임마누엘은 누구이신가 : 이사야 7-11장

윌리엄 덤브렐 두란노 2004 목회와 신학 Vol.- No.184

7장은 정말 놀라운 장으로서 주전 375년에 일어났던 일을 배경으로 하고 있습니다. 아하스 왕 때의 일입니다. 북이스라엘이 시리아와 동맹을 맺고 앗시리아에 대항해 서부전선을 형성했습니다. 그들은 유다도 끌어들이기 위해 노력했고 유다에 압력을 가했기에 예루살렘은 위험에 빠져 있습니다. 아하스는 놀랐고 방어막을 더 견고히 하고 있습니다. 그 때 하나님께서는 이사야에게 너의 아들인 스알야숩을 데리고 아하스 왕을 만나러 가라고 명하셨습니다. '스알'은 남은 자라는 뜻이고 '야숩'은 돌아올 것이라는 뜻입니다. 그런데 어순이 매우 특이합니다. 히브리어에서는 동사가 먼저 나옵니다. 그렇기에 명사가 먼저 나온 이 이름의 형태는 명사인 '남은 자'(스알)가 강조된 형태입니다. "오직 남은 자만 돌아올 것이다." 돌아올 것이라는 동사 '야숩'은 구약에서 종종 신약적인 의미로 사용되곤 했습니다. 믿음으로 돌아온다는 뜻입니다. 하나님을 믿는 자리로 돌아오는 것입니다. 오직 남은 신실한 자들만 돌아온다는 뜻이 담겨 있습니다. 이것은 장차 이스라엘의 역사가 어떻게 전개될 것인가에 대한 예시였을 것입니다. 5절에서 9절로 넘어가면 아하스왕에게 이사야는 앗시리아왕과 연합하지 말라고 경고하고 있습니다. 그리고 이사야는 아하스왕에게 유다는 안전할 것이라는 메시지를 전하고 있습니다. 10절에서 17절 말씀에는 하나님과 아하스 사이의 대화가 나타나 있습니다. 아하스왕은 앗시리아와의 동맹을 굳게 지키고 싶어 했습니다. 그러나 이사야는 하나님에 대한 믿음이 우리를 보전하는 데 더 중요하다고 경고합니다. 11절에서 이사야는 아하스에게 "네 하나님"이라고 여호와께서 아하스의 하나님 되심을 강조하여 말하고 있습니다. 아하스의 믿음이 이미 가정되어 있습니다. 그러나 아하스는 이 말씀을 받아들이지 않고 거절하고 있습니다. 그래서 13절로 넘어가게 되면 단수에서 복수로 넘어가며 다윗의 집이 배제되고 있습니다. 이사야는 너희가 나의 하나님을 괴롭게 한다고 말합니다. 그의 거절을 보며 이사야는 징조를 하나 주고 있습니다. 처녀 혹은 그 처녀가 잉태할 것이라는 것입니다. 이 처녀가 누구인지에 대해 많은 추측이 있습니다. 어떤 이들은 이사야의 아내가 이 처녀라고 생각하기도 하지만 이미 이사야의 결혼하였으므로 처녀일 수는 없습니다. 그러므로 이 의견은 거절되어야 합니다. 어떤 이들은 아하스의 아내로 생각합니다. 그래서 다음 왕이 될 히스기야에 대한 예언으로 봅니다. 그러나 시간적 흐름을 고려해 보면 어울리지 않은 해석으로 보입니다. 저는 오히려 예수 그리스도께 향해야 한다고 믿습니다. 그러나 대부분의 학자들은 이것을 받아들이지 않습니다. 15절은 먼 미래를 가리키고 있습니다. 하지만 16절에 나타난 문제는 당대의 문제이기 때문에 두 구절을 가까운 미래로 번역하곤 합니다. 그러나 14절에서 16절은 먼 미래로 생각되며 마태복음도 동일한 견해를 보여주고 있습니다. 18절에서 25절까지는 장차 일어날 앗시리아의 공격을 이야기하고 있습니다. 그들은 유다의 땅을 황폐화할 것입니다.

