홧병 경험군과 홧병 비경험군간의 홧병의 질병개념에 대한 비교연구

홍진표,김창윤,이창화,김성윤,박인호,이철,한오수 울산대학교 의과대학 1995 울산의대학술지 Vol.4 No.2

Objective The concept of Hwa-byung in terms of illness entity remains vague. In order to clarify such illness entity, this study was conducted to find out differences and similarities in subjects who experienced Hwa-byung and those who did not experienced Hwa-byung from a wide distribution within the general population. Method (1) Test Material The questionnaires were made up with reference to previously published articles on Hwa-byung, to SCL-90-R and to diagnostic criteria of DSM-Ⅲ-R. The questionnaires included the subject's demographic variables, their awareness of Hwa-byung, their experience of Hwa-byung, and also their opinions about its possible causes, precipitating factors, symptomatology, effective treatment modalities, course and prognosis of Hwa-byung. Such questionnaires were given to 50 subjects, all of whom are psychiatric out-patients at Asan Medical Center, for determining its validity and reliability before selecting 27 questionnaires. (2) Subject Subjects were recruited from among patients and their family members who visited the out-patient clinics of seven different departments at Asan Medical Center in Seoul a large metropolis (N=334), the out-patient clinics of seven different departments of Hae Sung General Hospital in the industrial city of Ulsan, Korea (N=299) and the seven branches of the public health center of Yeonchun county, Korea (N=262), a rural area. From these 895 subjects, 67 subjects who don't know about Hwa-byung and 34 subjects who didn't answered to the question on experience were eliminated from study subjects. The final number of study subjects was 794. (3) Methods of analysis The subjects were divided into the Hwa-byung experienced group and the Hwa-byung inexperienced group. The demographic data and the concepts of Hwa-byung were statistically analyzed by the student t-test or the chi-sq test. Results and Discussion The mean age of the Hwa-byung experienced group is significantly higher than that of the Hwa-byung inexperienced group. MOre women experienced Hwa-byung than men and lesser educated subjects experienced significantly more Hwa-byung. The place of residence, the place of upbringing and socioeconomic status have no significant difference statistically between the two groups. Both groups considered the primary cause of Hwa-byung as being psychological origin. However in the Hwa-byung experienced group, more subjects considered that the supernatural factor was the primary cause of Hwa-byung. One of the primary precipitating events causing Hwa-byung in both groups is conflict in interpersonal relationships ; however, the Hwa-byung inexperienced group exhibited more experiences in the realm of economical losses such as "failure of business" or "loss of capital" as precipitating factors causing Hwa-byung. Both groups consider that the symptoms of Hwa-byung are a combination of multiple physical and mental symptoms. With particular respect to in mental symptoms, such as depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and hostility are thought to be prominent features. As effective treatment modalities, subjects in both groups consider that both himself and his family members should make effort to resolve intrafamilial conflicts. But in contrast with the Hwa-byung inexperienced group, the Hwa-byung experienced group requires more concrete and more attention-giving modalities as important treatment strategies. The Hwa-byung experienced group considers its prognosis more grave than the Hwa-byung inexperienced group.

The Effect of Parental Imprinting on the INS - IGF2 Locus of Korean Type I Diabetic Patients

(Heung Sik Kim),(Dong Wook Lee),(Sang Jun Lee),(Bo Hwa Choi),(Sung Ik Chang),(Hyun Dae Yoon),(In Kyu Lee) 대한내과학회 2001 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.16 No.4

