우리나라 연 작업자들의 연폭로 수준에 관한 연구

조인숙,김용배,리갑수,김화성,황규윤,장봉기,이성수,안규동,이병국 순천향대학교 산업의학연구소 1999 순천향산업의학 Vol.5 No.1

To assess lead exposure in Korean lead workers, 2047 male lead workers in 17 lead using industries were studied. Study population were divided into 4 occupation categories such as storage battery industry(type 1), secondary smelting and litharge making industries(type 2), PVC stabilizer making industries(type 3) and primary smelting and related industries (type 4). Blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood (ZPP) were selected as an index of lead exposure. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were also checked. Fifteen questionnaires of lead related symptoms were provided to all lead workers and filled up by themselves and confirmed by medical doctors. Personal variables such as age, work duration, smoking and drinking habits were also collected. the results were as follows. 1) The mean blood lead, ZPP and hemoglobin of all lead workers were 29.7+12.6㎍/100㎖, 56.5+38.6㎍/100㎖ and 14.6+1.3 gm/100㎖ respectively. 2) While the mean blood lead of lead workers in type 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 28.6+11.6㎍/100㎖, 46.2+15.3 ㎍/100㎖, 46.8+12.1 ㎍/100㎖ and 26.2+10.2 ㎍/100㎖, the mean value of blood ZPP of those workers were 53.6+32.6 ㎍/100㎖, 108.1+87.1 ㎍/100㎖, 98.9 +54.9 ㎍/100㎖ and 45.8+19.5 ㎍/100㎖ respectively. 3) The percents of lead workers whose blood lead were 40-59.9 ㎍/100㎖ and over 60.0 ㎍/100㎖ were 17.6% and 2.1% respectively. Those whose blood lead were 40-59.9 ㎍/100㎖ and over 60.0 ㎍/100㎖ were 15.18% and 0.96% for type 1, 43.59% and 21.79% for type 2, 58.89% and 12.22% for type 3 and 11.82% and 0% for type 4 respectively. 4) The percents of lead workers whose blood ZPP were 100-149 ㎍/100㎖ and over 150 ㎍/100㎖ were 5.17% and 3.17% respectively. Those whose blood ZPP were 100-149 ㎍/100㎖ and over 150 ㎍/100㎖ were 4.66% and 2.04% for type 1, 10.26% and 25.64% for type 2, 23.33 and 13.33% for type 3 and 1.28% and 0.32% for type 4 respectively. 5) The prevalence rate of smoking and drinking of male lead workers in all lead industries were 70.8% and 71.0% respectively. While the mean blood lead of smoker, non-smoker, drinker and non-drinker were 30.24+12.58 ㎍/100㎖, 28.35+12.7 ㎍/100㎖, 30.24 ㎍/100㎖ and 28.74 ㎍/100㎖ respectively, the mean blood ZPP of those were 55.7+37.1 ㎍/100㎖, 58.4+41.9 ㎍/100㎖, 55.7+36.5 ㎍/100㎖ and 58.4+43.3 ㎍/100㎖ respectively. 6) While the correlation of hematocrit corrected blood lead with other lead exposure variables were higher than non-corrected blood lead, the correlation of log-transformed ZPP with other lead exposure variables were higher than non-corrected blood ZPP. 7) The most frequent symptom among 15 lead related symptom questionnaires was 'general fatigue' and the next one was 'feeling irritated with disturbance' and least one was 'acute abdominal pain around the umbilicus' in all lead workers. The overall prevalence of lead workers in storage battery industry and primary lead smelting industry were higher than secondary lead smelting and PVC stabilizer making industries. 8) The prevalence of lead related symptoms was a little higher in 13 symptoms in smokers than non-smokers and in 14 symptoms in drinker than non-drinkers, but they were not statistically significant. 9) Stepwise multiple regression analysis, using overall symptom prevalence as a dependent variable blood lead, blood ZPP, hemoglobin, age, work duration, drinking and smoking habits as independent variables, indicated that smoking habit, drinking habit and age were significantly contributed to the dependent variable. 10) The slopes of simple linear regression of blood lead (independent variable) with blood ZPP and log-transformed ZPP as dependent variable were different among 4 types of lead industries. The slope of lead industries with low mean blood lead were less steeper than those with high mean blood lead.

