한국인 자폐스펙트럼장애에서 Glutamate Receptor, Ionotropic, N-methyl-D-Aspartate 2B(GRIN2B) 유전자 다형성-가족기반연구

유희정,조인희,박미라,유한익,김진희,김순애,Yoo, Hee Jeong,Cho, In Hee,Park, Mira,Yoo, Hanik K.,Kim, Jin Hee,Kim, Soon Ae 대한생물정신의학회 2006 생물정신의학 Vol.13 No.4

목 적: 본 연구의 목적은 자폐스펙트럼장애를 가진 아동들과 그 부모로 이루어진 trio를 대상으로 이 장애와 NMDA 수용체 유전자, 그 가운데 GRIN2B 유전자와의 관련성을 규명하고자 하는 것이다. 방 법: 발달지연을 주소로 가천의대 길병원과 경상대학교병원 소아정신과 외래를 내원한 아동을 선별 대상으로 하였다. DSM-IV 진단체계를 이용하여 2명의 소아정신과 의사가 자폐 스펙트럼 장애로 진단한 아동이 일차적인 연구 대상으로 선별되었다. 선별된 아동과 부모들에게는 한국판 자폐증 진단 관찰 스케줄(Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 이하 ADOS) 및 자폐증 진단 면담-개정판(Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, 이하 ADI-R)를 실시하였다. PCR-RFLP법을 이용, GRIN2B 유전자에서 모두 4개의 단일 염기 다형성을 분석하였다(rs7301328, rs1806201, rs1805247, rs1805502). 각각의 SNPs에 대한 allelic association 을 평가하기 위하여 TDT 방법이 시행되었으며, 이를 통해 자폐장애 아동이 부모로부터 후보유전자의 특정 alleles들을 유의하게 더 많이 전달받았는지의 여부를 관찰한 뒤 McNemar chi-square test(df=1)에 의거하여 분석하였다. 결 과: 1) 연구 대상군의 특성 : 총 126명의 자폐 스펙트럼장애 아동과 그들의 생물학적 부모가 최종 분석 대상에 포함되었다. 전체 대상자 중 109명(86.5%)이 남아였으며 여아는 17명(13.5%)으로, 남아 대 여아의 비율은 6.41:1이었다. 대상군의 진단 분포는 자폐장애 107명(85.1%), 달리 분류되지 않는 전반적 발달장애(PDD, NOS) 17명(13.5%), 아스퍼거 씨 장애(Asperger's disorder) 2명(1.6%)이었다. 대상군 아동의 평균 연령은 $71.9{\pm}31.6$개월(range : 26~185개월)이었으며 한국판 사회성숙도 검사로 측정된 평균 사회지수(Social Quotient)는 $61.2{\pm}20.6$(range : 23.1~126), 측정 가능한 아동들의 평균 지능은 $65.0{\pm}27.7$(range : 25~126)이었다. K-CARS 점수는 $31.5{\pm}5.4$(range 18.5~46)로 나타났다. 2) 유전자 분석 : 분석한 GRIN2B 유전자의 4개 SNPs 가운데 하나의 SNP(rs1805247)에서 의미 있는 allelic transmission의 차이를 보였다. 이 SNP에서 transmission ratio(transmitted alleles/non-transmitted alleles)는 A allele과 G allele에서 각각 2.03과 .49로, A allele이 G allele에 비해 부모로부터 환자군에게 더 빈번하게 전달(preferential transmission) 되었음이 확인되었다(TDT ${\chi}^2$=12.89, p=.0003). 이는 Bonferroni correction 후에도 여전히 유의미한 수준을 유지하였다(p=.0009). 기타 3개의 SNP(rs7301328, rs1806201, rs1805502) 들에서는 의미 있는 transmission의 차이가 나타나지 않았다(p<.05). 결 론: 본 연구에서 GRIN2B 유전자의 단일유전자 다형성과 자폐스펙트럼장애 사이에 유의한 연관성을 보였다. 이는 glutamate NMDA 2B수용체 유전자가 이 질환의 발생에 관여할 가능성을 시사하는 것이라 생각된다. Objectives : Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental spectrum disorder with a strong genetic component. Previous neurochemical and genetic studies suggested the possible involvement of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA) receptor in autism. The aim of study was to investigate the association between the NMDA2B receptor gene(GRIN2B) and autism spectrum disorders(ASD) in the Korean population. Methods : The patients with ASD were diagnosed with Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule based on DSM-IV diagnostic classification. The present study was conducted with the detection of four single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in GRIK2 and family-based association analysis of the single nucleotide polymorphisms in Korean ASD trios using transmission disequilibrium test (TDT). Results : One hundred twenty six patients with ASD and their biological parents were analyzed. 86.5% were male and 85.1% were diagnosed as autistic disorder. The mean age was $71.9{\pm}31.6$ months(range : 26-185 months). We found that rs1805247 showed significantly preferential transmission(TDT ${\chi}^2$=12.8, p<0.001) in ASD. Conclusion : One SNP in GRIN2B gene was significantly associated with ASD in the Korean population. This result suggests the possible involvement of glutamate NMDA receptor gene in the development of ASD.