N/A Background: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is caused by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Susceptibility to IDDM appears to depend on more than one genetic locus. Evidence of a genetic linkage for IDDM2 was found in male meioses from French and North American populations. It is linked to maternal imprinting (i.e. monoalleleic expression of the insulin gene) that is considered the most likely cause of these gender-related differences. IGF2 is expressed only in the paternal allele and therefore, is considered a candidate gene for IDDM2 transmission because of its important autocrine/paracrine effects on the thymus, lymphocytes and pancreas. Nevertheless, it remains controversial whether the parental origin of IDDM2 influences IDDM susceptibility. Methods: Using PCR and semi-quantitative RT-PCR, we analyzed the INS/PstI+1127 and IGF2/ApaIpolymorphisms and RNA expression level between PstI (+/-) and PstI (+/+) to determine genotype and allele-specific expression of the INS and IGF2 genes. Results : INS/PstI(+/+) and IGF2/ApaI(+/-) were observed in 36 (97.3%) of 37 IDDM patients and in 29 (72.5%) of 40 IDDM patients, respectively. The presence of both IGF2 alleles in RNA was observed in 21 (91.6%) of 24 IDDM patients. Our results show a 3-fold increase in RNA expression from PstI (+/-) allele over PstI (+/+) allele. Conclusion: Our conclusion does not entirely exclude IGF2 as the gene involved in IDDM2, even though the parental effect of IDDM2 transmission is not related to IGF2 maternal imprinting. The INS genotype appeared mostly in the PstI (+/+) homozygote and, therefore, we could not explain the INS imprinting pattern in Korean type 1 diabetic patients. Genetic differences between populations may account for the discrepancy between Korean type I diabetic patients and American or French type I diabetic patients.

A Novel Analysis of <tex> ${L}_{\text{gd}}$</tex> Dependent-1/ <tex> ${f}$</tex> Noise in In_0.08Al_0.92N/GaN

Seo, Jae Hwa,Yoon, Young Jun,Son, Dong-Hyeok,Kim, Jeong-Gil,Lee, Jong-Ho,Lee, Jung-Hee,Im, Ki-Sik,Kang, In Man IEEE 2018 IEEE electron device letters Vol.39 No.10

<P>In<SUB>0.08</SUB>Al<SUB>0.92</SUB>N/GaN fin-type high-electron mobility transistors (fin-HEMTs) with different gate-to-drain lengths ( <TEX>${L} _{\text {gd}}$</TEX>) are fabricated and characterized by dc and low-frequency noise (LFN) measurements. The fabricated device with the largest <TEX>${L} _{\text {gd}}$</TEX> exhibits the degradation of the maximum drain current and transconductance with a positive shift of the threshold voltage. LFN measurements of the In<SUB>0.08</SUB>Al<SUB>0.92</SUB>N/GaN fin-HEMTs reveal clear 1/ <TEX>${f}$</TEX> behavior of the noise spectra, and the minimum value is observed in the device at <TEX>${L} _{\text {gd}} = {20}\,\,\mu \text{m}$</TEX>. The devices with smaller <TEX>${L} _{\text {gd}}$</TEX> follow a carrier number fluctuation noise model owing to electron trapping/detrapping into the In<SUB>0.08</SUB>Al<SUB>0.92</SUB>N barrier layer from the 2-D electron gas (2DEG) channel. In contrast, the device with the largest <TEX>${L} _{\text {gd}}$</TEX> shows correlated mobility fluctuations due to the large 2DEG mobility fluctuations in the large access area.</P>

