성서의 여성 리더십 : 나자렛의 마리아를 중심으로 Mary of Nazareth

최혜영 가톨릭대학교 인간학연구소 2004 인간연구 Vol.- No.6

예수의 어머니 마리아에 대한 공경은 교회 역사 안에서 중요한 자리를 차지하여 왔다. '교회의 모범, 모든 이의 어머니' 등으로 상징되는 마리아에 대한 이미지들은 그리스도 신앙에 의해 이상화한 여인상을 나타낸다. 그러나, 이러한 상징들은 역사적인 인물 나자렛 마리아의 모습을 느끼기에는 거리가 있으며 보통 여성들의 모습과도 거리가 멀다. 본 논문은 성서 속의 마리아를 현 시대가 요청하는 여성 리더십의 관점에서 살펴보고자 한다. 성서 속의 마리아는 1) 자신의 소명을 분명히 깨닫고 주체성 있는 선택을 한 여인(루가 1,26~38, 성모영보), 2) 비전을 위해 함께 공감하고 격려할 수 있는 여인(루가 1,39~56, 엘리사벳 방문), 3) 진정한 기쁨을 노래할 줄 아는 여인(루가 1,46~55, 마리아의 노래), 4)내 아이가 아니라 하느님의 아이로 키워 낸 진정한 모성애를 보여 준 여인(루가 2,1~52), 5) 핏줄을 넘어서 새로운 가족을 일구는 신앙의 여인(마르 3,31~35; 병행 마태 12,46~50; 루가 8,19~21, 참조: 요한 15,14),6) 예수의 공생활에서 동반자적인 역할을 담당한 여인(요한 2,1~12, 가나의 혼인잔치) 등으로 정의할 수 있다. 마리아는 자기 지도력과 상호 지도력을 갖춘 봉사적 리더로서, 상호관계성과 유연성, 다양성이 요청되는 복잡한 현대 정보 사회 안에서 새로운 지도자상으로 부각될 수 있다. 마리아가 보여 주는 하느님과 인간의 선함에 대한 절대적인 믿음, 경청하는 능력, 민감하게 다른 사람의 필요를 감지하는 감정 이입의 능력, 가난한 이들과 함께하는 연민의 마음, 사람들의 성장에 투신하는 능력, 예수의 삶을 지켜보고 각성해 가는 성숙함, 자신을 넘어 다른 사람 중심, 하느님중심으로 살아갈 수 있는 관대함, 고통의 삶을 견뎌 낼 수 있었던 강인함, 공동체 구축 등의 자질은 그리스도인이 갖추어야 할 봉사적 지도력의 중요한 요소들이다. 우리가 그동안 수동적으로만 해석했던 마리아의 모습은 변화하는 21세기 안에서 새로운 리더의 모습으로 다가오고 있다 따라서 마리아에 대한신망 언어도 오늘날의 관점에서 새롭게 해석되어야 할 것이다. Veneration of Mary, Mother of Jesus, has played an important role in the faith of the Catholic Church. Images of Mary the ;model of the Church, mother of all human beings; which show the feminine ideal as formed by christological dogma are far from the historical Mary of Nazareth and also from the image of ordinary women. This article approaches Mary as she is in the New Testament, from the perspective of women's leadership in our contemporary world. Mary in the Gospels is depicted firstly, as a woman who recognized her vocation vividly and chose her path accordingly(Lk 1,26-38, the Annunciation). Secondly, she was a woman of sympathy and encouraged others in their vision of the Reign of God(Lk 1,39-56, the Visitation). Thirdly, she was a woman who sang her genuine joy(Lk 1,46-55, the Magnificat). Fourthly, she lived her true motherhood, raising Jesus as a child of God rather than as her own child(Lk 2,1.52). Fifthly, she was a woman of faith who formed a new family, God's family, beyond blood ties(Mk 3,31-35; par. Mt 12,46-50; Lk 8,19-21; cf. Jn 15,14). Finally, she fully lived her partnership in the public life of Jesus(Jn 2,1-12). As a servant-leader with ;self-leadership; and ;transformational leader-ship;, Mary proposes new leadership for our modern complicated information-oriented society, which calls for relationships, flexibility and pluriformity. Mary's leadership was a servant-leadership, modelling Christian qualities. These include a deep faith in the goodness of God and in human beings; empathy with the needy, capable of sympathetic listening with the poor. She was committed to nurturing growth in others, herself aware of developing growth in her son, Jesus. With all this she lived generosity, a God-centered life which took her beyond herself, expressed in a devotion to God which involved suffering in her commitment to build community. Mary, who has been traditionally seen as a passive figure, has changed the model of leadership in the 21st century. The language used to define Mary will also have to correspond with contemporary perspectives.

