증오범죄의 실태와 원인에 대한 이론적 고찰

양문승(Yang, Mun-Seung),이훈재(Lee, Hun-Jae) 원광대학교 법학연구소 2008 圓光法學 Vol.24 No.4

Crimes are continuously committed throughout the world and it has been problem for every society. Looking back the history, there have been some serious crimes that triggered outrages in the society and hate crime must be one of those. Long ago, there was holocaust by the Nazis and in the recent days, 9.11 terrorism against U.S has been great issue in the world. Other than these enormous crimes, there was Jijon-pa incident in 1994 and Yu Young Chul incident in 2004 in Korea. The series of crimes caused by prejudice, bias and conflicts was a great shock to our society. In this study, we have looked into the hate crimes to find out its concept and similar crimes. Also, its causes have been analyzed based on its background situation. The concept of hate crime was first established in the law related to hatred relationship in U.S. By applying this to our society to establish the concept, hate crime refers to crimes motivated by the hatred feelings caused by hate, aversion or prejudice, and bias. It refers to the crimes that have essential connection with causal relationships and its object for hatred feeling is based on bias against race, religion, sexual preference, nationality, age, disability, sex, origin, marital status or economic status in the society. It refers to the crimes committed in the ordinary crime forms with the secondary hatred feeling which corresponds to the above bias. On the other hand, the causes of these hate crimes are the flood tide of prejudice and economic inequality in the society and absence in the role of homes and domestic violence. Also, there are personal problems in the brain function not being able to control the rage or hostility and psychological problems. Which means, the people who commit hate crimes face various problems in personal, domestic and social life while not being able to control or resolve anger, aversion, and fear. Rather looking for the causes in themselves, they blame the society for their situation or circumstance. Meanwhile, secondary feeling, namely 'hate' takes place and they get to commit hate crimes through expressing such feeling. Furthermore, we need to take counter measures against these hate crimes in the future. Not only the criminal private law institution but also education site and the society should try to develop and implement appropriate programs for the teenagers and adults to learn to control or resolve their anger and hatred feelings. Accurate concept of hate crime should be established and laws in relation with policy for the prevention must be legislated. It is expected that adequate counter measures would be developed soon based on various studies.