대구광역시 주민의 모발에 함유된 중금속에 관한 연구

이인화 한국위생과학회 2002 한국위생과학회지 Vol.8 No.2

중금속의 인체 축적에 관한 기초자료를 제공하고자 대구광역시에 거주하고 있는 남, 여 97명을 대상으로 성과 연령에 따라 모발 중에 함유된 카드뮴, 납, 구리 및 아연의 함량을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 모발 중의 카드뮴의 함량은 남성 0.57 ㎍/g, 여성 0.56 ㎍/g로 거의 비슷하였으며, 남녀평균 함량은 0.56 ㎍/g이었다. 납의 함량은 남성 3.14 ㎍/g, 여성 2.39 ㎍/g로 남성의 모발에서 다소 높게 나타났다. 남녀평균 함량은 2.91 ㎍/g이었다. 구리의 함량은 남성 11.12 ㎍/g, 여성 17.22 ㎍/g로 여성의 모발에서 다소 높게 나타났으며, 남녀평균 함량은 13.82 ㎍/g이었다. 아연의 함량은 남성 51.67 ㎍/g, 여성 56.65 ㎍/g로 거의 비슷하였으며, 남녀평균 함량은 53.88 ㎍/g이었다. 카드뮴의 연령별 평균 함량은 19세 이하에서 0.09 ㎍/g, 20~39세에서 0.45 ㎍/g, 40세 이상에서 0.98 ㎍/g로 나타나 연령이 높아짐에 따라 모발 중에 함유된 카드뮴이 많음을 알 수 있으며, 그리고 남녀의 차이는 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 납의 연령별 평균 함량은 19세 이하에서 3.51 ㎍/g, 20~39세에서 2.80 ㎍/g, 40세 이상에서 2.46 ㎍/g로 나타나 연령이 높아짐에 따라 오히려 모발 중에 납의 함량이 적었다. 구리의 연령별 평균 함량은 19세 이하에서 8.13 ㎍/g, 20~39세에서 16.40 ㎍/g, 40세 이상에서 16.96 ㎍/g로 연령이 높아짐에 따라 모발의 구리 흡수량이 많았으며, 남녀의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 아연의 연령별 평균 함량은 19세 이하에서 47.24 ㎍/g, 20~39세에서 58.87 ㎍/g, 40세 이상에서 51.53 ㎍/g로 나타났으며, 연령과 남녀의 차이는 크게 나타나지 않았다. 카드뮴, 납, 아연의 흡수에 있어서 남·녀 성은 유의한 차이를 보여주지 않았지만 구리의 경우에는 5 % 수준에서 유의한 차이를 보여 모발에서 구리의 흡수만이 남녀간 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. This study was conducted to provide the basic information for biological accumulation of heavy metals in human body. Hair samples of 97 residents(54 males, 43 females) in Daegu city were collected, and the contents of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in hairs were investigated by sex and age. The mean concentrations of cadmium in hair of males and females were 0.57 ㎍/g and 0.56 ㎍/g respectively, and those of lead in hair of males and females were 3.14 ㎍/g and 2.39 ㎍/g respectively, and those of copper in hair if males and females were 11.12 ㎍/g and 17.22 ㎍/g respectively. The mean concentrations of cadmium in hair of residents aged under 19 years, those aged 20 to 39 years and those aged over 40 years were 0.09 ㎍/g, 0.45 ㎍/g and 0.98 ㎍/g respectively. The mean concentrations of lead in hair of residents aged under 19 years, those aged 20 to 39 years and those aged over 40 years were 3.51 ㎍/g, 2.80 ㎍/g and 2.46 ㎍/g respectively. The mean concentrations of copper on hair of residents aged under 19 years, those aged 20 to 39 years and those aged over 40 years were 8.13 ㎍/g, 16.40 ㎍/g and 16.96 ㎍/g respectively. The mean concentrations of zinc in hair of residents aged under 19 years, those aged 20 to 39 years and those aged over 40 years were 47.24 ㎍/g, 58.87 ㎍/g and 51.53 ㎍/g respectively. The differences between male and female on the biological accumulation of cadmium, lead and zinc in human hair were not significant judging from t-test analyzing, but those between male and female on the copper accumulation was significant at 5 % level.

일본직물의 문양에 관한 고찰

이화영,최인려,남윤자 慶熙大學校 1998 論文集 Vol.27 No.-

This treatiese is to provide basic data to contribute to development of our textiles industry by introducing the representing textiles of each times under the studying scope from the ancient times to the Japanese textiles which is culturally neighboring country upon recognition of imporance of the material in fashion. The chronological changes and characteristic style of Japanese textiles are as follows : 1. The origin of textiles in Japan was about 300 years B.C. When the tillage culture was about to begin and the yarn in Jomon(繩文 時代) period was coarse enough which used of bark tress and the faber in Yayoi period(彌生 時代) plan textiles made by cotton fiber now on exhibition. 2. In Aska period(飛鳥 時代) as it was origin of the Japanese art and there were consecutive grid flory pattern, tortoise skin & flower pattern, lion & phoenix pattern's Dokganggeum(獨江錦) 3. In Nare period(奈良 時代) which was golden age in the Japanese history the silk fabric was especially developed and Chinese grass pattern(唐草 文樣) under-tree animal pattern(樹下動物 文樣) and woonkan pattern(量澗 文樣) were the main stream therof. The "lion-tooth pattern silk with speckles"(獅子 齒文 長班錦) of the Seiso-In Hall. 4. In Heian period(平安 時代) the diplomacy with the continent was lessened and the Japanese own culture was formed and the ceremorial costume which emphasized style and color and beauty Some krido of Brocades in Nara period for weaving patterns were "tiger pattern silk under tea tree" of the Seiso-In Hall.

