Genetic Characterization of Haemagglutinin 1 Domain of Influenza B Viruses Isolated in Korea during $1988{\sim}1999$

Shin, Gu-Choul,Na, Byoung-Kuk,Lee, Joo-Yeon,Ahn, Jung-Bae,Park, Jong-Won,Lee, Jin-Soo,Kim, Jee-Hee,Kim, Woo-Joo,Kang, Chun The Korean Society for Microbiology 2003 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology Vol.33 No.4

Although Korean influenza virus isolates have been genetically associated with the vaccine strains of the corresponding year, influenza B viruses have prevailed almost every year in Korea during the past decades. We have 'analyzed the genetic characteristics and evolutionary patterns of the haemagglutinin (HA) 1 domains of influenza B viruses isolated during 1988-1999 using direct RT-PCR and sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of influenza B viruses isolated in Korea indicated that antigenically and genetically distinguishable strains of the lineage II and lineage III variants had been cocirculated. Variants prevailed in early 1990s are represented in 1996/97 and 1998/99 and some different variants have been co circulated geographically and prevailed concurrently in Korea. All HA1s of Korean isolates have amino acid substitutions mainly in the region between position 124 and 310, which was previously proposed an immunodominant region. Insertion-deletion patterns of the HA gene revealed that Korean influenza B viruses were evolved from Lee40 with different manner between lineage II and III viruses. Lineage III viruses were also divided into two groups as conserved group and inserted group, in relation to Lee40. But lineage II viruses had evolved with directional pattern. Antigenic index proposed that influenza B isolates prevailed since 1996/97 seasons might had emerged from the antigenic variants of a Seo1697-like virus and that new variants might appear from the lineage II viruses resulting in persistent prevalence in Korea.

한국소비재 신제품성패의 결정요인 분석

조남신(Cho Nam Shin),이진주(Lee Jin Joo) 한국경영학회 1980 經營學硏究 Vol.9 No.-

The modern decision environment is characterized by the presence of multiple objectives or goals, which are generally competing or conflicting. Therfore, it has been well established that virtually every decision making problem involves several key criteria. Mathematical programming techniques based on a single objective criterion such as cost minimization or profit maximization are restricted in application to real-world problems. Radford (14) contended that the goal of a global optimum solution should be discarded when considering complex and multiple objective decision problems. Under the modern complex decision environment, it is necessary to simultaneously consider all of the multiple and often conflicting objectives appropriately in selecting a best strategy or policy. Among the various techniques which have been developed to handle multicriteria decision making problems, goal programming is perhaps the most promising approach as it is an appropriate, powerful, flexible, and pragmatic tool. This technique was originally introduced by Charnes and Cooper (2, 3), and further developed by Ijiri (g) and Lee (11). The goal programming model can be solved through the use of a computer program based on an iterative algorithm. Currently, the most widely used computer program is Lee`s program (11) written in Fortran. Another popular algorithm was developed by Ignizio (7). Lee`s and Ignizio`s programs were designed using the modified simplex method. Lee`s and Ignizio`s programs did not consider efficiency in terms of the running time and storage requirements. Computational inefficiency results from unnecessary information being computed from iteration. to iteration. Recently Arthur (1) attempted to design a more efficient algorithm. This algorithm was tested in comparison with Lee`s algorithm in terms of computational time. Arthur`s goal partitioning algorithm is more efficient than the other two algorithms because it reduces the number of computations by modifying the matrix size when the number of subproblems increases and by eliminating unnecessary nonbasic variables. The critical disadvantage of this algorithm is its inability to provide the final optimal simplex tableau required to perform sensitivity analysis. This paper presents a new efficient GP algorithm based on the product represenation of the revised simplex method in order to overcome deficiencies of computational inefficiency on the part of the Lee and Ignizio algorithms and the lack of the final simplex tableau on the part of the Arthur algorithm.