Overview of KSTAR research progress and future plans toward ITER and K-DEMO

Park, H.K.,Choi, M.J.,Hong, S.H.,In, Y.,Jeon, Y.M.,Ko, J.S.,Ko, W.H.,Kwak, J.G.,Kwon, J.M.,Lee, J.,Lee, J.H.,Lee, W.,Nam, Y.B.,Oh, Y.K.,Park, B.H.,Park, J.K.,Park, Y.S.,Wang, S.J.,Yoo, M.,Yoon, S.W.,B IOP 2019 Nuclear fusion Vol.59 No.11

<P>A decade-long operation of the Korean Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) has contributed significantly to the operation of superconducting tokamak devices and the advancement of tokamak physics which will be beneficial for the ITER and K-DEMO programs. Even with limited heating capability, various conventional as well as new operating regimes have been explored and have achieved improved performance. As examples, a long pulse high-confinement mode operation with and without an edge-localized mode (ELM) crash was well over 70 and 30 s, respectively. The unique capabilities of KSTAR allowed it to improve the capability of controlling harmful instabilities, and they have been instrumental in uncovering much new physics. The highlights are that the L/H transition threshold power is sensitive to the resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) and insensitive to non-resonant magnetic perturbation. Co-<I>I</I> <SUB>p</SUB> offset rotation dominated by an electron channel predicted by general neoclassical toroidal viscosity theory was confirmed. Improved heat dispersal in a divertor system using three rows of rotating RMP was demonstrated and predictive control of the ELM-crash with <I>a priori</I> modeling was successfully tested. In magnetohydrodynamic physics, validation of the full reconnection model (i.e. <I>q</I> <SUB>0</SUB>  >  1 right after the sawtooth crash) and self-consistent validation of the anisotropic distribution of turbulence amplitude and flow in the presence of the 2/1 island with theoretical models were achieved. The turbulence amplitude induced by RMP was linearly increased with the slow RMP coil current ramp-up time (i.e. the magnetic diffusion time scale). The <I>D</I> <SUB> <I>α</I> </SUB> spikes (i.e. ELM-crash amplitude) was linearly decreased with the turbulence amplitude and not correlated with the perpendicular electron flow. In the turbulence area, a non-diffusive ‘avalanche’ transport event and the role of a quiescent coherent mode in confinement were studied. To accommodate the anticipation of a higher performance of the KSTAR plasmas with the increased heating powers, a new divertor/internal interface with a full active cooling system will be implemented after a full test of the new heating (neutral beam injection II and electron cyclotron heating) and current drive (CD) (Helicon and lower hybrid CD) systems. An upgrade plan for the internal hardware, heating systems and efficient CD system may allow for a long pulse operation of higher performance plasmas at <I>β</I> <SUB>N</SUB>  >  3.0 with <I>f</I> <SUB>bs</SUB> ~ 0.5 and <I>T</I> <SUB>i</SUB>  >  10 keV.</P>

스프링재료용 베릴리움동 합금의 열처리조건이 현미경조직 및 기계적 성질에 미치는 영향

윤용구,유연철,최인훈 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1971 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.9 No.1