청소년들의 승패에 관한 지각

이인화 한국스포츠심리학회 2003 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.14 No.1

이 연구의 목적은 한국과 미국 청소년들이 학교와 스포츠상황에서 성공과 실패를 정의하느데 있어서 서로 다른지를 알아보기 위한 것이다. 두 단계 절차가 사용되었는데 1단계에서는 두 문화에서 추출된 청소년들이 성공과 실패의 요소들을 기입하도록 개방형 질문지가 사용되었다. 1단계의 결과들은 문화간 뿐만 아니라 각 문화 안에서 성별차이가 있는지를 평가하기 위해서 2단계에서 사용되었다. 질문지에 관한 응답들은 각 문화와 성취상황에서 요인분석을 통해 분석되었다. 게다가 일원 다변량 절차들이 각 요인들에 대해서 성별차이를 알아보기 위해서 쓰였다. 그 결과들은 학교와 스포츠상황에서 지각된 성공과 실패에 있어서 각 문화 안에서 그리고 문화간의 남녀차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 성공과 실패를 정의하는데 있어서 이러한 성별, 문화적 차이들은 사회와와 교육, 그리고 가치들의 영향일 것이다. The purpose of this study was to determine if Korean and American adolescents differed in terms of defining their success and failure within school and sports contexts. A two step procedure was used in this study. In Phase 1, an open-ended questionnaire was used to ask the adolescents from the two cultures to provide components of success and failure in school and sports. The results of Phase 1 were used in Phase 2 to assess sex differences within each culture as well as cross-cultural differences. Responses to the questionnaire were analyzed using factor analyses for cultural differences. In addition, one-way MANOVA procedures were employed to determine gender differences on each factor. The results revealed that there were gender differences within each culture and cross-cultural differences in perceptions of success and failure in school and sports. These gender and cultural differences in defining success and failure were explained as resulting from cultural factors such as socialization, education and value orientations. The present study partially supported Maehr and Nicholls' notion of achievement motivation.

중국의 보건의료제도 고찰

이홍자,이화인 경인여자대학 1998 경인논집 Vol.- No.7

This study has attempted to know the health care system in post - Mao China. The model developed by the World Health organization was used as the criteria of the analysis in health care system of China. China is a typical country with the socialized health care system before 1976. Before 1976, the health care system of China is entirely under the control of public sector. This study presents the major changes in the health care system of China including decentralization of the public health care system, development of multiple health care providers, increased competition among these providers, and the chosing the health care by the patients. These changes in and around clinics of the Chinese health care system took place between 1976 and 1995. The health care system is inseparable from the social, political and economic development. There is a big economical differences between the rich and the poor. Chinese health care system is influenced by free market system in private sector, and managed by central and country government in public sector. The patients pay the medical fee by fee-for-service in private sector. So it is too difficult to see a doctor for the poor in private clinics. This study is based upon the statistical reports and the literatures.

수술실 손 소독제의 종류에 따른 균주 수의 변화

홍성윤,김정민,김소영,이수정,오은실,양서인,김화실,김남초 병원간호사회 2006 임상간호연구 Vol.11 No.2

Purpose: The present study purposed to compare the hand washing effect of 7.5% powidone-iodine, which is used in the operation room of C university hospital in Seoul, with that of Ethyl alcohol-CHG mixture recommended by the US Association of Operating Room Nurses (2002) and to adopt a more effective hand disinfectant. Method: In a quasi-experimental design, 48 medical staff who participated in operations during the period from November 2004 to February 2005 had hand washing using the two kinds of hand disinfectants: 7.5% povidone-iodine and the ethyl alcohol-CHG mixture. Their palms were swabbed and cultured just after hand washing and again after taking dff sterile gloves after the operation. The number of colonies from the two occasions were counted and compared. Result: The number of general bacillus increased significantly in the group using 7.5% povidone-iodine compared to that in the group using the ethyl alcohol-CHG mixture. The number of general bacillus increased signficantly in doctors compared to that in nurses. The factors affecting the increase of the number of general bacillus were disinfectants and medical personnel. The number of general bacillus was expected to increase 9.41 times with 7.5% povidone-iodine than with the ethyl alcohol-CHG mixture and 14.87 times in doctors than in nurses. Conclusion: This study shows that the ethyl alcogol-CHG mixture has a stronger hand disinfection effect than 7.5% povidone iodine. Thus we need to change the hand disinfectant used in operating rooms as soon as possible in order to minimize the infection of wounds resulting from operations.