Methods for sampling and analysis of marine microalgae in ship ballast tanks: a case study from Tampa Bay, Florida, USA

Matthew J. Garrett,R. William Richardson,Jennifer L. Wolny,B. James Williams,Michael D. Dirks,Julie A. Brame 한국조류학회I 2011 ALGAE Vol.26 No.2

Ballasting and deballasting of shipping vessels in foreign ports have been reported worldwide as a vector of introduction of non-native aquatic plants and animals. Recently, attention has turned to ballast water as a factor in the global increase of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Many species of microalgae, including harmful dinoflagellate species, can remain viable for months in dormant benthic stages (cysts) in ballast sediments. Over a period of four years, we surveyed ballast water and sediment of ships docked in two ports of Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. Sampling conditions encountered while sampling ballast water and sediments were vastly different between vessels. Since no single sample collection protocol could be applied, existing methods for sampling ballast were modified and new methods created to reduce time and labor necessary for the collection of high-quality, qualitative samples. Five methods were refined or developed,including one that allowed for a directed intake of water and sediments. From 63 samples, 1,633 dinoflagellate cysts and cyst-like cells were recovered. A native, cyst-forming, harmful dinoflagellate, Alexandrium balechii (Steidinger) F. J. R. Taylor, was collected, isolated, and cultured from the same vessel six months apart, indicating that ships exchanging ballast water in Tampa Bay have the potential to transport HAB species to other ports with similar ecologies, exposing them to non-native, potentially toxic blooms.

Methods for sampling and analysis of marine microalgae in ship ballast tanks: a case study from Tampa Bay, Florida, USA

Garrett, Matthew J.,Wolny, Jennifer L.,Williams, B. James,Dirks, Michael D.,Brame, Julie A.,Richardson, R. William The Korean Society of Phycology 2011 ALGAE Vol.26 No.2

Ballasting and deballasting of shipping vessels in foreign ports have been reported worldwide as a vector of introduction of non-native aquatic plants and animals. Recently, attention has turned to ballast water as a factor in the global increase of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Many species of microalgae, including harmful dinoflagellate species, can remain viable for months in dormant benthic stages (cysts) in ballast sediments. Over a period of four years, we surveyed ballast water and sediment of ships docked in two ports of Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. Sampling conditions encountered while sampling ballast water and sediments were vastly different between vessels. Since no single sample collection protocol could be applied, existing methods for sampling ballast were modified and new methods created to reduce time and labor necessary for the collection of high-quality, qualitative samples. Five methods were refined or developed, including one that allowed for a directed intake of water and sediments. From 63 samples, 1,633 dinoflagellate cysts and cyst-like cells were recovered. A native, cyst-forming, harmful dinoflagellate, Alexandrium balechii (Steidinger) F. J. R. Taylor, was collected, isolated, and cultured from the same vessel six months apart, indicating that ships exchanging ballast water in Tampa Bay have the potential to transport HAB species to other ports with similar ecologies, exposing them to non-native, potentially toxic blooms.

MC²: MAPPING THE DARK MATTER DISTRIBUTION OF THE “TOOTHBRUSH” CLUSTER RX J0603.3+4214 WITH<i>HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE</i>AND SUBARU WEAK LENSING

Jee, M. James,Dawson, William A.,Stroe, Andra,Wittman, David,van Weeren, Reinout J.,Brü,ggen, Marcus,Bradač,, Maruš,a,Rö,ttgering, Huub American Astronomical Society 2016 The Astrophysical journal Vol.817 No.2

<P>The galaxy cluster RX J0603.3+4214. at z-0.225 is one of the rarest clusters boasting an extremely large (similar to 2 Mpc) radio. relic. Because of the remarkable morphology of the relic, the cluster is nicknamed the. 'Toothbrush Cluster.' Although the cluster's underlying mass distribution is one of the critical pieces of information needed to reconstruct the merger scenario responsible for the puzzling radio. relic morphology, its proximity to the Galactic plane b similar to 10 degrees has imposed significant observational challenges. We present a high-resolution weak-lensing study of the cluster with Subaru/Suprime Cam and Hubble Space Telescope imaging data. Our mass reconstruction reveals that the cluster is composed of complicated dark matter substructures closely tracing the galaxy distribution, in contrast, however, with the relatively simple binary X-ray morphology. Nevertheless, we find that the cluster mass is still dominated by the two most massive clumps aligned north-south with a similar to 3: 1 mass ratio (M-200 = 6.29(-1.62)(+2.24) x 10(14) M-circle dot and 1.98(-0.74)(+1.24) x 10(14) M-circle dot for the northern and southern clumps, respectively). The southern mass peak is similar to 2' offset toward the south with respect to the corresponding X-ray peak, which has a 'bullet'-like morphology pointing south. Comparison of the current weak-lensing result with the X-ray, galaxy, and radio. relic suggests that perhaps the dominant mechanism responsible for the observed relic may be a highspeed collision of the two most massive subclusters, although the peculiarity of the morphology necessitates involvement of additional subclusters. Careful numerical simulations should follow in order to obtain more complete understanding of the merger scenario utilizing all existing observations.</P>