빈곤지역의 범죄예방교육이 범죄두려움에 미치는 영향

박찬혁 한국치안행정학회 2023 한국치안행정논집 Vol.20 No.2

Various problems are occurring in areas where the poor are concentrated, which are found in previous domestic studies, but studies related to crimes in the area have not been mainly conducted. While previous studies abroad have reported that the influence of economic poverty is not clear as a factor influencing crime, it has been shown to have a significant impact on major variables of crime and crime damage in Korea. As a result, the septed project has been expanded in Korea, mainly in poor areas, but considering the recent trend such as the increase in cybercrime in addition to physical crime, crime prevention education needs to be strengthened. In particular, the purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of crime prevention education on reducing crime fear, focusing on areas where the poor are concentrated, to see if it contributes to emotional stability caused by crime fear rather than the actual situation of crime.. As a research method, it was analyzed using the second data of the Korea Institute for Criminal Policy's "Study on Improving the Effectiveness of Criminal Policy to Guarantee Public Safety (III)." Descriptive statistical analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and curve estimation simple regression analysis were conducted using the SPSS28.0 program. Based on the results of the research analysis, unlike previous studies, in the case of poor areas, disorder and collective efficiency of informal social control did not appear to be factors influencing crime fear. In the case of the impact of crime prevention education, which is the main purpose of this study, it was found that the average score for crime fear was significantly higher for residents of the poor who experienced crime prevention education. In other words, this study was used as basic data to make policy suggestions so that crime prevention education for poor dense areas can be checked and effective in reducing crime fear as well as actual crime prevention based on internalization. 빈곤층 밀집지역에서 다양한 문제가 발생하고 있는 것으로 기존 국내선행연구에서 나타나고 있으나 해당지역에 대한 범죄와 관련된 연구들의 진행이 주를 이루지는 않았다. 국외 선행연구에서는 범죄 영향요인으로 경제적 빈곤의 영향력이 뚜렷하지 않다고 보고되고 있는데 반해, 국내에서는 범죄주요 변인 및 범죄피해에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 이로 인해 국내에서는 빈곤지역을 중심으로 셉테드 사업을 확장하기도 하였으나, 최근 물리적 범죄 이외에 사이버 범죄의 증가 등의 동향을 고려하여 볼 때, 범죄예방교육이 강화될 필요가 있다고 볼 수 있다. 특히, 범죄의 실태보다 범죄두려움으로 인한 정서적 안정성에 기여하는지를 확인해 보고자, 빈곤층 밀집지역을 중심으로 범죄예방교육이 범죄두려움 감소에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것을 연구의 목적으로 하였다. 연구방법으로는 한국형사정책연구원의 ‘국민안전 보장을 위한 형사정책의 실효성 제고 방안 연구 (Ⅲ)’의 2차 데이터자료를 활용하여 분석하였다. SPSS28.0 프로그램을 활용하여 기술통계분석, t-test, ANOVA, 곡선추정 단순회귀분석을 실시했다. 연구분석 결과를 바탕으로 볼 때, 기존의 선행연구와 달리 빈곤지역의 경우 비공식적 사회통제의 무질서와 집합효율성은 범죄두려움 영향요인으로 나타나지 않았다. 이 연구의 주된 목적인 범죄예방교육이 범죄두려움에 미치는 영향의 경우 범죄 예방교육을 경험한 빈곤층 밀집지역 주민일수록 범죄두려움에 대한 평균점수가 더 유의미하게 높은것으로 나타났다. 즉, 빈곤층 밀집지역을 대상으로 한 범죄예방교육을 점검하여 내실화를 바탕으로실질적인 범죄예방뿐만 아니라 범죄두려움을 감소시키는데 효과를 얻을 수 있도록 이 연구를 기초 자료로 활용하여 정책적 제언을 하고자 하였다.