사이버곤충생태원 데이터베이스 시스템 개발

최영철,박해철,서민수 한국농업정보과학회 2000 농업정보과학 Vol.2 No.1

이 사이트는 웹(Web) 데이타베이스(DB) 연동기술을 적용하여 웹서비스를 지원하기 위해 곤충 및 식물 생태 정보를 경관별 및 시기별로 데이타베이스화하여 일반인이 곤충 생태원을 가상공간인 웹 상에서 쉽게 접할 수있도록 개발 된 사이버곤충생태원(Cyber Insect Garden)으로서 국내 최초로 개설하여 인터넷상(http://niast.go.kr/cig)에서 운용하고 있다. 곤충 및 식물 정보를 체계적으로 데이터베이스화아여 숲ㆍ계곡ㆍ연못ㆍ바닷가ㆍ풀밭ㆍ마을의 경관과 시기에 따라 주요 기주 식물과 관련된 곤충의 사진과 곤충을 쉽게 이해할 수 있도록 자세한 설명을 제공함으로써 일반인들에게 생동감있는 곤충 및 관련 기주식물 생태에서 대하서 간접적으로 경험할 수 있게 하였다. 또한 방대한 곤총 및 식물 생태 정보 데이터를 제공함으로써 40-50대는 어린시절의 향수를 느낄 수 있고 청소녀들엑는 자연학습체럼을 니터넷을 통해 경험하게 함으로꺼 정서 순화에도 도움이 되도록 하였다. To develop World Wide Web servire of Cyber Insect Garden(CIG) linked with database, we col-lected ecological information data of insect and host plant. This site can be accessed easily by the general public. Insects and host plants can be linked with various scenes and seasons. CIG was the first site developed in Korea and its Web site address is http://www.mast.go.kr/cig. As database information consist of text data and images of insects and host plants for the general public, we access to lots of ecological insects and host plants informa-tions. Therefore, all netizens can experience them indirectly and feel their childhood homesickness.

여신 숭배를 통해본 지중해 지역의 여성성 : 남성중심 사회 내의 여신 숭배의 잔재를 통해본 여성성에의 욕구

최혜영 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2003 지중해지역연구 Vol.5 No.1

There were many goddesses who were worshipped as Mother-Goddess in the Mediterranean areas in antiquity. Not only were there many so called 'Venus'es from the Palaeolithic Age, but also Isis in Egypt, Kybele in Asia Minor, Tanit in Phoenicia, and Gaia, the first divinity in Greek Mythology. This paper does not intend to solve the colossal question why the worship for the Goddesses was stronger in the Mediterranean areas than any other areas, but to figure out the chronological transition of their roles and of the practice of worship of them. The Goddesses who had been initially enjoying independent position as divinities came to be subordinate to Male-Gods, as the patriarchal social system developed. In Greece, for example, the goddesses of Olympus were destined to be subject to those Male-Gods like as Zeus or other gods. And afterwards, with Christianity as monotheism began to dominate, the Goddesses as well as various Male-Gods disappeared. Nevertheless, the worship of Goddesses in the Mediterranean areas survived in disguise. When Christianity had fallen under an ideology of a kind of patriarchism, the desire for femininity had been oppressed. It seems, it was transformed into the worship of the Virgin Mary, in the Middle Ages on, and for Marianne in the epoch of the French Revolution in the Modern Age. In this, we could trace a continuity beyond the ages in the structure of human mentality and feeling.