Trunk Muscle Strength After Lumbar Spine Fusion: A 12-Month Follow-up

Outi Elina Ilves,Marko Henrik Neva,Keijo Häkkinen,Joost Dekker,William J. Kraemer,Sami Tarnanen,Kati Kyrölä,Jari Ylinen,Kirsi Piitulainen,Salme Järvenpää,Tiina Kaistila,Arja Häkkinen 대한척추신경외과학회 2019 Neurospine Vol.16 No.2

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate changes in trunk muscle strength 12 months after lumbar spine fusion (LSF) compared to preoperative strength. Methods: A total of 194 patients (mean±standard deviation [SD] age, 61±21 years) who underwent LSF participated in this prospective longitudinal study. Physical measurements of the participants were made before surgery and 12 months postoperatively. Isometric trunk extension and flexion strength was measured using a strain-gauge dynamometer in the standing position. Strength changes were calculated. Regression analysis was performed to explore which factors predicted strength levels at 12 months postoperatively. Results: The preoperative mean±SD extension strength was 205±144 N, which increased to 258±142 N (p<0.001) at the 12-month follow-up. Flexion strength increased from 295±172 N to 364±164 N (p<0.001). The preoperative extension/flexion strength ratio was 0.75±0.38 and remained similar (0.73±0.26) at 12 months postoperatively (p=0.39). Conclusion: Although trunk muscle strength increased by 26% for extension and 23% for flexion at the 12-month postoperative follow-up, both values remained objectively low. In addition, flexion strength remained higher than extension strength, which indicates an imbalance between those muscle groups. Age, severe back pain, and low trunk muscle strength before surgery predicted low trunk muscle strength at 1 year after spinal fusion.

Leak behavior of SCC degraded steam generator tubings of nuclear power plant

Hwang, Seong Sik,Kim, Hong Pyo,Kim, Joung Soo,Kasza, Kenneth E.,Park, Jangyul,Shack, William J. Elsevier 2005 Nuclear engineering and design Vol.235 No.23

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>A forced outage due to a steam generator tube leak in a Korean nuclear power plant has been reported <ce:cross-ref refid='bib3'>[Kim, J.S., Hwang, S.S., et al., 1999. KAERI Internal Report (Korean). Destructive analysis on pulled tubes from Ulchin unit 1. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute]</ce:cross-ref>. Primary water stress corrosion cracking has occurred in many tubes in the plant, and they were repaired using sleeves or plugs. In order to develop proper repair criteria, it is necessary to understand the leak behavior of the tubes containing stress corrosion cracks. Cracked specimens were prepared using a room temperature cracking technique, and the leak rates and burst pressures of the degraded tubes were determined both at room temperature and at a high temperature. Some tubes with 100% through wall cracks did not show a leakage at 10.8MPa, which is the typical pressure difference of the pressurized water reactors (PWRs) during a normal operation. In some tests, the leak rates of the tubes increased with time at a constant pressure. In a high temperature pressure test at 282°C one specimen showed a very small leakage at 18.6MPa, which stopped after a small increase in the test pressure. Because stress corrosion cracks can develop at relatively low stresses, even 100% through wall cracks can be so tight that they will not leak at a normal operating pressure.</P>

Role of carbonic anhydrases in skin wound healing

Harlan Barker,Marleena Aaltonen,Peiwen Pan,Maria Vähätupa,Pirkka Kaipiainen,Ulrike May,Stuart Prince,Hannele Uusitalo-Järvinen,Abdul Waheed,Silvia Pastoreková,William S Sly,Seppo Parkkila,Tero AH Järv 생화학분자생물학회 2017 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.49 No.-