『조세범 처벌법』 상 세금계산서 관련범과 죄수

김태희(Kim Tay) 한국세법학회 2016 조세법연구 Vol.22 No.2

1976. 12. 22. 부가가치세법이 제정되면서 같은 시기에 『조세범 처벌법』에도 세금계산서 관련 위법행위를 처벌하는 규정이 신설되었다.『조세범 처벌법』은 당초 실물거래를 동반한 세금계산서 교부 및 수취에 관한 위법행위만을 규율하다가, 1994. 12. 22. 무거래세금계산서 교부 및 수취에 관한 위법행위를 규율대상에 추가하였고, 2004. 12. 31. 세금계산서합계표 제출에 관한 위법행위를 더하였으며, 2005. 12. 29. 특가법 제8조의 2가 신설되어 ‘영리의 목적’으로 ‘공급가액 등의 합계액’이 30억 원 이상인 경우에는 가중처벌하게 되었다. 한편 2008년 전자세금계산서 제도가 도입되어 세금계산서 수수행위의 방식이 과거와는 완전히 달라지게 되었으며, 부가가치세법의 개정으로 전자세금계산서의 경우 그 합계표 제출의무가 면제되었다. 위와 같이 법령이 변천됨에 따라 조세포탈범과 세금계산서 관련범, 각 세금계산서 수수 범행 상호 간, 세금계산서 수수에 관한 위법행위와 그 합계표 제출에 관한 위법행위 상호 간의 죄수 문제는 논란의 중심에 서게 되었다. 일죄로 보는가 수죄로 보는가에 따라 처단형의 범위가 달라지고, 특히 조세범에 관하여 배액벌금제도를 택하고 있는 현행법하에서 자칫 벌금형이 몇 배로 상향될 수 있기 때문이다. 또한 특가법상 ‘공급가액 등의 합계액’의 획정범위에 따라 특가법에 해당하는지 여부가 달리 판단될 수 있기 때문에 위 문구의 해석 역시 중요한 명제가 되었다. 본고에서는 세금계산서 관련 범죄행위에 관하여 유형을 나누어 죄수를 고찰하였는바, ① 조세포탈범과 세금계산서 관련범은 별개의 범죄로 보아야 하고, ② 동일한 과세기간에 이루어진 수개의 세금계산서 수수 관련 위법행위는 포괄하여 일죄로 보아야 하며, ③ 특가법 제8조의 2를 적용함에 있어 세금계산서, 계산서, 각 그 합계표에 관한 공급가액을 모두 합산하여 일정액 이상인지를 판단하되, 합산기간을 제한하여 단일하고 계속된 범의 하에 동일한 범행 방법에 의하여 행한 경우에만 포괄하여 일죄로 보도록 하고, ④ 동일한 거래에 관하여 세금계산서 수수를 하고 그 합계표를 제출하였다면 이는 법조경합의 관계에 놓이게 되어 일죄가 되며, ⑤ 특히 전자세금계산서의 경우 그 합계표 제출행위도, 제출의무도 없으므로 세금계산서합계표에 관한 범죄는 성립하지 않는다는 점을 명백히 하였다. Along with the enactment of the Value-Added Tax Act on 22 December 1976, a new provision was added to the Punishment of Tax Evaders Act to punish unlawful acts related to tax invoices. The Punishment of Tax Evaders Act only used to penalize criminal acts related to the issuance and receipt of tax invoices that were accompanied by actual transactions. Then, on 22 December 1994 unlawful acts related to the issuance and receipt of tax invoices without actual transactions were added into the applicable scope of the Act. On 31 December 2004, unlawful acts concerning tax invoice summaries also became subject to the Act. On 29 December 2005, Article 8-2 of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment of Specific Crimes was enacted, to provide for a severer standard of punishment when the offender committed a tax invoices-related crime “for the purpose of profit” and the “aggregate amount of the supply value, etc.” was KRW 3 billion or more. Meanwhile in 2008, the electronic tax invoice system entered into effect, which caused a complete change to the way of issuance(receipt) of tax invoices. Also, by the amendment of the Value-Added Tax Act, electronic tax invoices became exempt from the obligation to submit tax invoice summaries. Through the series of changes in the relevant laws as demonstrated above, the issues of counting crimes for tax evasion offenses, tax invoices-related offenses, counting crimes for multiple acts of unlawfully receiving(issuing) of tax invoices, and for the two different acts of receiving(issuing) tax invoices and submitting tax invoice summaries became very controversial. The applicable scope of criminal penalty can vary depending on whether the relevant acts are understood as a single crime or multiple crimes. Especially, under the ‘several times amount fining system’ adopted in the current law, the amount of fine might become several times bigger due to the number of crimes that the relevant acts are found to constitute. In addition, the interpretation of the term “aggregate amount of the supply value, etc.” under the Act on the Aggravated Punishment of Specific Crimes also became an important issue, as this would determine whether certain acts could fall within the scope of this harsher Act. This paper analyzes how to count the number of crimes for various types of criminal acts related to tax invoices:① tax evasion offenses and tax invoices-related offenses should be understood as separate crimes;② multiple acts concerning the receipt(issuance) of tax invoices that happened during the ame taxation period should be viewed as one inclusive crime;③ to determine the applicability of Article 8-2 of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment of Specific Crimes, the supply values specified in each tax invoice, invoice, and tax invoice summary should be added together to the extent that all of the relevant acts can be considered to constitute one inclusive crime with a single, continuing criminal intent and with the same crime committing method;④ if a tax invoice is received(issued) and a tax invoice summary is submitted with respect to the same transaction, the two acts should be considered as one single crime under the theory of concurrence of provisions;and ⑤ in the special case of electronic tax invoices, the crimes related to tax invoice summaries are inapplicable, as there can be no acts of submitting tax invoice summaries or any obligations in relation thereto.