이 연구에서는 구리-1.9% 베릴리움-0.2% 코발트 조성의 스프링재료용 베릴리움동 합금의 인장강도와 경도 및 스프링특성을 포함하는 기계적성질을 열처리조건과 관련해서 실험하고 시효과정시의 석출경화기구를 규명하였다. 판재 시료의 두께가 0.8㎜일 때 800℃에서 15분 용체화처리한 후에 35% 압연하여 330℃에서 2시간 시효처리를 하였을 때 136㎏/㎟의 인장강도, 2%의 신율, 85㎏/㎟의 스프링특성치, 440의 니커스경도를 얻을 수 있었다. 이 실험에서 투과전자현미경 조직을 검사하여 시효과정의 경화기구가 입내에서는 α→G.P. zones→γ¹→γ로 변화하며 입계에서는 α→γ로 변화한다는 결론을 얻었다. Cu-1.9% Be-0.2% Co alloy has excellent mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness and fatigue strength(spring characteristics), and is widely used for spring applications. In the present study, heat-treating conditions were investigated in relation to mechanical properties and the micro-structure of the aged alloy. Heat-treating conditions for specimens of 35% final cold-reduction, namely, aging for 2 hours at 330℃ after solution anneal of 0.8㎜ thick specimens for 15 minutes at 800℃ resulted in optimum mechanical properties of 136 ㎏/㎟ tensile strength, 440 micro-Vickers hardness, 2% elongation and 85 ㎏/㎟ fatigue strength. The aging sequence of the alloy established by thin-foil transmission electron microscopy is α→ G.P. zones→γ¹→γ in within grain and α→γ at grain boundaries.

A Combinatorial Chemistry Method for Fast Screening of Perovskite-Based NO Oxidation Catalyst

Yoon, Dal Young,Lim, Eunho,Kim, Young Jin,Cho, Byong K.,Nam, In-Sik,Choung, Jin Woo,Yoo, Seungbeom American Chemical Society 2014 ACS Combinatorial Science Vol.16 No.11

<P>A fast parallel screening method based on combinatorial chemistry (combichem) has been developed and applied in the screening tests of perovskite-based oxide (PBO) catalysts for NO oxidation to hit a promising PBO formulation for the oxidation of NO to NO<SUB>2</SUB>. This new method involves three consecutive steps: oxidation of NO to NO<SUB>2</SUB> over a PBO catalyst, adsorption of NOx onto the PBO and K<SUB>2</SUB>O/Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>, and colorimetric assay of the NOx adsorbed thereon. The combichem experimental data have been used for determining the oxidation activity of NO over PBO catalysts as well as three critical parameters, such as the adsorption efficiency of K<SUB>2</SUB>O/Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> for NO<SUB>2</SUB> (α) and NO (β), and the time-average fraction of NO included in the NOx feed stream (ξ). The results demonstrated that the amounts of NO<SUB>2</SUB> produced over PBO catalysts by the combichem method under transient conditions correlate well with those from a conventional packed-bed reactor under steady-state conditions. Among the PBO formulations examined, La<SUB>0.5</SUB>Ag<SUB>0.5</SUB>MnO<SUB>3</SUB> has been identified as the best chemical formulation for oxidation of NO to NO<SUB>2</SUB> by the present combichem method and also confirmed by the conventional packed-bed reactor tests. The superior efficiency of the combichem method for high-throughput catalyst screening test validated in this study is particularly suitable for saving the time and resources required in developing a new formulation of PBO catalyst whose chemical composition may have an enormous number of possible variations.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/acsccc/2014/acsccc.2014.16.issue-11/co5000344/production/images/medium/co-2014-000344_0008.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/co5000344'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

커프 신경전극을 위한 저잡음 증폭기 시스템 개발

송강일,추준욱,서준교,최귀원,유선국,윤인찬,Song, Kang-Il,Chu, Jun-Uk,Suh, Jun-Kyo Francis,Choi, Kui-Won,Yoo, Sun-K.,Youn, In-Chan 대한의용생체공학회 2011 의공학회지 Vol.32 No.1