경련성 골반상 증후군의 임상적 연구

박효진(Hyo Jin Park),조재식(Jae Sik Cho),배희동(Hee Dong Bae),정준표(Jun Pyo Chung),이상인(Sang In Lee),박인서(In Suh Park),지훈(Hoon Ji),손승국(Seung Kook Sohn) 대한소화기학회 1994 대한소화기학회지 Vol.26 No.3

N/A The spastic pelvic floor syndrome is a functional disorder due to abnormal contraction in- stead of relaxation of the pelvic floor muscle during straining. This inhibits defecation and gives rise to constipation. We carried out the clinical and psychologic analysis, defecogram, electrophysiologic tests, and treatment in 17 patients with spastic pelvic floor syndrome. The mean age of patients was 48.2+10.1 years. The male to female ratio was 1:7.5. Prirnary com plaints were incomplete evacuation 82.3%, constipation 52.9%, tenesmus 41.2%, straining 41.2 %, and dysuria 29.4%. The patterns of personality using the MMPI showed somatization type in 7 cases and psychophysiologic reaction type in 4 cases. Defecogram revealed paradoxical contraction of puborectalis in 100.0% of cases,incomplete evacuation 76.5%, rectocele 58.8%, incontinence 17.6%, intussusception 5.9%, and excessive pelvic floor descent 5.9%. The ano- rectal angle in patients did not increase during straining and rernained about 90. The mean maximum resting and squeezing anal canal pressures were 94.4 + 48.4mmHg, and 136.4 + 28.8 mmHg. Seven patients(70.0%) were unable to expel a balloon. The pudendal neuropathy re- vealed in 4 patients(40.0%). Seven patients underwent a EMCr-based biofeedback therapy. Four among them(57.1%) had increased bowel frequency and improved the symptom of in- complete evacuation. In conclusion, careful history taking, physical examination and colorectal motility tests perrnit diagnosis of spastic pelvic floor syndrome. This disease is related with incoordination of pelvic floor muscle, so treatment should be aimed at restoration of normal muscle function through biofeedback.(Korean J Gastroenterol 1994; 26: 482 490)

활석을 이용한 사포나이트의 수열합성

배인국,장영남,채수천,류경원,최상훈 한국광물학회 2003 광물과 암석 (J.Miner.Soc.Korea) Vol.16 No.2

삼팔면체형의 스멕타이트계 사포나이트(saponite)를 천연 광물질인 활석을 이용하여 수열법에 의해 합성하였다. 출발물질은 활석에 Na₂CO₃를 첨가하여 공기중에서 800℃로 가열한 후, 화학양론적 조성에 맞게 Al(No₃)₃·9H₂O 및 Mg(No₃)₂·6H₂O 금속염 수용액을 첨가하였고, pH는 7∼12 범위 내로 NH₄OH 수용액에 의해 조절하여 제조하였다. 수열반응 조건은 약 1리터의 수열반응 용기에서 230 ℃, 압력은 25∼75 kgf/㎠의 범위 내에서 10∼60시간이었다. 실험결과, 반응온도 및 회전속도를 230℃와 180 rpm으로 고정시킨 수열조건 하에서 반응시간, 반응압력, pH 조건을 각각 40시간, 25 kgf/㎠, 약 10으로 하였을 때, 그리고, 화학조성을 화학양론적 조성에 필요한 Na₂O의 양보다 200% 과량 추가하였을 때, 양호한 사포나이트가 합성되었다. 또한 압력을 75 kgf/㎠까지 증가시켜도 결정도에 미치는 영향은 미미하였으며, 반응시간이 길수록 더 좋은 결정도를 나타냈다. Saponite was synthesized from talc by hydrothermal method. The starting material was prepared by adding Al(N0₃)₃·9H₂0 and Mg(N₃)₂·6H₂O solution to the talc powder, which was previously activated in air at 800℃ together with Na₂C0₃. The alkalinity of the solution was controlled by NH₄0H solution. The autoclaving was carried out in the closed stainless steel vessel (about 1 liter) for 40 hours under the pressure of 25 ㎏f/㎠ at 230℃. The characterization of the reaction product shows that saponite was crystallized successfully. After the experimental results, pressure was not sensitive parameter in the range of 25-75 ㎏f/㎠, but longer reaction time results in better crystallinity.