사기범죄의 예방정책을 위한 행동경제학 관점의 제언

홍승희 원광대학교 법학연구소 2022 圓光法學 Vol.38 No.4

Crime is not just punishable through punishment. Crime policy has already changed from a punitive nature in the past to a preventive nature today, and accordingly, policies to prevent crime should now be actively devised as a way to increase effectiveness from a long-term perspective. In recent years, both the national economy and the living economy have been chaotic, but looking back on the past history, there has been no time when it was not economically chaotic. Moreover, despite the unimaginably active increase in welfare policies in the past, it is not difficult to find the class still suffering from difficulties in survival, and the desire for goods is growing more than ever due to the growing wealth and wealth. Looking at the crime statistics of the past decade in this situation, the number of property crimes has increased remarkably among all crimes, especially among women and the elderly. In addition, it is possible to guess the dailyization of fraud crimes through the increase in small fraud cases, which shows that the trust effect on norms and the prevention effect through punishment are not effective. At this point, it is now necessary to find a new criminal policy plan, and as a plan, it is proposed to try to combine the behavioral economic perspective that has recently spread like a trend in each field in criminal policy. The behavioral economics point of view is that humans do not make more rational choices than they think, and these limited rational choices cause various characteristics of humans (heuristics and biases), but these characteristics have inherent limitations and also have a great environmental impact. Accordingly, in recent behavioral economics, the idea of free compassion is being directed as a national policy program. This free-temperate program is now introduced in criminal policy, showing that it is necessary to avoid the state's heavy punishment and change the direction of making rational choices (standard compliance) for the people. A representative method for implementing free compassion is ‘nudge’, which seems to be very useful in preventing fraudulent crimes in particularly fraudulent crimes. This is because, unlike other accidental crimes and property crimes, fraud crimes have a relatively long time gap such as deception, error, and disposition of the accused, so there is time to switch to the standard practice of knowledge. From this, fraudulent crimes are a good target to increase the preventive effect of knowledge, and it is necessary to seek specific measures.

5대 범죄와 물리적 환경 영향요인의 상관성 분석

신민규,김의명 한국지도학회 2018 한국지도학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) reduces the opportunities for crime by improving the physical environmental factors that cause crime in urban space such as architectural design and urban planning, making citizens feel less fear of crime and maintain safety. The purpose of this study was to extract the vulnerable areas of crime by analyzing the relation between physical environmental factors and crime. For this purpose, multiple regression linear analysis was performed to estimate the weight for extracting vulnerable crime areas using the number of five major crimes including murder, robbery, rape, theft, and violence as dependent variables and physical environmental factors as independent variables, respectively. By applying the estimated weights, vulnerable areas of crime in urban areas were extracted. Experiments focused on urban areas have shown that narrow road width and temporary buildings have a great impact on the occurrence of murder and violent crime. In addition, when the road width is narrow and the blind spot is large, the robbery and rape crimes are frequent, and when there are temporary buildings and unpaved roads, theft crime occurs. 환경설계를 통한 범죄예방은 건축설계나 도시계획 등 도시공간에서 발생하는 범죄를 유발시키는 물리적인 환경요인의개선을 통해서 범죄가 발생할 기회를 줄이고 도시민에게 범죄에 대한 두려움을 덜 느끼게 하고 안전감을 유지하게 하는 기법이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 도시의 물리적 환경요인과 범죄와의 관계를 분석하여 범죄발생에 취약한 지역을 추출하는 것을 목적으로하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 살인, 강도, 강간, 절도, 폭력의 5대 범죄건수와 물리적 환경요인을 각각 종속변수와 독립변수로 두고다중회귀선형분석을 수행하여 범죄취약지 추출을 위한 가중치로 산정하였다. 산정된 가중치를 적용하여 도시지역의 범죄취약지를추출하였으며, 도시지역을 중심으로 한 실험을 통해서 좁은 도로폭과 가건물은 살인 및 폭력 범죄발생에 많은 영향을 미치는것으로 나타났다. 또한, 도로폭이 좁고 시선사각지대가 많을 때에는 강도와 강간범죄가 많이 발생하고 주위에 가건물과 비포장도로가 있을 때에는 절도 범죄가 많이 발생하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Investigation of the Legislation of Crimes Concerning Endangering Drug Safety in China

