 본문의 불가사의한 법문의 내용을 적문 십묘(十妙)와 본문 십묘로 나누어 심오한 법화철학을 밝혔다. 그리고 마하지관 에서는 법화경 적문의 개삼현일(開三顯一)과 본문의 개근현원(開近顯遠)에 의해 십승관법을 조직하고, 열반경 의 부율현상(扶律顯常)에 의해 이십오방편이 조직되었다. 천태의 본적이문(本迹二門)사상은 후대 법화경 해석에 큰 영향을 끼쳤다. 담연(湛然)은 이를 십불이문론(十不二門 으로 정리하였다. 그는 법화현의 핵심인 본․적십묘(本迹十妙)사상을 10문(門)으로 따로 떼내어 본․적이 둘이 아니고, 교관이 일여(一如)하며, 해(解)․행(行)을 쌍수(雙修)해야 한다는 등 천태의 중요한 교관의 진의를 확립하였다. 일본의 일연(日蓮)은 천태의 본적이문사상을 받아들여 본문법화 적문법화로 해석하였다. 그는 지금까지 중국 천태학에서는 적문 중심의 법화교학을 폈다고 진단하고, 본문 「여래수량품」을 중심으로 한 본문 법화정신을 중시하였다. 또한 당시를 말법시대라고 하면서 이런시대에는 기존의 이(理)의 일념삼천설(一念三千說)에서 사(事)의 일념삼천설을 펼쳐야한다고 주장하였다. 그래서 그는 “나무묘법연화경” 다섯 글자를 본문의 본존(本尊)으로 하여 제목봉창을 수행의 근본으로 삼았다 이와 같이 천태는 본적사상을 적용하여 이전까지 단순한 법화경 의 평면적 해석을 입체적이고 심오한 법화철학으로 승화시켰고, 이후 담연이나 일연의 법화사상에 큰 영향을 끼쳤다. Great Master Tiantai is rated as the one who applied the then existing 'thought of original and derivative'(本迹思想) in interpreting the Lotus Sutra, and then embraced such interpretation to the Tiantai doctrine developing it as the profound Lotus Sutra philosophy. This paper investigated Tiantai's acceptance of the idea of original and derivative; application of this idea to the doctrine of the Tiantai school; development of it in the Tiantai school; and influences on the later generations. The idea of original and derivative first appeared in the thought of the 'transformation body'(化身) of Brahma in India, and then in the form of 'manifestation in response'(應身) and 'original state'(本地) in the Sakyamuni's Jataka tales or in the three bodies theory when Mahayana Buddhism first arose. It was Sengzhao(僧肇) and Sengrui(僧叡) that applied the theory of original and derivative to the interpretation of the Buddhist scriptures for the first time. Sengzhao interpreted Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa-sūtra in the light of the 'original state' and 'manifested forms'(垂迹); Sengrui, on the other hand, made the ‘nine divisions’(九轍) of the meaning of the Lotus Sutra, the seventh of which was the 'division of no birth of original and derivative'(本迹無生轍), interpreting Prabhūtaratna Tathāgata as the 'original state' but Śākyamuni Buddha as 'manifested forms'. But their ideas was not widely applied to the interpretation of the sutra. It was Great Master Tiantai who pioneered a new interpretation of the Lotus Sutra by systematically applying the theory of 'original and derivative'. In his Fahua wenju(法華文句) Tiantai put the 'explanation according to the meaning of the original Buddha and his outward manifestations'(本迹釋) among the 'four types of explanations of the Lotus Sūtra'(天台四釋) and in Fahua xuanyi(法華玄義) he clarified the Lotus Sutra philosophy by dividing these mysterious Dharma talks into the 'ten subtleties of the derivative'(迹門十妙) and the ten subtleties of the original'(本門十妙). And in Mohe zhiguan(摩訶止觀) he organized the 'ten vehicles of meditation'(十乘觀法) by means of 'revealing the one'(開三顯一) in 'derivative aspect' and by means of 'opening the near and revealing the distant'(開近顯遠) in 'original aspect', and the 'twenty-five expedient preparations'(二十五方便) by means of the 'teaching which supports the rules and manifestation of the eternal'(扶律顯常) in the Nirvāṇa Sūtra. Tiantai's theory of 'two aspects of original and derivative'(本迹二門) was categorized by Zhanran(湛然) into the 'ten approaches to non-duality'(十不二門論). Zhanran clarified the true intent of Tiantai's doctrinal views by isolating the theory of 'ten subtleties of original and derivative'(本迹十妙) from Fahua xuanyi and asserting that the original and derivative are not dual; the doctrine and meditation are one; and understanding and practice should be cultivated simultaneously. Japanese Nichiren(日蓮) used Tiantai's theory of the two aspects to interpret the Lotus Sutra in two ways such as: the original aspect and the derivative aspect. Though Chinese Tiantai studies had been done around the doctrinal studies of the Lotus Sutra focusing on the derivative aspect, he emphasized the original aspect of the Lotus Sutra spirit while focusing on the 'Chapter on the Longevity of the Tathāgata'. Besides, he, defining his time as the latter Dharma, asserted that his age required propagating the theory of 'a chiliocosm in a single thought'(一念三千說) based on 'phenomenon'(事) but not on 'principle'(理). Therefore, he based his practice on reciting 'homage to the Lotus Sūtra'(南無妙法蓮華經) while considering it as the 'originally venerated one'(本尊) in original aspect. Like this, Tiantai elevated the then existing superficial interpretation of the Lotus Sutra into a solid and profound Lotus Sutra philosophy by employing the idea of original and derivative and also had a strong influence on the Lotus Sutra philosophy of Zhanran(湛然) and Nichiren(日蓮) thereafter.