Cuff electrodes have a benefit for chronic electroneurogram(ENG) recording while minimizing nerve damage. However, the ENG signals are usually contaminated by electromyogram(EMG) activity from the surrounding muscle, the thermal noise generated within the source resistance, and the electric noise generated primarily at the first stage of the amplifier. This paper proposes a new cuff electrode to reduce the interference of EMG signals. An additional middle electrode was placed at the center of cuff electrode. As a result, the proposed cuff electrode achieved a higher signal-to-interference ratio compared to the conventional tripolar cuff. The cuff electrode was then assembled together with closure, headstage, and hermetic case including electronic circuits. This paper also presents a lownoise amplifier system to improve signal-to-noise ratio. The circuit was designed based on the noise analysis to minimize the electronic noise. The result shows that the total noise of the amplifier was below $1{\mu}V_{rms}$ for a cuff impedance of $1\;k{\Omega}$ and the common-mode rejection ratio was 115 dB at 1 kHz. In the current study, the performance of nerve cuff electrode system was evaluated by monitoring afferent nerve signals under mechanical stimuli in a rat animal model.

Measurement of Neutron Total Cross Section and Resonance Parameters of Natural Hafnium at Pohang Neutron Facility

A. K.M.M.H. Meaze,Guinyun Kim,Dongchul Son,Hengsik Kang,Hossain Ahmed,In Soo Ko,Jong Hwa Chang,Kun Joong Yoo,Moo-Hyun Cho,Tae-Ik Ro,Won Namkung,Won-Chung Chung,Young Seok Lee,Young-Ae Kim 한국물리학회 2005 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.46 No.2

W. measure. tota. neutro. cross-section. o. natura. hafniu. i. th. neutro. energ. regio. fro. 0.. e. t. 10. e. b. usin. th. neutro. time-of- igh. metho. a. th. Pohan. Neutro. Facility. whic. consist. o. a. electro. linac. . water-coole. T. targe. wit. . wate. moderator. an. a. 11-m-lon.time-of- igh. path. . 6Li-ZnS(Ag. scintillato. wit. . diamete. o. 12.. c. an. . thicknes. o. 1..c. wa. use. a. . neutro. detector. an. . natura. hafniu. meta. plate. . . . c. i. are. b. 0. m. i. thickness. wa. use. fo. th. neutro. transmissio. measurement. Th. backgroun. leve. wa. determine. b. usin. notch-lter. o. Co. In. an. C. sheets. I. orde. t. reduc. th. gamm. ray. fro. Bremsstrahlun. an. fro. neutro. capture. w. employe. . neutron-gamm. separatio. syste. base. o. thei. dieren. puls. shapes. Th. presen. measuremen. wa. compare. wit. th. previou. one. an. th. evaluate. dat. i. ENDF/B-VI. Th. resonanc. parameter. wer. extracte. fro. th. transmissio. dat. b. usin. th. compute. cod. SAMMY. whic. utilize. bot. Dopple. an. resolutio. broadenin. effect. an. Bayes. generalize. leas. square. technique.

이유자돈 및 육성비육돈사료에 있어서 L - lysine 의 첨가에 의한 단백질 절약효과

한인규,권관,나기현,유문일 ( In K . Han,K . Kwon,Ki H . Ra,Moon I . Yoo ) 한국축산학회 1978 한국축산학회지 Vol.20 No.6