Skin wound closure occurs when keratinocytes migrate from the edge of the wound and re-epithelialize the epidermis. Their migration takes place primarily before any vascularization is established, that is, under hypoxia, but relatively little is known regarding the factors that stimulate this migration. Hypoxia and an acidic environment are well-established stimuli for cancer cell migration. The carbonic anhydrases (CAs) contribute to tumor cell migration by generating an acidic environment through the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and a proton. On this basis, we explored the possible role of CAs in tissue regeneration using mouse skin wound models. We show that the expression of mRNAs encoding CA isoforms IV and IX are increased (~25 × and 4 × , respectively) during the wound hypoxic period (days 2–5) and that cells expressing CAs form a bandlike structure beneath the migrating epidermis. RNA-Seq analysis suggested that the CA IV-specific signal in the wound is mainly derived from neutrophils. Due to the high level of induction of CA IV in the wound, we treated skin wounds locally with recombinant human CA IV enzyme. Recombinant CA IV significantly accelerated wound re-epithelialization. Thus, CA IV could contribute to wound healing by providing an acidic environment in which the migrating epidermis and neutrophils can survive and may offer novel opportunities to accelerate wound healing under compromised conditions.

Structural Basis for Assembly and Function of a Heterodimeric Plant Immune Receptor

Williams, Simon J.,Sohn, Kee Hoon,Wan, Li,Bernoux, Maud,Sarris, Panagiotis F.,Segonzac, Cecile,Ve, Thomas,Ma, Yan,Saucet, Simon B.,Ericsson, Daniel J.,Casey, Lachlan W.,Lonhienne, Thierry,Winzor, Dona American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2014 Science Vol.344 No.6181

<P><B>Universal Immune Function</B></P><P>Certain pathogen effectors are detected in plants by cytoplasmic receptors. First solving the crystal structures of <I>Arabidopsis</I> receptors, <B>Williams <I>et al.</I></B> (p. 299; see the Perspective by <B>Nishimura and Dangl</B>) discovered that in the resting state, the structures form a heterodimer that readies the complex for effector binding and keeps the signaling domains from firing too early. Once the pathogen effector binds, the structure of the complex shifts such that the signaling domains can form a homodimer to initiate downstream signaling. Similarities between these plant-pathogen receptors and Toll-like receptors in animals suggest the molecular mechanisms may translate broadly.</P>

Degradation of thin carbon-backed lithium fluoride targets bombarded by 68 MeV 17O beams

김용현,Davids B.,Williams M.,Hudson K.H.,Upadhyayula S.,Alcorta M.,Machule P.,Esker N.E.,Griffin C.J.,Williams J.,Yates D.,Lennarz A.,Angus C.,Hackman G.,김동건,J. Son,Park J.,Pak K.,김용균 한국원자력학회 2023 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.55 No.3

To analyze the cause of the destruction of thin, carbon-backed lithium fluoride targets during a measurement of the fusion of 7Li and 17O, we estimate theoretically the lifetimes of carbon and LiF films due to sputtering, thermal evaporation, and lattice damage and compare them with the lifetime observed in the experiment. Sputtering yields and thermal evaporation rates in carbon and LiF films are too low to play significant roles in the destruction of the targets.We estimate the lifetime of the target due to lattice damage of the carbon backing and the LiF film using a previously reported model. In the experiment, elastically scattered target and beam ions were detected by surface silicon barrier (SSB) detectors so that the product of the beam flux and the target density could be monitored during the experiment. The areas of the targets exposed to different beam intensities and fluences were degraded and then perforated, forming holes with a diameter around the beam spot size. Overall, the target thickness tends to decrease linearly as a function of the beam fluence. However, the thickness also exhibits an increasing interval after SSB counts per beam ion decreases linearly, extending the target lifetime. The lifetime of thin LiF film as determined by lattice damage is calculated for the first time using a lattice damage model, and the calculated lifetime agrees well with the observed target lifetime during the experiment. In experiments using a thin LiF target to induce nuclear reactions, this study suggests methods to predict the lifetime of the LiF film and arrange the experimental plan for maximum efficiency

The Lick AGN Monitoring Project 2011: Dynamical Modeling of the Broad-line Region

Williams, Peter R.,Pancoast, Anna,Treu, Tommaso,Brewer, Brendon J.,Barth, Aaron J.,Bennert, Vardha N.,Buehler, Tabitha,Canalizo, Gabriela,Cenko, S. Bradley,Clubb, Kelsey I.,Cooper, Michael C.,Filippen American Astronomical Society 2018 The Astrophysical journal Vol.866 No.2