Elevated TRAF2/6 expression in Parkinson's disease is caused by the loss of Parkin E3 ligase activity.

Chung, Ji-Yun,Park, Hee Ra,Lee, Su-Jin,Lee, Sun-Hye,Kim, Jin Sik,Jung, Youn-Sang,Hwang, Sang Hyun,Ha, Nam-Chul,Seol, Won-Gi,Lee, Jaewon,Park, Bum-Joon United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology [e 2013 Laboratory investigation Vol.93 No.6

<P>Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second leading neurodegenerative disease, and is known to be induced by environmental factors or genetic mutations. Among the verified genetic mutations of PD, Parkin, isolated from the PARK2 locus, shows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern and is known to be an E3 ligase. However, the physiological target of Parkin and the molecular mechanism of Parkin-deficiency-induced PD have not been clearly demonstrated until now. It has recently been proposed that inflammation, suggesting as a causal factor for PD, is enhanced by Parkin deficiency. Thus, we examined the relationship between inflammation-related factors and Parkin. Here, we provide the evidence that Parkin suppresses inflammation and cytokine-induced cell death by promoting the proteasomal degradation of TRAF2/6 (TNF-α receptor-associated factor 2/6). Overexpression of Parkin can reduce the half-lives of TRAF2 and TRAF6, whereas si-Parkin can extend them. However, mutant Parkins did not alter the expression of TRAF2/6. Thus, loss of Parkin enhances sensitivity to TNF-α- or IL-1β-induced JNK activation and NF-κB activation. Indeed, si-Parkin-induced apoptosis is suppressed by the knockdown of TRAF6 or TRAF2. We also observed elevated expression levels of TRAF6 and a reduction of IκB in an 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced PD mouse model. Moreover, elevated expression levels or aggregation of TRAF6 were detected in approximately half of the human PD tissues (7/15 cases) and 2 cases, respectively. In addition, TRAF6 and Parkin expression levels show a reverse relationship in human PD tissues. Our results strongly suggest that the reduction of Parkin or overexpression of TRAF2/6 by chronic inflammation would be the reason for occurrence of PD.</P>

Growth Inhibition of Colon Cancer through Inactivation of STAT3 Pathway by IL-10 and IL-1ra Released from Murine Macrophage

Jin Tae Hong, Dohee Won1, Mi Hee Park, Sun Mi Kown, Miran Jo, Sang-Yoon Nam, Beom Jun Lee, Young Won Yun, Ki-Wan Oh, Sang Bae Han 충북대학교 동물의학연구소 2011 Journal of Biomedical and Translational Research Vol.12 No.4

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of macrophages on growth of human colon cancer cells. The results showed that co-culture of colon cancer cells with macrophages inhibited the growth of colon cancer cells (HCT116 and SW620) depending on the number of macrophages, RAW 264.7 cells, and activated THP-1 cells accompanied by down regulation of pSTAT3 in cancer cells. We also found that expression and release of cancer cell growth inhibitory cytokines, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and IL-10, was increased in macrophages. Blocking of the STAT3 pathway with specific inhibitor and siRNA of STAT3 abolished the growth of colon cancer cells and expression of IL-1ra and IL-10. In addition, neutralization of IL-1ra and IL-10 with antibodies resulted in reversal of macrophage-induced inhibition of cancer cell growth. These data showed that IL-1ra and IL-10 released from macrophages inhibit growth of colon cancer cells through inhibition of the STAT3 pathway

국립공원 아고산대 독립훼손지 복원식생 분포특성 및 관리방안

김종엽(Jong-Yup Kim),윤주웅(Ju-Ung Yun),한봉호(Bong-Ho Han),곽정인(Jeong-In Kwak),박석철(Seok-Cheol Park),박수영(Su Young Park),정원옥(Won-Ok Jeong) 국립공원연구원 2022 국립공원연구지 Vol.13 No.1