항 히스타민제의 H₁ 수용체와 무스카린 수용체에 대한 상대적 역가

이신웅,박영주,이정수 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 1994 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 연구업적집 Vol.4 No.-

The muscarinic antagonist l-[benzilic-4, 4'-³H]quinuclidinyl benzilate([³H]QNB) bound to a single class of muscarinic receptor with high affinity in guinea pig ileal membranes. The K_(D) and B_(max) values for [³H]QNB calculated from analysis of saturation isotherms were 54 pM and 156 fmol/mg, respectively. H₁-blockers inhibited [³H]QNB binding to ileal membranes with K_(i) values ranged from 0.008 μM to 1.6 μM. The pseudo-Hill coefficients of H₁-blockers for inhibition of [³H]QNB binding to the ileal membranes were close to unit. The K_(i) values for H₁-blockers were similar to the K_(M) values calculated by Schild plot of functional data obtained from inhibition of the carbachol-induced contraction in guinea-pig ileum, suggesting that binding of H₁-blockers vs [³H]QNB in ileal membranes represents an interaction with a receptor of physiological relevance. The K_(H) values of H₁-blockers for H₁-receptor estimated from inhibition of the histamine-induced contraction were the range of 0.15 nM to 56.5 nM. The K_(M)/K_(H) ratio of H₁-blockers varied over a wide range of 3 to 2300. Thus, the antihistaminic potencies of H₁-blockers do not correlate with their antimuscarinic potencies, which suggest that antihistamines have different antimuscarinic potencies in therapeutic blood levels causing similar antiallergic effect. Among 13 traditional antihistaminics examined in this study, drug having the highest and the lowest K_(M)/K_(H) ratio is triprolidine and diphenidol, respectively. The present results demonstrate that the antimuscarinic property of antihistamines is not necessary for their antiallergic effect, and data on the affinity of antihistamines for muscarinic and H₁-receptors can be an important parameter in the selection and evaluation of these drugs.

철근콘크리트 커플링 보의 해석기법과 병렬 전단벽의 거동 비교

이주화,박완신,윤현도 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.23 No.2(구조계)

Ductile coupled flexural walls are the primary seismic load resisting systems of many structures. The coupling beams of these structures must exhibit excellent ductility and energy absorption ability. But the present analytical method about nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete coupling beam scarcely anything. This paper composed of two subjects. First subject is a suggestion of analytical method of diagonally reinforced concrete coupling beam and longitudinally reinforced concrete coupling beam and rhombic coupling beam, and selected 5 specimens for that. Second subject is a comparison of seismic behavior of fully coupled shear wall and partially coupled shear wall. This paper used lDAHC-2D and Midas Gen 4.3.1 for the purpose of achievement these subjects. Suggested analytical method expected that it showed good agreement with reinforced concrete coupling beam inelastic behavior. Also, comparison of seismic behavior result showed that fully coupled shear wall have good behavior than partially coupled shear wall.

혈중 감마지티피 상승의 임상적 의의

신주연,김용규,박신구,이지나,김환철,임종한,홍윤철 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.1