Zhao Hui 원광대학교 법학연구소 2023 圓光法學 Vol.39 No.2

The protection and improvement of drug safety is a major and realistic issue of concern to Chinese society and the public at present. Thus, the crimes concerning endangering drug safety are one of the key areas of Chinese criminal law. The Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China has been regulating crimes concerning endangering drug safety since 1979, and special activities have been carried out in practice to combat crimes concerning endangering drug safety. Although the criminal legislation on crimes concerning endangering drug safety changes frequently in China, its spirit of legislation and the developmental sequence is clear. Firstly, the main legislative form is the criminal code, supported by administrative laws and regulations. Secondly, the scope of criminal law shows a trend of gradual expansion, which is mainly reflected in the expansion of the object of crime and the scope of regulatory act. Thirdly, the time-point of intervention has been brought forward by the criminal law. Fourthly, the punishment tends to be more severe. In criminal legislation of China, the specific content of the crimes concerning endangering drug safety is mainly concentrated on the core crimes related to the act of producing or selling of counterfeit and substandard drugs. This article carried out a detailed analysis of the constituent elements and the controversial issues about these core crimes such as the crime of producing, selling or providing counterfeit drugs, the crime of producing, selling or providing substandard drugs, the crime of disrupting drug administration, the crime of neglecting duties in drug regulation, and other relevant crimes.

Crime Trend and Emerging Crime Types after Democratization in Modern Mongolia: The Effect of Social Transition and Urbanization

엔크볼드뱃지벡(Enkhbold Batzeveg),황의갑(Eui Gab Hwang) 한국테러학회 2014 한국테러학회보 Vol.7 No.4

본 연구는 공산권의 붕괴 이후인 1990년부터 최근 2012년까지 23년을 아우르는 기간동안의 범죄자료를 기반으로 몽골의 범죄추세를 탐구하였다. 범죄통계에 따르면 공산권의 붕괴와 민주화가 시작된 1990년부터 전반적인 범죄율이 상승하여 1997년에 최고점에 이르는 것을 알 수 있으며 이러한 7년기간 동안의 범죄율은 그 이전 7년 동안에 비해 157.7 퍼센트 상승하였으며 이는 최근 몇 십년 동안에 가장 높은 수치였다. 이러한 전반적인 몽골의 범죄율은 1998년부터 감소하는 추세를 보인다. 세부적인 범죄율 추이를 살펴 봤을 때, 몽골의 폭력범죄와 재산범죄의 비율은 지난 20여년에 걸쳐 높은 수준을 유지하였고 재산범죄의 수준이 폭력범죄보다 높았다. 그러나 1990년이후 계속하여 증가해온 일부 폭력범죄의 비율은 2008년에 대표적인 재산범죄인 절도율을 능가하기도 하였다. 몽골의 민주화 이후 급격한 사회변화에 따른 부작용이 범죄율의 증가와 어떠한 관계가 있는지를 중심으로 해석과 논의가 진행되었다. 최근 몽골의 사회적 문제로 부상하고 있는 인신매매, 마약, 문화재절도, 환경범죄 등의 심각성에 대해서도 논하였다. This study is to examine crime trend in Mongolia encompassing a period of 23 years between 1990 and 2012, from after the collapse of communism until recent days. Statistically, crime rate began to rise in 1990, and peaked in 1997 which accounted for 157.7 percent more than previous seven years and it is still considered the highest peak within last few decades. The crime rate started decreasing from 1998. According to the relevant statistics, two highly committed crime types, property and violent crimes, stayed significantly increased for last two decades and overall the rate on crime against property was higher than that of violent crime. Since 1990, however, a violent crime rate, especially assault rate, started rising year by year and even exceeded the rate of the most frequent property crime, theft, from 2008. It is discussed that there is a direct correlation between negative social phenomena which caused by drawbacks of Mongolia's transition period and increased crime rate. Emerging crimes in Mongolia are also addressed. These crimes include trafficking of humans, drug related crime, trafficking of cultural property, and environment crime.