Metalloporphyrin으로 도핑된 폴리이미드의 광전사적 성질

이진국,배인호,김종수,김춘호,김휘성 釜山大學校生産技術硏究所 1998 生産技術硏究所論文集 Vol.55 No.-

본 연구에서는 ZnTPP와 MgTPP를 도우핑한 폴리이미드의 과악적 성질을 UV spectrum과 emission spectrum을 이용하여 조사하였다. Tetraphenylporphyrin-zinc (ZnTPP)와 Tetraphenyl-porphyrin-magnesium (MgTPP)는 전하이동현상을 보였다. 폴리이미드와 폴피린관련 자외흡수피크에서 red-shift를 관찰할 수 있었다. 이는 폴리이미드의 이미드와 폴피린에 포함된 금속 물질과의 전하이동착체의 형성때문으로 설명할 수 있다. In this research, we fabricated metalloporphyrin doped polymides(PI) and characterized them with ultraviolet spectrophotometer and emission spectrophotometer. Tetraphenylporphyrin-zinc-doped and Tetraphenylporphyrin-magnesium-doped PIs showed charge transfer phenomena. Red-shift was obseved in polyimide and porphyrin related bands at the same time. This phenomena can be explained that charge transfer complex(CTC) formed between imide group of PI and metal in the porphyrin.

갑상선 기능저하성 근육병

장대국 ( Dae Kook Chang ),김태환 ( Tae Hwan Kim ),정성수 ( Sung Soo Jung ),이인홍 ( In Hong Lee ),배상철 ( Sang Cheol Bae ),유대현 ( Dae Hyun Yoo ),김성윤 ( Seong Yoon Kim ),오영배 ( Young Bae Oh ),전재범 ( Jae Bum Jun ),고희관 ( 대한류마티스학회 1999 대한류마티스학회지 Vol.6 No.1

Hypothyroidism may be accompanied by different rheumatic syndromes such as neuropathy, arthropathy and myopathy. Severe myopathy with high elevations of creatine kinase (CK) is rarely seen in hypothyroidism. Authors experinced a case of myopathy with hypothyroidism, similar to rheumatoid arthritis or polymyositis-like syndrome. We have treated with thyroid hormone replacement (Levothyroxine sodium 100ug/day) for 10 months. The initial serology resulted in: free T4 0.51ng/dl, TSH 110uIU/ml, LDH 465 units, and CK 4385 units. After treatment, we gained free T4 1.60ng/dl, TSH 0.14uIU/ml, LDH 110 units, and CK 80 units and musculoskeletal symptoms are much improved. We report this patient with a review of literatures.

Creep Property and Correlation of Diffusion-Welded Alloy 800H Tubes for Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers and Steam Generators

Dong‑Ha Kim,Sunghwan Yeo,Jun‑Hwan Kim,In‑Jin Sah,Jong‑Bae Hwang,Sang‑ji Kim,Young‑Kook Lee 대한금속·재료학회 2023 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.29 No.10

Thermal creep tests were conducted on diffusion-welded Alloy 800H tubes at 700 °C under various hoop stresses between 70 and 140 MPa using an in-situ creep measurement system. The tube-type creep specimens obtained from diffusion-welded Alloy 800H plates at 1150 °C and 10 MPa for 2 h achieved a uniform thickness with only 1.8% variation. The primary and secondary creep regimes were clear in the stain curves, while tertiary creep and subsequent material rupture were not observed due to the premature leakage of Ar gas at the interface of diffusion welding. The acquired creep strain data do not match well with the reference creep data of the Alloy 800H, which requires further work to explain the whole details. In such a context, a modified Garofalo correlation was used to fit the acquired creep data resulting in the meaningful parameters for primary creep strain and secondary creep rate. The Ar gas leakage at the interface of diffusion welding was confirmed by leakage test and microstructure investigations. The current study points to the requirement for a better diffusion welding process for Alloy 800H for use in printed circuit heat exchangers and steam generators.