그람양성구균에 대한 Teicoplanin과 Vancomycin의 시험관내 항균력

최태열,김경숙,전용관,서일혜,김정욱,이웅수,안정열,김홍석,정재용,최효선,김덕언,유진우 대한감염학회 1994 감염 Vol.26 No.1

An increasing frequency of methicillin resistant S. aureus(MRSA), methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS) and Enterococcal infection have been observed in recent years. Teicoplanin is a new glycopeptide antibiotic obstained from the Actinoplanes teicomycetius. The molecular structure and spectrum of antimicrobial activity of teicoplanin is simillar to those of vancomycin, and has been reported to have an excellent in vitro and in vivo effect against various gram-positive infections. Therefore, we evaluated the in vitor susceptibility of gram positive cocci, such as, S. aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococci(CNS), and Enterococci to teicoplanin and vancomycin. The total 253 strains consisted of MSSA(40), MRSA(53), MSCNS(47), MRCNS(48), and Enterococci(65). They were assayed by disc diffusion and agar dilution. During the study, 57% of S. aureus and 49% of CNS showed resistance to methicillin. The inhibitory diameter of teicoplanin was 15-20mm in MSSA, 12-19mm in MRSA, 13-24mm in MSCNS, 11-23mm in MRCNS, and 15-22mm in Enterococci respectively, and showed sensitivity in all but 8 strains(3.2%). The range of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of teicoplanin to MSSA, MRSA, MSCNS, MRCNS and Enterococci were 9.12-2.0㎍/ml, 0.25-2.0㎍/ml, & 0.25-32㎍/ml, 0.12-1.0㎍/ml respectively. One case of S. haemolyticus was resistant to teicoplanin (32㎍/ml) by the agar dilution method. Eight minor (3.2%) and one major(0.4%) error was observed when the MIC and disk diffusion data were correlated with teicoplanin. As for vancomycin the inhibitory diameter was 17-21mm in MSSA, 15-21mm in MRSA, 18-26mm in MSCNS, 18-25mm in MRCNS, and 16-22mm in Enterococci respectively. The range of the MIC of vancomycin to MSSA, MRSA, MSCNS, MRCNS, and Enterococci were 0.25-1.0㎍/ml, 0.25-4.0㎍/ml, 0.5-2.0㎍/ml and 0.5-2.0㎍/ml respectively. One minor error (0.4%) was seen with the vancomycin disk. The MIC90 of MSSA and MRSA exhibited the same results in teicoplanin (1.0㎍/ml, 1.0㎍/ml), and vancomycin(2.0㎍/ml, 2.0㎍/ml). MSCNS and MRCNS exhibited greater MIC90 with teicoplanin(4.0㎍/ml, 8.0㎍/ml) than vancomycin(2.0㎍/ml, 2.0㎍/ml). Incontrase Enterococci were more susceptible to teicoplanin(0.5㎍/ml) than to vancomucin (2.0㎍/ml). Results from this analysis indicated that both teicoplanin and vancomycin were very excellent for gram positive infections, especially those resistant to methicillin.

그리스 근대화와 여성

최혜영 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2003 지중해지역연구 Vol.5 No.2

The modernization of Greece has developed in a different way from that of Western Europe, as there was neither civil revolution nor much bourgoisie power to guide the development of capitalism in Greece. On the one hand, throughout the 19th century the tradition of the Ottoman Empire's central government was still strong and the regional communities remained as units of tax gathering. On the other hand, Marxism came in at the same time with the formation of a modern nation under the influence of Western Europe. Greek modernization was a mixture of Soviet communism and Western capitalism. Until today, Greece retains socialistic characters. The increase of women rights in the process of Greek modernization could largely refer to two different mechanisms of oppression and these two periods of development. As to the former, women often suffered oppression under the patriarchy as well as inequality in industrial fields. As to the periodic distinction we could say as following : in the first part of the 20th century the discussion was concentrated on whether women's outside work is desirable or not. In the second half of it, however, the main point of concern was on inequality between the sexes in employment and wages in industrial work fields, as well as the inequality between city and country. The difference of weight between two mechanisms of oppression according to periods might be said as being due to the degree of industrial modernization. While most women had to do house work in the traditional structure of industry in the first part of the 20th century, modem industrial development has accelerated since World War Ⅱ, altering lifestyles and values. The more industry develops, the weaker patriarchy gets, men lowering to the position of women. World War Ⅱ was a kind of watershed breaking down the traditional patriarchy and social inequality between men and women. Furthermore, since 1980s the PASOK government has comprehensively contributed to overthrowing the patriarchy, improving the living conditions of workers/farmers, as well as other social issues-maternal and women's right, child care and education.

운동분류에 따른 체구성 성분 및 BMI의 비교

최명화,권영우,김진해,민경선,민진아 한국스포츠리서치 2001 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.12 No.4

The purpose of the present was to investigate the body composition and BMI in different sports groups with classification of sports. 121 male collegiate athletes were recruited from varsity team of golf(n=10), field hokey(n=18), tennis(n=8), judo(n=17), weight lifting(n=27), boxing(n=19) and bicycle(n=22). Sports event can be classified as low static/low dynamic such as golf(LSLD), low static/high dynamic such as hokey and tennis(LSHD), high static/low dynamic such as judo and weight lifting(HSLD), high static/high dynamic(HSHD) such as boxing and bicycle. With classification of sports events, percentage of body fat was significantly higher with HSLD group compared to HSHD group, but no measurable difference was LSLD and LSHD groups. LBM was significantly greater with HSLD group compared to LSHD and HSHD groups. Furthermore BMI of the HSLD group was higher than the other groups(p<.05). In conclusion, high static/low dynamic group were greater in %fat, LBM, BMI than other groups. The differences observed between different sports groups and classification of sports are related to metabolic and dynamic properties in different sports events.

자기공명영상에서 신속 FLAIR(Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery) 기법을 이용한 뇌척수액의 흐름메 관한 연구

최영철,전혜정,신현준,박정희 건국대학교 의과학연구소 1999 건국의과학학술지 Vol.9 No.-

The use of MRI to study CSF flow in the brain was mainly by flow void signal on T2WI or hydrodynamic study with phase-contrast cine MRI. Authors pay attention to high signal intensity in CSF passway on fast FLAIR MR image of the brain, usually known as the artifact. The conclusions are as below; 1. The high signal intensity appeared in CSF passway on fast FLAIR MR image of the brain near constantly. 2. The high signal intensity was best visualized on image perpendicular to the CSF flow. 3. The high signal intensity was related to the velocity of the fluid not to the direction of the fluid.