목적: 혈중 감마지티피는 주로 알코올 섭취와 간세포 손상의 지표로서 이용되어져 왔으나 최근에는 혈중 감마지티피가 체내의 산소성 스트레스를 민감하게 반영하는 지표이며, 혈중 감미지티피를 이용하여 만성질환의 발생을 조기에 예측할 수 있다는 주장들이 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 일반 인구 집단을 대상으로 한 건강검진 자료를 분석하여 혈중 감마지티피의 상승에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 분석하고 혈중 감마지티피와 산소성 스트레스와의 관련성 및 임상적인 이용 가능성을 알아보고자 한다. 방법: 2001년부터 2003년까지 한 대학병원 산업의학과에서 건강검진을 실시한 15,546명을 대상으로 하였고 신체계측, 혈액검사 그리고 설문지의 정보를 분석하였다. 총 15,546명 중 남성은 9,660명 이었고 여성은 5,886명 이었다. 연령, 성별, 체질량지수, 흡연, 음주, 운동량 비타민 복용 여부에 따른 혈중 감마지티피의 평균을 분석하였고, 성별에 따른 다변량 분석을 실시하였다. 다변량 분석에는 연령, 체질량지수, 음주빈도, 흡연량, 혈색소, 이완기혈압, 공복시혈당, 총콜레스테롤, ALT를 포함하였다. 결과: 연구 대상자들의 혈중 감마지티피의 평균은 남성에서 평균(±2SD)이 47.51(±111.62)이었고, 여성에서는 19.09(±42.02) 으로서, 대체적으로 정상 범위에 있다고 보여 지나 개인차가 상당히 크다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 다변량 분석의 결과에서는 혈중 감마지티피의 상승에 영향을 미치는 요인이 성별에 따라 다소 달랐으나 남녀 모두에게 연령, 음주빈도, 흡연량, 이완기혈압, 공복시혈당, 총콜레스테롤, ALT가 유의한 영향이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 다변량 로지스틱회귀분석의 결과에서 '임상적 비정상'을 예측함에 있어 혈중 감마지티피가 진단적 유용성이 있음을 확인하였다. 결론: 긴존에 일반적으로 알려져 있는 것처럼 혈중 감마지티피를 단순히 알코올 섭취와 간세포 손상의 지표로서만 볼 수 없으며, 성별, 연령, 흡연, 고지혈증, 당뇨, 고혈압 등 많은 다른 요인들에 의해서 영향을 받으며, 혈중 감마지티피를 산소성 스트레스를 반영하는 생물학적 지표로 해석할 수도 있다. 따라서 혈중 감마지티피의 상승을 임상적으로 해석할 때는 (비록 정상인 범위에 있다하더라도), 알코올 섭취나 간세포 손상 뿐 아니라 다른 여러 요인들을 함께 고려해야 한다. 더욱이 혈중 감미지티피의 상승을 만성질환 즉, 고혈압, 당뇨, 고지혈증 등의 발생을 조기에 발견할 수 있는 지표로서 임상영역이나 건강검진시 유용하게 활용할 수 있을 것이다. Objectives: Incresed gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) concentration has mainly been used as a biologic marker of alcohol drinking and liver diseases. However, some recent reports have suggested that serum GGT concentration may be an early biomarker of oxidative stress and associated with chronic diseases like hypertension, DM, hyperlipidemia, CHD, stroke etc. In this study, we analysed the factors associated with increased serum GGT level and evaluated the clinical application of serum GGT in predicting the risk of chronic diseases. Methods: The data were collected from 15,546 periodic health examinations, 9,660 males and 5,886 females, done at one university hospital from 2001 to 2003. We analysed self-questionnaire, physical examination and laboratory data. Statistical analyses(t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and logistic regression analysis) were done by SPSS for windows 10.0. Results: Mean serum GGT levels were quite different according to age, sex, BMI, smoking and alcohol drinking (all P-value <0.001), but were not different by regular vitamin intake or not (P-value = 0.117). There was significant correlation between serum GGT level and the variables (of age, BMI, blood pressure, Hb, fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, AST and ALT) (all P-value <0.001). In sex-specific multiple regression analysis, increased serum GGT level was significantly associated with age, alcohol drinking, smoking, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar and ALT in males (all P-value <0.001), and with age, alcohol drinking, smoking, Hb, blood pressure, total cholesterol and ALT in females (all P-value <0.05). In sex-specific logistic regression analysis, increased serum GGT level was significantly associated with risk of 'clinical abnormalities'. This risk increased about 13-fold in males and 4.6-fold in females for serum GGT level over the third quatile, compared with under the first quartile. Conclusions: Serum GGT level is increased not only by alcohol drinking or liver diseases, but also by many other factors associated with chronic diseases and behavioral factors. Thus many factors should be considered in evaluating an increase in GGT level, even when within the upper normal range. Serum GGT level may be a predictor for the early development of chronic diseases.

자궁 무스카린 수용체의 확인 및 분류

이신웅,이정수,박영주 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 1992 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 연구업적집 Vol.2 No.-

The muscarinic acetylcholine receptors of the dog unpregant uterus were characterized using [³H]quinuclidinyl benzilate(QNB) as a radioligand and the binding of muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists in the uterus was compared to that in the urinary bladder which contains almost exclusively the M₂ receptors in order to determine the receptor subtypes in the uterus. [³H]QNB binding to uterus and bladder was rapid, saturable and reversible. Scatchard analysis of the saturation data gave linear plots and the Hill coefficients were close to unit, which indicated that each preparation contained a single population of specific binding sites for [³H]QNB. The K_(D) values(120 pM) for QNB were almost identical in both organs, whereas the B_(MAX) value of 256 fmol/mg protein in the uterus was significantly different from that of 563 fmol/mg protein in the bladder. Muscarinic agonists and antagonists inhibited in a competitive manner the [³H]QNB binding to the same extent in both organs. The competition binding studies using antagonists(atropine and pirenzepine) exhibited a single binding site and this site had a low affinity for pirenzepine with the Ki value of about 330 nM. However, high and low affinity binding sites were observed with carbachol, methacholine and oxotremorine. These binding studies with agonists and antagonists did not show any differences in drug affinities between uterus and bladder. These results indicate that the muscarinic receptors in the uterus are M₂ receptors which have a low affinity for pirenzepine.