본 연구는 독립훼손지 중 아고산대에 위치한 지리산국립공원 세석평전과 노고단 복원식생지를 대상으로 현존식생 분석 및 식생분포 특성을 파악하여 중장기적인 모니터링 및 관리방안 수립을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 현존식생 조사범위는 훼손지 일대 유역권분포 현황을 고려하여 설정하였으며, 세석평전 조사면적은 55,037㎡, 노고단 조사면적은 166,599㎡ 이었다. 세석평전은 초본층에 의한 식생피복도는 90% 이상 수준으로서 나지노출이 없었고, 관목층의 피복도가 60% 이상으로 안정화되어 있었다. 주요 출현수종은 구상나무, 사스래나무, 쇠물푸레나무, 철쭉, 털진달래, 붉은병꽃나무 등 식재수종과 자연적으로 이입한 자생수종이 생육하고 있었다. 노고단은 신갈나무, 호랑버들, 철쭉, 털진달래, 미역줄나무 등이 우점하는 관목식생지가 52%로 가장 넓게 분포하고 있었고, 전반적으로 식생활착 상태가 양호하였다. 노고단의 원식생은 신갈나무군락으로 추정되었고, 군부대철거지에는 귀화식물이 분포하고 있기 때문에 적극적인 관리가 필요하였다. 연구대상지는 장기적으로 주변 자연식생과 조화로운 식생경관으로 발달할 것으로 예측되었다. 향후 훼손지 복원모델은 인근 지역의 원식생을 고려하여 설정해야 할 것이지만, 복원 달성 목표는 실현가능한 수준의 목표를 설정해야 할 것이다. This study was conducted to provide basic data for mid-to long-term monitoring and establishment of management plans by analyzing the existing vegetation and identifying the vegetation distribution characteristics for the restored vegetation in Nogodan and Seseokpyeongjeon in Jirisan National Park located in the subalpine zone among the independent damaged areas. Actual vegetation survey range was established in consideration of the distribution of the watershed around the damaged area. The surveyed area of Seseokpyeongjeon was 55,037㎡, and the surveyed area of Nogodan was 166,599㎡. In Seseokpyeongjeon, the vegetation coverage by the herbaceous layer was almost 90% or more, there was no bare exposure, and the coverage of the shrub layer was stabilized at 60% or more. The main emerging tree species were planted species such as Abies koreana, Betula ermanii, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum, and Weigela florida as well as natively migrated native species. In Nogodan, the shrub vegetation dominated by Quercus mongolica, Salix caprea, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum, and Tripterygium regelii was the most widely distributed with 52% of the area, and the overall diet was good. The native vegetation of Nogodan was presumed to be a cypress colony. Naturalized plants were distributed in the military base demolition site, so active management was required. The study site was predicted to develop into a vegetation landscape in harmony with the surrounding natural vegetation in the long term. In the future, the restoration model for damaged areas should be set in consideration of the native vegetation of the nearby area, but the goal to achieve restoration should be set at a feasible level.

VAR와 그래프이론을 이용한 시계열의 인과성 분석 : 미국 대두 가격 사례분석 The Case of U.S. Soybean Markets

박호정,윤원철 한국환경경제학회 한국자원경제학회 2003 자원·환경경제연구 Vol.12 No.4

VAR(벡터자기회귀)에서 모형의 식별가정에 관한 주된 비판은 변수의 나열순서에 따라 결과가 달라진다는 것이다. 본 논문은 Swanson and Granger (1997) 이후 시계열 분석에 활발히 적용되기 시작한 그래프이론이 이와 같은 임의식별 문제를 해결함으로써, 자원가격의 가격발현과정을 이해하는데 유용한 수단임을 보여준다. 모형이 이론적 방법론을 소개한 후, 미국 대두의 지역 베이시스를 이용한 실증추정 결과를 제시한다. The purpose of this paper is to introduce time-series causality analysis by combining time-series technique with graph theory. Vector autoregressive (VAR) models can provide reasonable interpretation only when the contemporaneous variables stand in a well-defined causal order. We show that how graph theory can be applied to search for the causal structure In VAR analysis. Using Maryland crop cash prices and CBOT futures price data, we estimate a VAR model with directed acyclic graph analysis. This expands our understanding the degree of interconnectivity between the employed time- series variables.