전통마을에서 민속신앙물들의 공간분포

이인화(In Hwa Lee) 한국사진지리학회 2001 한국사진지리학회지 Vol.11 No.1

This research aims for understanding the spatial distribution of folk belief in a traditional village by analyzing its vertical and horizontal distribution and characteristics in there. 1. The more exposed to the outside the village is, the more extensively distributed folk belief is. It has been realized that the village was protected by distributing folk belief everywhere in the village where disaster could break into. Thus, Kooksoo-Dang is a heaven god located at the highest hill of the village, and Sansin-Dong, a mountain god placed at the ridges of the half way up on the hill. Suhnang-Dang is placed for the safety of merchant routes at the foor of valleys, or at the entrance of the village, or at the foothill and Jangseung is located for the safeguard of the village at the fromtline of the entrance of the village. Poongoe-dang is the shrine to pray for the abundance of fish and the safety of seaways located at a port. Hobgobblins appeare mainly at dingy and damp areas such as puddles, streams, seaside, banks, empty or abandoned houses or old housing sites, aged trees, etc. Dook-je (Bank Sacrifice) was offered at streams, reservoirs, coastal leeves where banks were prone to break down. Chambong-je is the sacrifice offered at a small channel on the shore of an inlet at the time of catching fish using the difference of the rise and fall of the tide. 2. Family faith was kept for security and peace of families by placing articles of belief at several places inside the house centering on Sujgjusion. Sungju is the most senior god of the family located under the ridge beam of the main floored room. Tuhju taken care of the housing site,, repels evil fortune of the family and invokes a blessing of wealth and is located at the terrace where soy sauce crocks ate placed. Chowang is a god responsible for raising children and reporting family affairs to the Heaven, located on the top of the kitchen range. Chosangsin looks after their descendants, located on the floor away from the fireplace. Upsin takes charge of family wealth and is located in the cellar. Chulyoongsin is in charge of health of family members looking after soy sauce and bean paste and is located at the terrace of soy sauce crocks. Umasin helps multipling cows and horses and is located at the stable. Sumoonsin keeps evil fortune from coming in. Samsion is a god that allows a baby to be conceived and is located on the floor nearest the fireplace. Chksin takes away evil spirits located at the toilet. Jungsin makes the well not run dry and is located at the spring. 3. In Dangjin Cornty, Sansin-je, Poongoe-je were offered most often. Kiwoo-je was offered at the altar covering several villages. Besides, articles of belief individually offerd are found to be distributed for praying for peace and security in every nook and corner of the village.

기아시 버들치 Rhynchocypris oxycephalus(Sauvage and Dabry)의 일부 영양조건에서의 효과 : 2. 체 절단면 계측형질의 변화 2. Characteristics of the Morphometric Changes in the Sectioned Body

박인석,임재현,정창화,노재구,김윤해,이영호 한국어류학회 2002 韓國魚類學會誌 Vol.14 No.1

버들치 Rhynchocypris oxycephalus(Sauvage and Dabry) 기아시의 영양 상태 평가를 위하여 비만도, 내장괴지수, dreessing 비를 비롯한 체 횡단 절단면에서의 형태적 변화를 조사였다. 9주간의 기아시 비만도, 내장괴지수 및 대부분의 체 횡단 절단면 계측 형질들에서의 감소를 보였다(P<0.05). 본 연구 결과, 실험에 적용된 영양성 parameter는 본 종의 영양 상태 파악에 유용한 지표임을 시사한다. 연구 결과를 자세히 해석하여, 버들치에서의 주요 체 절단 형질의 산업성을 논의하였다. The effects of starvation on the morphometrical changes in sectioned body traits, condition factor, viscera index and dressing percentage were determined for evaluating nutritional conditions of Rhynchocypris oxycephalus(Sauvage and Dabry). Starvation for nine weeks resulted in a decrease in most sectioned traits as well as in condition factor and viscera index(P<0.05). These findings suggest that nutritional parameters used in this study appear to be a useful index for nutritional status in this species. The data has been interpreted in detail and some important body sectioned values of interest to commercial growers discussed.