능동 SC 여파기 설계에 관한 연구 : switched capacitor filter 실현에 관한 연구 A study on The realization of switched capacitor filter

李周信 淸州大學校 1982 論文集 Vol.15 No.2

The switched capacitor has an performance much better than a resistor in the charcteristics of temperature and linear. In this paper, the passive RLC filter circuit can be replaced by switched capacit or of "Leapforg" type. The Error did not ocur theoretically because the approximation is not used. Therefore, passive filter can be design of SC filter exactly and The design of SC filter is using the sampled data thechnique. The theoretical value is agreedment with experemental result, and the higher sampling ratio is, the more characterisitcs of SC filter approached of passive RLC filter.

2차원 연속 화상내에서 물체이동 검출에 관한 연구

李周信 淸州大學校 1985 論文集 Vol.18 No.2

In this paper, for detecting the single moving object, three frames are sampled in two dimensional line sequence image the gray level of each frames is analyed and the bit data of pixels is rearranged so that the difference image is extracted. A detection of the moving object are done by the difference image extraction between the reference gray level from background and the gray level including the moving object in the identical background or the gray level after the identical object is moving. Whether the object is identical or not it is decided by the compraison of a recognition parameters in two difference images. The recognition parameters of the identical object are determined with the gray level of the object, the number of the vertex points.

급성 심근경색 초기에 도플러 심초음파를 이용한 좌심실 이완기 기능의 평가

신원용,김주성,김철현,이광희,최태명,현민수,김성구,권영주 순천향의학연구소;Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute 2000 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.6 No.1

Background : Congestive heart failure after acute myocardial infarction relate to left ventricular systolic sysfunction. Also, left ventricular diastolic function contribute to heart failure. The aims of this study were, firstly to characterize left ventricular diastolic function by transmitral flow velocity, and secondly to study the significance of Doppler measurements in relation to the development of heart failure in the early phase of myocardial infarction. Method : Pulsed Doppler echocardiography of transmitral flow was assessed in 34 patients with acute myocardial infarction. According to the Doppler transmitral flwo velocity profile, the study patients were assigned to the three groups: normal filling pattern (DT > 140ms, IVRT < 100ms), relaxation abnormality (DT > 140ms, IVRT ≥ 100ms), pseudonormal or restrictive pattern (DT ≤ 140ms). Also, on the basis of the presence of heart failure during first week of hospitalization, the patients were divided into two groups: patients with no sign of heart failure (Killip class Ⅰ) and heart failure (Killip class Ⅱ-Ⅳ). Results : Of the 34 patients studied, 10(29%) were normal filling pattern, 17(50%) abnormal relaxation and 7(21%) were restrictive patterns. The left ventricular ejection fraction(EF, 40 ±6%) of restrictive pattern was significantly lower than that of normal filling pattern of abnormal relaxation(p < 0.01). And, the IVRT, DT, E/A and left ventricular EF were reduced in patients with heart failure(14 patients) compared to no sign of heart failure(20 patients)(p<0.05). Of the patients with heart failure, IVRT and left ventricular EF were reduced in patients with DT≤140 ms compared to DT> 140ms(p=0.001). Conclusion : Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is present early after onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function complements measurements of systolic function in the evaluation of cardiac function. DT, IVRT, E/A and left ventricular EF are useful predictors for development of congestive heart failure following acute myocardial infarction.

산업훈련 프로그램 개발에 관한 연구 : 가구 판매사원 훈련 프로그램

김신자,주영주,이광희 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1995 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.66 No.1-3

Rapid development of modern society demands incessant cultivation of new knowledge, function and skills. Even if a firm succeeds in securing qualified manpower, continuous training is imperative for the company to adapt to rapidly changing consumer tastes and business environment. Many of large size firms in Korea began to realize the importance of training programs of their employees. Therefore, they are developing their own programs and willing to spend a large portion of their budget to human resource development. Most of small and medium size firms, however, have not understood the necessity of training program of their won employees. Even if some of them want to make an investment on training their own employees. They could not find the right model suitable to small and medium size firms. Therefore, without analyzing the relevance for the model to their situation, they are forced to use the model mainly designed for large scale firms. After brief introduction, in chapter 2, we analyze the needs for new training programs and introduce well-known training models. We cannot, however, apply the models to the furniture industry without major modification to reflect the main features of furniture industry. Therefore, in chapter 3, we develop new graining programs which consist of four steps of need assessment, design, development, formative evaluation and which are more suitable to furniture industry. We do need assessments in four areas-business needs analysis, job analysis, task analysis, and content analyses. In the second step of design, we prepare program specification and road map. In the third step of development, we produce manuals, transparencies, slides and audio pates for the trainee. In the final step, we perform formative evaluation. In the last chapter, after summarizing our research, we make some suggestion on effective training programs for small and medium size firms on the basis of our study.