마이크로 콘트롤러를 사용한 극배치 PID 자기동조기의 구성

하재해,추연규,임영도,최부귀 동아대학교 공과대학 부설 한국자원개발연구소 1993 硏究報告 Vol.17 No.2

In this paper, a speed controller using one-chip microcontroller is implemented and applied to a DC Servo Motor. Adaptive control is applied to a system for which a priori knowledge to its mathematical model is insufficient, on the basis of input and output data an apropriate controller is constructed through which the system input is synthesized. The pole-placement PID self tuning control algorithms as a control algorithm is used to research the performance of the controller through experiments.

정사면체 구조를 갖는 Cu(Ⅱ) 및 Co(Ⅱ) 착화물들의 아쿠오화반응에 관한 연구

金永仁,催星洛,金奵淑,金海京 부산대학교 기초과학연구소 1988 부산대학교 기초과학연구소 연구논문집 Vol.8 No.-

Co(sp)X₂P(sp=sparteine, C_(15)H_(26)N₂, X=Cl, Br)과 Cu(sp)X²의 아쿠오화반응이 메카니즘을 규명하기 위하여 pH∼5인 조건에서 속도론적 연구를 실시하였다. Co(sp)Cl₂및 Co(sp)Br₂는 halide 이온들에 의해 촉매 효과를 나타내지 않았으며 Cu(sp)Cl₂및 Cu(sp)Br₂에 비해 매우 빠르게 아쿠오화가 진행되었다. Cu(sp)Cl₂와 Cu(sp)Br₂는 halide cyanide의 존재에 의해 반응속도가 크게 증가하였으며 pH=2∼5인 범위에서 pH가 증가함에 따라 반응속도가 증가하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 실험결과, Co(sp)X₂의 아쿠오화반응이 D-메카니즘으로 진행되는 반면 Cu(sp)X₂의 경우는 I_(d) 메카니즘으로 진행되는 것으로 믿어진다. The rates of aquation of sparteine cobalt(Ⅱ) halide and sparteine copper(Ⅱ)halide were investigated in the citrate buffer solutions. The aquation of cobalt(Ⅱ) complexes proceeds via D-mechanism and the catalytic effect of halide ions is not observed. The aquation of copper(Ⅱ) complexes proceeds via I_(d)-mechanism and is catalyzed by the presence of cyanide and halide ions, and the aquation rate is pH dependent. The different mechanistic behavior of cobalt(Ⅱ) complexes from corresponding copper(Ⅱ) complexes seems to be attributed to the weakness of Co-N bond in the coordination sphere.

보세판매장 구매자의 쇼핑만족도에 미치는 영향요인에 대한 실증연구

김영춘,최해범 한국관세학회 2009 관세학회지 Vol.10 No.2

In order for us to be able to grasp the factors affecting the development of Bonded Sales Shops, we surveyed the degree of satisfaction of the shopping of the natives and the foreigners. The outcome says that there exists the average difference, between the native shoppers and the foreign shoppers, of the degree of satisfaction of shopping. To see the degree of satisfaction by purchased commodities, in case of native shoppers the degree about the "Tobacco" is highest, and, in case of foreign shoppers "Perfume". The degree of satisfaction by the amount of overseas travelling expenses is highest when the amount is less than 500 US Dollar, irrespective of natives and foreigners. The degree of satisfaction by main visiting purposes is highest when in case of natives the purpose is academic, and, in case of foreigners, it is a shopping and sightseeing. The degree of satisfaction by types of visiting is highest when in case of natives the type is an individual sightseeing and in case of foreigners, it is a sightseeing of more than 6 persons of their own which is sponsored by travelling companies. To see the degree in view point of visiting countries, it is highest when in case of natives the visiting country is one of the Americas, and in case of foreigners the visiting country is one of the South-east countries. To see the degree by types of sales shops, it is highest when in case of natives department stores and downtown duty-free shops, in case of foreigners, airport duty-free shops for foreigners and duty-fee shops on the plane. According to the outcome of a regression analysis, the variable that affects the shopping amount of overseas duty-free shops is the amount of overseas shopping expenses, and it is estimated that the shopping amount at overseas duty-free shops is approximately approaching the 56% of the total amount of overseas shopping expenses. And further, we are able to come to the conclusion that the shopping amount at overseas duty-free shops is not affected by such factors as the total overseas travelling expenses, the shopping amount at domestic duty-free shops, the number of times of overseas travelling, and the degree of satisfaction of the shopping of duty-free shops, etc.