In order to study the protein sparing effect of l-lysine from weanling pig to market weight, a series of feeding and metabolism trials was conducted. In experiment 1, a total of 192 three way crossbred pigs (Landrace x Large White x Duroc) weighing app. 10 ㎏ initially were used for four weeks to determine the effect of supplemental lysine when added to a low protein diets. In experiment 2, a total of 120 three way crossbred pigs were used for 11 weeks from 28 ㎏ to 90 ㎏. The results obtained are as follows: (1) It was found that the dietary protein level of 18% fed during period of 10 to 23㎏ was adequate for the daily gain and feed efficiency. Pigs fed the dietary protein level of 20% were not different in rate of gain and teed efficiency with pigs fed the dietary protein level of 18%. When pig were fed the dietary protein level of 16% + 0.2% l-lysine, rate of gain was similar to pigs fed the dietary protein level of 18%, but feed efficiency was slightly improved, In economic analysis, feed cost required per ㎏. of body weight gain was less for pigs fed the dietary protein level of 16% + 0.2% l-lysine than other levels. Therefore, it was apparent that weanling pig diets supplemented with 0.2% l-lysine was able to spare 2% of dietary protein. (2) The dietary protein level of 16% was adequate for growing pigs from 28 to 53 ㎏. Rate of gain and feed efficiency of pigs fed the dietary protein level of 14% + 0.2% l-lysine was similar to pigs fed dietary protein level of 16%.There were no difference in digestibility and nitrogen retention of diets supplemented with 0.2% l-lysine with other dietary protein level. Therefore, diets supplemented with 0.2% l-lysine could spare 2% of dietary protein for the growers. (3) The dietary protein level of 14% was adequate for finishing pigs from 53 to 90 ㎏. In the rate of gain, pig fed the dietary protein level of 12% supplemented with 0.2% l-lysine was slightly higher, but improved effect in rate of gain during finishing period was somewhat lower than growing period. However, improvement in feed efficiency during finishing period for l-lysine fed group was more remarkable than in rate of gain. Digestibility and nitrogen retention of diets by adding 0.2% l-lysine were not affected. (4) Although there was no significant difference, dressing percentage and back fat thickness was slightly increased, and loin aye area was slightly decreased when pigs were fed dietary protein level of 14% supplemented with 0.2% l-lysine from 28 to 53 ㎏ and 12% supplemented with 0.2% l-lysine from 53 to 90 ㎏. (5) In economic analysis feed cost required per ㎏ of body weight gain for pig fed the dietary protein level of 14-12% supplemented with 0.2% l-lysine was less than that for those fed the other dietary proten levels. Based on the above mentioned results, it may be concluded that adequate level of dietary protein for weanling-growing-finishing pig would be 18-16-14%. It would also be clear that supplementation of l-lysine at 0.2% level in the pig rations from weanling to market weight might be able to spare 2% of dietary protein.

Enhanced understanding of non-axisymmetric intrinsic and controlled field impacts in tokamaks

In, Y.,Park, J.-K.,Jeon, Y.M.,Kim, J.,Park, G.Y.,Ahn, J.-W.,Loarte, A.,Ko, W.H.,Lee, H.H.,Yoo, J.W.,Juhn, J.W.,Yoon, S.W.,Park, H. International Atomic Energy Agency 2017 Nuclear fusion Vol.57 No.11

<P>An extensive study of intrinsic and controlled non-axisymmetric field (<I>δ</I>B) impacts in KSTAR has enhanced the understanding about non-axisymmetric field physics and its implications, in particular, on resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) physics and power threshold (<I>P</I> <SUB>th</SUB>) for L–H transition. The <I>n</I>  =  1 intrinsic non-axisymmetric field in KSTAR was measured to remain as low as <I>δB</I>/<I>B</I> <SUB>0</SUB> ~ 4  ×  10<SUP>−5</SUP> even at high-beta plasmas (<I>β</I> <SUB>N</SUB> ~ 2), which corresponds to approximately 20% below the targeted ITER tolerance level. As for the RMP edge-localized-modes (ELM) control, robust <I>n</I>  =  1 RMP ELM-crash-suppression has been not only sustained for more than ~90 <I>τ</I> <SUB>E</SUB>, but also confirmed to be compatible with rotating RMP. An optimal window of radial position of lower <I>X</I>-point (i.e. <I>R</I> <SUB> <I>x</I> </SUB>  =  <img ALIGN='MIDDLE' ALT='$1.44\pm 0.02\,$ ' SRC='http://ej.iop.org/images/0029-5515/57/11/116054/nfaa791cieqn001.gif'/> m) proved to be quite critical to reach full <I>n</I>  =  1 RMP-driven ELM-crash-suppression, while a constraint of the safety factor could be relaxed (<I>q</I> <SUB>95</SUB>  =  5 <img ALIGN='MIDDLE' ALT='$\pm $ ' SRC='http://ej.iop.org/images/0029-5515/57/11/116054/nfaa791cieqn002.gif'/> 0.25). A more encouraging finding was that even when <I>R</I> <SUB> <I>x</I> </SUB> cannot be positioned in the optimal window, another systematic scan in the vicinity of the previously optimal <I>R</I> <SUB> <I>x</I> </SUB> allows for a new optimal window with relatively small variations of plasma parameters. Also, we have addressed the importance of optimal phasing (i.e. toroidal phase difference between adjacent rows) for <I>n</I>  =  1 RMP-driven ELM control, consistent with an ideal plasma response modeling which could predict phasing-dependent ELM suppression windows. In support of ITER RMP study, intentionally misaligned RMPs have been found to be quite effective during ELM-mitigation stage in lowering the peaks of divertor heat flux, as well as in broadening the ‘wet’ areas. Besides, a systematic survey of <I>P</I> <SUB>th</SUB> dependence on non-axisymmetric field has revealed the potential limit of the merit of low intrinsic non-axisymmetry. Considering that the ITER RMP coils are composed of 3-rows, just like in KSTAR, further 3D physics study in KSTAR is expected to help us minimize the uncertainties of the ITER RMP coils, as well as establish an optimal 3D configuration for ITER and future reactors.</P>