효과적인 CPTED를 위한 범죄위험평가의 도구 및 항목

조영진,김서영,박현호 경찰대학 치안정책연구소 2016 치안정책연구 Vol.30 No.3

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) emphasizes the physical environmental factors of crime occurring sites among many other factors of crime. CPTED is known to be effective for opportunistic property crimes such as burglary and so it is important to have systematic CPTED-driven environmental planning and designing for urban space. Previous CPTED studies suggested basic principles, strategic approaches and focused on assessment methodologies for crime indices and the improvement of crime foreseeing. However, evaluating the detailed crime risk of a development site is critical for efficient and effective real-life CPTED practice. Although the government guideline and several local ordinances merely recommend a crime risk assessment (hereafter CRA) of related sites, there is no specific risk assessment models or tools for practical uses. This study reviewed domestic and overseas use cases of CRA and categorized six different CRA tools to find out crime risk level, crime generating spots and crime generating factors. The six CRA tools are surveys, crime data analyses and demographic statistical data analyses for identifying crime generating factors and risk levels, and interviews, crime density analyses and space analyses for exploring crime spots. This CRA tools are needed to be verified in terms of validity and reliability through series of realistic site evaluations in the near future. Also the CRA tools have to be utilized by the systematic selection of each tool according to the specific context of development sites. Following studies should concentrate on developing effective CRA models by using the CRA tools. 범죄 발생에 영향을 미치는 다양한 요인 중 범죄발생 장소의 환경적 요인에 대한 관심이 높아짐에 따라 CPTED의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 이에 따라 수행된 기존 CPTED 연구들은 기본원리와 실천전략 등 이론 중심의 연구와 범죄위험평가, 범죄발생지표 관련 평가방법론을 다 각도로 제시하고 있으나 사업 대상지의 특성에 맞는 실용적 평가 도구나 항목을 제시하지 못하는 한계를 드러내고 있다. 또한 정부 및 지자체에서 발표한 CPTED관련 고시와 조례 등 제도에서 범죄위험평가 수행을 권장하고있지만 대상지 특성과 사업 여건에 따라 활용할 수 있는 구체적인 평가도구 및 항목 모델은 부재한 실정이다. 이에 이 연구에서는 보다 실효성 있는 평가를 위해 국내․외 사례 분석을 통해 6가지 범죄위험평가도구를 유형화하여 선정하였으며, 선정된 도구를 통해 범죄발생정도(위험도), 범죄발생지점(장소) 그리고 범죄유발요인(위험인자)을 확인할 것을 제안하였다. 선정되어 각각 구체적인 평가항목들을 제시한 6가지 범죄위험평가 도구는 범죄 위험요인 및 위험도 확인을 위한 설문조사, 범죄자료분석, 인구통계학적 분석 도구와 범죄위험지점 확인을 위한 인터뷰조사, 범죄밀도분석, 공간분석이다. 향후 본 연구에서 유형화한 범죄유발요인 측정도구를 활용하여 대상지를 평가해봄으로써 도구의 타당성을 검증해볼 필요가 있으며, CPTED 실무에서 사업 및 대상지 특성에 따라 도구를 선택적으로 활용할 수 있도록 범죄위험평가모델 개발에 대한 연구가 추가적으로 진행되어야 할 것이다.