목탄분말의 원료수종이 양파 생육과 토양 이화학성에 미치는 영향

윤봉기,박인진,유영권,허원영,김병운,김용웅 한국국제농업개발학회 2004 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.16 No.3

양파재배 토양에서 토양개량용으로 적합한 목탄의 원료 수종을 선발하기 위해서 관행(무처리)과 코코넛피트, 대나무, 참나무, 활엽수 수피, 소나무로 만든 목탄분말의 6처리로 시용량 500㎏· 10a^(-1)으로 하여 2002년에 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 시험에 사용한 5종 목탄의 pH는 5.1~10.1, T-N 0.15~0.71%, P₂O_(5) 2.06~2.65%, K₂O 0.20~0.86% 범위였으며 1 ㎜이하 입자의 분포는 9.0~84.8%이었다. 2. 양파의 생육은 목탄시용으로 줄기직경이 크고 주당 엽수가 많은 경향이었으며 참나무, 활엽수 수피, 대나무 목탄처리 구에서 생육이 좋았다. 양파의 수량은 4,631~5,114㎏ 10a^(-1)으로 무처리(4,638㎏)에 비하여 구고가 크고 구중이 무거운 참나무목탄과 활엽수 수피 목탄처리구에서 각각 10%, 소나무 목탄구에서 3% 증수되었으며 유의성이 인정되었다. 3. 시험 후 토양의 물리성은 목탄 시용으로 용적밀도와 토양의 고상비율이 줄어들 고 액상과 기상, 공극율이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 화학성은 코코넛 피트처리구 를 제외한 처리구에서 토양 pH가 개선되었고, OM, CEC 는 모든 처리구에서 증가하는 경향을 보였다. This experiment was conducted to find out moderating tree kinds of wood charcoal pow-der for soil improvement and onion growth in 2002 year. The wood charcoal materials were coconut peat, bamboo, black oak, pine, and broadleaf tree bark. Wood charcoal application rate was 500 ㎏ 10a^(-1). Results were summerized as follows; Chemical properties of wood charcoal used experiment were pH 5.11~10.1, T-N 0.15~0.71%, P₂O_(5) 2.06~2.65% and K₂O 0.20~0.86%. The particle size of <0.1 ㎜ was 9.0~84.8%. Onion growth of plot applied wood charcoal was better than that of plot not applied wood charcoal. The number of leaf and diameter of stem at plot applied wood charcoal was better than that of plot not applied wood charcoal. Growth of plot applied black oak charcoal, broadleaf tree bark char-coal, and bamboo charcoal was better than that of any other plot. Yield of plot applied wood charcoal was 4,631~5,114 ㎏ 10a^(-1). The yield of plot applied black oak charcoal, broadleaf tree bark charcoal and pine charcoal was increased 10, 10, 3% than that of control(4,638 ㎏ 10a^(-l)), respectively. It was significant at 5% level. Soil physical properties of after experiment was decreased bulk density and solid phase, but liquid phase, air phase and porosity were increased than that of control. Soil chemical properties of after experiment trend to be improved pH. Soil OM and CEC was increased than that of control.

과학의 본성에 따른 의사결정과정 분석

윤미향,정미선,박원혁 부산대학교 사범대학 과학교육연구소 2007 科學敎育硏究報 Vol.34 No.-

The purpose of this study was to find out the difference of decision-making process based on the nature of science. The contemporary and traditional point of view group regarding the nature of science were composed and provided socio-scientific issues. Also, the decision-making process questionaries and interview about socio-scientific issues were conducted to groups. The decision-making process questionary was consisted of five steps : identification of problem, searching alternatives, generation of alternatives, analysing alternatives, and selecting alternative. The results of this study showed at the both groups' decision-making process was difference in the first four steps: the one who has contemporary point of view recognized the various conflict situation, searched the objective informations, applied a diverse of standards, and found the concert solution but the other recognized conflict situation fragmentarily, searched the subjective informations, applied limited standards, and found the realizable solution. The result to the final step, selecting alternatives, were similar in both groups because they didn't suggest the rational reason for selecting alternatives. so, it request the long terms of decision-making experience to make rational decision regardless of the nature of science.