Immune regulatory effects of simvastatin on regulatory T cell-mediated tumour immune tolerance

Lee, K. J.,Moon, J. Y.,Choi, H. K.,Kim, H. O.,Hur, G. Y.,Jung, K. H.,Lee, S. Y.,Kim, J. H.,Shin, C.,Shim, J. J.,In, K. H.,Yoo, S. H.,Kang, K. H.,Lee, S. Y. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010 Clinical and experimental immunology Vol.161 No.2

<P>Summary</P><P>Statins are potent inhibitors of hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl co-enzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, and have emerged as potential anti-cancer agents based on preclinical evidence. In particular, compelling evidence suggests that statins have a wide range of immunomodulatory properties. However, little is known about the role of statins in tumour immune tolerance. Tumour immune tolerance involves the production of immunosuppressive molecules, such as interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-&bgr; and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) by tumours, which induce a regulatory T cell (T<SUB>reg</SUB>) response. In this study, we investigated the effect of simvastatin on the production of IL-10, TGF-&bgr; and IDO production and the proliferation of T<SUB>regs</SUB> using several cancer cell lines, and Lewis lung cancer (3LL) cells-inoculated mouse tumour model. Simvastatin treatment resulted in a decrease in the number of cancer cells (3LL, A549 and NCI-H292). The production of the immune regulatory markers IL-10, TGF-&bgr; in 3LL and NCI-H292 cells increased after treatment with simvastatin. The expression of IDO and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) transcription factor was also increased in the presence of simvastatin. In a murine 3LL model, there were no significant differences in tumour growth rate between untreated and simvastatin-treated mice groups. Therefore, while simvastatin had an anti-proliferative effect, it also exhibited immune tolerance-promoting properties during tumour development. Thus, due to these opposing actions, simvastatin had no net effect on tumour growth.</P>

Progress in the development of heating systems towards long pulse operation for KSTAR

Kwak, J.G.,Bae, Y.D.,Chang, D.H.,Chang, D.S.,Hong, B.G.,Hwang, C.K.,In, S.R.,Jeong, S.H.,Jin, J.T.,Jung, K.S.,Kim, B.R.,Kim, J.,Kim, S.K.,Kim, T.S.,Lee, D.W.,Lee, K.W.,Oh, B.H.,Seo, C.S.,Seo, M.S.,Yoo International Atomic Energy Agency 2007 Nuclear fusion Vol.47 No.5

<P>Construction of the Korea superconducting tokamak advanced research (KSTAR) tokamak is in its final phase. For the long-pulse KSTAR discharges, the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) and neutral beam injection (NBI) heating systems are expected to play important roles through a selective heating of ions and electrons, control of the plasma pressure and current profiles, a core fuelling and beam diagnostics for the KSTAR. In addition, the ICRF system is expected to be used for possible discharge cleaning and assisting in the tokamak startup. In this paper, the recent progress in the development of the ICRF and the NBI heating systems is described. The four-strap ICRF antenna has been successfully tested for a voltage up to 41 kV for a pulse length of 300 s (to 46 kV for 20 s) in a test chamber. A prototype KSTAR NBI system has been developed. At present, the system has successfully produced a 1 MW beam power for 200 s and a 3.5 MW output beam power for 4 s.</P>