딕카이트로부터 스멕타이트의 수열합성

류경원,장영남,배인국,채수천,최상훈 한국광물학회 2004 광물과 암석 (J.Miner.Soc.Korea) Vol.17 No.3

딕카이트[Al₂Si₂O_(5).(OH)₄]를 출발물질로 사용하여 이팔면체형 스멕타이트를 수열합성하였다. 시료를 활성화시키기 위해 Na₂O 성분을 첨가하고 800℃에서 4시간 열처리하였다. 합성실험을 Na-0.7 바이델라이트의 화학반응식에 의한 화학양론적 조성에 따라 SiO₂성분을 첨가하였으며 300℃, 70 ㎏f/㎠ 이하의 조건에서 온도, 압력, 시간 등을 변화시키면서 실험을 수행하였다. 합성실험을 위해 약 1리터 용량의 밀폐형 강철재 압력용기를 사용하였다. 스멕타이트를 합성할 수 있는 최적 조건은 반응온도 290℃, 반응시간 48시간, pH 10 및 60 ㎏f/㎠ 의 압력조건인 것으로 확인되었다. 온도, 압력조건 외에 원료물질의 활성화, 반응시간, 반응용액의 초기 pH 등은 결정도에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인으로 작용하였다. 합성결과물에 대한 X-선 회절분석, 에틸렌글리콜 처리, 'Greene-Kelly' 측정법 등의 실험결과, 합성된 스멕타이트는 Na-바이델라이트임이 확인되었다. A hydrothermal process was used to synthesize dioctahedral smectite from dickite [Al₂Si₂O_(5).(OH)₄]. Dickite was previously activated by heating at 800℃ for 4 hours with Na₂CO₃. After the heat-treatment, Sift was added for stoichiometrv. The autoclaving was carried out in closed stainless steel vessel (about 1 liter) at the condition of various temperature, pressure, time etc. High quality smectite could be obtaind by heating at 290℃ under the pressure of 60 ㎏f/㎠ for 48 hours. This experiment reveals that pH of the solution was an important factor and should be maintained at 10 to 11 for the formation of dioctahedral smectite. Be synthesized smectite was identified as Na-beidellite by the treatment of ethylene glycol and Greene-Kelly test.

소각재 용융슬래그를 이용한 제올라이트 Na-A의 합성

장영남,채수천,배인국,류경원 한국광물학회 2005 광물과 암석 (J.Miner.Soc.Korea) Vol.18 No.1

소각재 용융슬래그를 출발물질로 하여 알카리 조건하에서 활성화시킴으로써 Na-A형 제올라이트를 합성하였다. 합성실험은 스텐레스 철재로 제작된 반응용기를 사용하였다. 출발물질은 슬래그 외에 수정인공합성 공장에서 배출되는 '규산질 수용액'과 NaA1O₂수용액을 사용하였는데, 전자의 화학조성은 SiO₂5.7 wt% Na₂O 3.2 wt%이고, 후자는 몰비가 Na₂O/A1₂O₃= 1.2와 H₂O/Na₂O=9의 조건으로 알루미늄 드로스와 NaOH 수용액을 반응시켜 제조하였다. 위에서 언급된 슬래그, '규산질 수용액' 그리고 NaAlO₂ 수용액을 혼합시킨 혼성물을 약 80℃에서 7~8시간 반응시키면 Na-A형 제올라이트가 단일상으로 합성되었다. 출발물질의 이상적인 혼합비율은 Na₂O : Al₂O₃: SiO₂의 물비가 1.3~l.4 : 0.8~0.9 : 2이었으며 반응용액과 슬래그의 비율은 1 : 7~10 (g/㏄)이었다. 합성된 제올라이트의 형태는 균일한 입방형이었으며 입도는 약 1 ㎛이었다. 한편, Ca^(²+)이온에 대한 이온교환 용량(CEC)은 180~210 meq/100 g이었으므로 통용되는 세제용 제올라이트와 비교하면 약 80% 수준이었으므로 폐수처리나 오염된 중금속처리와 같은 환경처리용으로 사용될 수 있을 것이다. Na-A zeolite were synthesized from melting slag of the incinerated ash by the alkaline activation processes. The experiments were performed in stainless steel vessels, with continuous stirring during the reaction periods. The silica-rich solution, a starting material, which was the waste of crystal growth factory, contains 5.7 wt% SiO₂ and 3.2 wt% Na₂O And NaAlO₂was made by the reaction of aluminium dross and NaOH solution and its molar ratios were Na₂O/ Al₂O₃ = 1.2 and H₂O/Na₂O=9. During the residence time of 7~ 8 h at 80℃, the mixing of the silica-rich solution, NaAlO₂and melting slag yields the production of homogeneous Na-A zeolite. The optimal reactant composition in molar ratio of Na_₂O : Al₂O₃: SiO₂was 1.3~l.4 : 0.8~0.9 : 2 and mixing ratio of solution and slag was 1/7~10 (g/㏄). Synthesized Na-A zeolite has cubic form uniformly and its size ranges about 1㎛. Ca^(²+) ion exchange capacity of the Na-A was about 180~210 meq/100 g, corresponding approximately 80% to the commercial detergent builder.