루돌프 슈타이너의 초기 건축에 나타난 인지학적 특성에 관한 연구

박윤준,정진원 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.20 No.10

Rudolf Steiner promoted anthroposophy base on the critique of modern times. This paper is a study on the anthroposophic characteristics shown in his early architectures. Those are The Munich Congress Hall,(1907), The MaIsch Model House, 1908-1909), Stuttgart House,(191l), and The Munich Project-Johannes Building(1911-1912) The anthrososophic architectural theory is defined here as application of cosmology, metamorphology and geometry Through these interpretation of the theory, and the study on the four architectures, this study hope to contribute to the understanding of anthroposophic characteristics in the architectures

압축강도 평가를 위한 지능형 응력예측기 구축

박원규,우영환,이종구,윤인식 한국공작기계학회 2001 한국생산제조학회지 Vol.10 No.6

This work is concerned with construction of the intelligence stress predictor for compression strength evaluation using neural network-ultrasonic waves. The contact pressure in jointed plates was measured by using ultrasonic technique. Neural network is used to evaluate and predict contact pressure from the results of the calibration curves. The organized neural system was learned with the accuracy of 99%, as a result of learning the ultrasonic echo ratio to the contact pressure measurement between SM45C and STS410 materials. And it could be evaluated and predicted with the accuracy of 90% in the evaluation of ultrasonic echo ratio difference in the same surface roughness and contact pressure, and 85% in the prediction of virtual ultrasonic echo ratio. Thus the proposed stress predictor is very useful for the evaluation and prediction of the contract pressure between SM45C and STS410 materials.

복합레진의 조건등색에 관한 연구 : D_(65), A, C, FCW and TL84

박기정,황윤찬,김선호,오원만,황인남 전남대학교 치의학연구소 2003 구강과학 Vol.15 No.2

There were problems in selecting exact colors of composite resins currently used in clinic by examining with naked eyes. This study was done to present a criterion in selection of the most proper light sources and materials by measuring metamerism index of the light curing composite resins with spectrocolorimeter. Metamerism is present when two objects appear to be the same color in one illuminant but different in another. This is due to the fact that they have different spectral curves that fail to match under the second illuminant. In this study, five light polymerized composite resins; Esthet-X, Filteck Z250, Filteck A110, Charisma, Vitalescence which are currently used in clinic were chosen based on Vita shade. Five samples were made for shade of each product with Teflon mold(diameter: 15mm, thickness: 2mm). Compressed resins with glass slab were light polymerized with a visible light curing unit(Optilux 500, 13mm tip diameter, Demetron, USA) for 60 seconds. Polymerized samples were removed and those were grinded to 2.0mm in thickness with sand papers(#600 & #1000). Samples were carefully prepared without fingerprints and impurities in grinding procedure and kept in distilled water for a week at room temperature. Metamerism index of each samples on a Barium sulfate plate(L^(*)=96.54, a^(*)=0.19, b^(*)=0.01) prepared for sample fixation were measured with spectrocolorimeter(Miniscan XE plus. Model 4000s. Hunter Lab, USA) by applying standard light source D65, C, Fcw, TL84' and A. Standardization was done with Reference standard(X=80.8, Y=85.7, Z=90.8) and Light trap. Samples were kept in distilled water at room temperature in all procedures. The results are as follows. 1. Different resins using same Vita shade showed recognizable color difference(ΔE^(*)>2). 2. All composites had Ml below accepted value 0.5 between standard illuminant(D65, C, & A) and below 1.5 under fluorescent condition (Fcw & TL84). 3. Ml value between D65 and A showed higher value than Ml value between other source of light(p<0.01). 4. All resins except Z25O showed Ml value that A3 is higher than Al between D65 and A(p<0.05).

Beacon GPS를 이용한 수치지도 수정 정확도 평가

박운용,윤부열,나종기,김용석 東亞大學校 建設技術硏究所 2005 硏究論文集 Vol.29 No.1

Nowadays, a various scale's digital map headed by nation base-map is manufactured in this country. this digital map is used Aerial Photograph or Satellite Image. and The result operated a new manufacture, amendment and update. but it has problem that immediate modification or update about topography and terrian at this time. consequently, this paper takes advantage of further cheaper. it is possible single observation by the Beacon GPS used this paper comes forth with rapid digital map's amendment and update plan of work.