부진정부작위범의 동치성 요건과 행위정형동가치설 - 독일에서의 논의를 중심으로 -

김동률 한국형사정책학회 2023 刑事政策 Vol.35 No.2

correspondence with the crime by act is accepted as a general requirement for the crime by omission. In other words, correspondence with the crime by act is required, and it is recognized when two conditions are met: ①the guarantor position and ②equivalence of the form of the act. However, correspondence requires that the crime by omission and the crime by act are on an equal level in terms of content and illegality, and different standards must be applied to review this according to the type of crime. First of all, in true result crimes where the illegality of an act is defined only by the result itself rather than the mode of the act, ②the equivalence of the form of the act is not a criterion for the crime by omission. In this case, if the existence of the guarantor position to prevent the occurrence of the result is confirmed, his omission can be evaluated as illegal equivalent to the crime by act. In other words, in the case of true result crimes, ②the equivalence of the act is not a requirement for correspondence. This is because it is impossible to demand the equivalence of the form of action for a crime that does not presuppose a specific form of action. However, it is different in the case of so-called behavior-related result crimes, in which the constituent requirements require not only the occurrence of a simple result but also that it be realized in a specific action method. Here, in order to constitute a crime by omission, ① not only the status of a guarantor but also ② the equivalence of the punishment of the act are required. The specific method of action required by the offender should be reflected in the omission, and it should be reviewed whether the illegality implied in the omission and appeared at an equal level in the omission. And this behavior-related result crime is the object to be reviewed for the equivalence of the behavioral pattern. 작위범과의 동치성은 부진정부작위범의 일반적인 성립요건으로 받아들여지고 있다. 즉 작위범과 그 불법에 있어서 동치성이 요구되고, 동치성은 ①보증인지위와 ② 행위정형의 동가치성이라는 두가지 요건이 갖추어졌을 때 인정된다는 것이다. 하지만 동치성은 부진정부작위범과 작위범이 그 내용과 불법에서 대등한 수준임을요구하는 것으로, 이를 검토하는 데에는 범죄의 유형에 따라 다른 기준이 적용되어야 한다. 먼저 행위의 불법이 행위의 태양보다는 발생한 결과 자체만으로 징표되는 진정결과범에 있어서는 ②행위정형의 동가치성은 부진정부작위범의 성립요건이 아니다. 이 경우에는 결과발생을 방지하여야 할 보증인지위의 존재만 확인되면 그의 부작위는 작위범의 작위와 동등한 불법으로 평가받을 수 있다. 즉 진정결과범에 있어서는②행위정형의 동가치성은 동치성의 요건이 아니다. 특정한 행위정형을 전제하지 않는 범죄에 행위정형의 동가치성을 요구하는 것 자체가 불가능하기 때문이다. 하지만 구성요건이 단순한 결과발생 뿐 아니라 그것이 특정한 행위방법으로 구현될 것을 요구하고 있는 이른바 행태관련적 결과범의 경우에는 부진정부작위범에 있어서도 ①보증인 지위 뿐만 아니라 ②행위정형의 동가치성이 요구된다. 즉 작위범이요구하는 특정한 행위방법이 부작위에 반영되어야 있어야 하고, 작위범에 내포된 불법이 부작위에 있어서도 동등한 수준으로 나타났는지가 검토되어야 한다. 그리고 이행태관련적 결과범이 바로 비로소 행위정형의 동가치성을 검토해야 하는 대상이다.

Relationship Between Social Support Factors and Major Crimes in Korean Capital Area

박수정,Hong Sok(Brian) Kim 한국지역학회 2015 지역연구 Vol.31 No.4

Crimes must be reduced not only because of the financial, physical, and emotional damages they bring to the victims but also because crimes increase social costs by elevating distrust in society and instilling fear. With the increasing number of crimes in Korea, finding other factors that affect the occurrence of crimes is needed beyond the current viewpoint for crime analysis. Social support factors can be candidates for studies on the social support effect on crime occurrence in their initial stage. In this study, we identified the effect of social support factors on crime occurrence or deterrence, none of which has been considered important until now, given the emergence of spatial econometrics. The resulting Moran’s I values revealed the existence of a spatial autocorrelation in all three crimes: heinous crimes, theft, and violence. As shown in the analysis using spatial econometrics and ordinary least squares, social support from families is significant in reducing all crimes especially violence. Social support from the local government is significant in preventing only theft. The spatial econometrics model is only valid in heinous crimes. These different effects of social support factors and spatial factors on crime occurrences are caused by the different characteristics of crimes. Hence, policymakers should consider the social support effect when they establish policies related to social housing or welfare.