靑色 사파이어의 熱處理와 分光學的 特性

나경주,김원사,김문영,배인국,장영남 충남대학교 기초과학연구소 1994 연구논문집 Vol.14 No.-

For the blue sapphires from Santung, China, the color change before and after has been investigated by UV-Visible spectrophotometry method. The blue sapphires from Shantung show four groups of absorption bands: the bands A (374, 386 and 450 ㎚) being attributed to single Fe^3+ ion, the band B (560, 579 and 704 ㎚) to Fe^2+/Ti^4+ pairs, the band C (∼800 ㎚) to Fe^2+/Fe^3+ pairs, and the D (528 ㎚) to Ti^3+ dd transitions. From those UV-VIS characteristics the origin of blue color of the sapphires is confirmed to be attributed by the factors such as Fe^2+/Fe^3+ and Ti^3+/Ti^4+. The absorption spectra of natural blue sapphires before and after heat treatment show distintive features, comparing with those of sapphires from other localities: the bands of 689 ㎚ and of Cr^3+ are not recorded on the spectra of sapphires from Shantung. The band (492 ㎚), which resulted from Ti^3+, is not shown and the intensity of the band 528 ㎚ decreases after the heat treatment. Decoloration of ink-blue sapphires are found to be successful by heat treatment with the control of annealing and atmosphere. During the diffusion process the excess components of impurities contained originally in the host crystal were expelled to the surface of crystals, enhancing the transparency of the crystals noticeably.

한국인 정상성인의 하악골 형태에 관한 연구

차인호(In Ho Cha),이충국(Choong Kook Yi),배정수(Jung Soo Bae) 대한구강악안면외과학회 1991 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.17 No.3

Over the 200 years ago, Hunter(1771) recognized that mandibular bone actually grows in a predominantly upward and backward direction toward the base of the skull. Charles(1925) has described the importance of the condyle in the mandibular growth. Most authors agree that the mandibular growth occur predominantly at the condyle(Brodie, 1941, Björk, 1955, Sarnart & Robinson, 1956). But recent theoretical and experimental studies have fundamentally altered our understanding the growth process of the mandible. In opposition to the condyle as a primary site of mandibular growth, Moss (1960, 1968) postulated the functional matrix hypothesis that the mandible is composed of various funtional components, including an alveolar portion, the coronoid process, the gonial region, the condyle area, and corpus portion. Growth of the mandible is the sum of growth of all of its functioal component which has independent growth. He proposed that the relation of funtional components has an invariable ratio. A similar conclusion reached by Precious & Delaire(1987). The aim of this study is to observe the ratio and correlation between the functional components of the mandible in Korean normal adults on the basis of the Moss and Delaire s hypothesis. The author selected 57 females and 60 males who have normal faces in Korean adults. Using the Panoramic X-ray, the author measured the length the condyle, coronoid process, angle portion, corpus portion from lingular and ramal height. The result as follows ; 1. There were significant invariable ratio and correlation between the ratio of length of condyle, coronoid and corpus portion. 2. In both sexes, the absolute length of ramus, condyle, coronoid, angular and corpus were significantly difference. 3. There were correlation in the length of each counterpart between right and left side. 4. The ratio between the length of condyle and coronoid was 1.2302±0.110 in the female group and 1.2277±0.120 in the male group. The ratio between the length of condyle and corpus was 0.5233±0.047 in the female group and 0.5266±0.043 in the male group. The ratio betwen the length of coronoid and corpus was 0.4282±0.044 in the female group and 0.4313±0.039 in the male group.