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이화영,Hur Jung,Kang Ji Young,Rhee Chin Kook,이숙영 대한천식알레르기학회 2021 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.13 No.2
Purpose: MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) influences the Th2 immune pathway by suppressing the expressions of interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN)-γ. The effects of miR-21 suppression on alveolar macrophage polarization and airway inflammation are not known. Methods: BALB/c and miR-21 knockout (KO) mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). The anti-miR-21 antagomir was administered to BALB/c mice by intranasal inhalation from the day of OVA sensitization. Changes in cell counts, cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) were examined. Total, M1, and M2 macrophages were examined in the lung tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC). M2 macrophages from the OVA mice lung were inhaled into the anti-miR-21 antagomir-treated asthmatic mice. Moreover, the polarization of M0 to M2 macrophages upon IL-4 stimulation was analyzed after anti-miR-21 antagomir transfection. Results: The miR-21 KO mice showed decreases in AHR, total cell and eosinophil counts in BALF, and in the levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13. Expression of IL-12 and IFN-γ were increased in the miR-21 KO mice. Peribronchial inflammation and goblet cell dysplasia were significantly decreased in the lung tissues of miR-21 KO OVA mice compared to the wild type OVA mice. IHC for M1, M2, and total macrophage in the lung tissues showed that miR-21 inhalation suppressed alveolar M2 macrophages in KO mice. M2 macrophage inhalation restored AHR and eosinophilic airway inflammation in the miR-21 antagomir-treated mice. Moreover, anti-miR-21 antagomir transfection decreased the expression of M2 markers and increased the expression of M1 markers in M0 macrophages after IL-4 stimulation. Conclusions: The results suggest that miR-21 antagonism could suppress alveolar M2 macrophage polarization, decreasing not only the Th2 eosinophilic airway inflammation but also AHR and airway remodeling process.
γ-Alumina에 의한 수용액으로부터 구리이온의 흡착특성에 관한 연구
이화영,김성규,오종기 한국자원공학회 2002 한국자원공학회지 Vol.39 No.4
Adsorption characteristics of cupric ion from aqueous solutions have been examined with an inorganic adsorbent, g-alumina. BET surface area, pore volume and mean pore diameter of g-alumina used in the work were 142.7m2/gr, 0.965ml/gr and 216.7, respectively and the effect of cations and anions, ionic strength and pH on the adsorption of cupric ion were tested. Among Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, the interference of K+ with the adsorption of cupric ion was not significant while that of the others was found to be nearly identical and the increase of ionic strength resulted in the decrease of adsorption of cupric ion. Adsorption isotherm of cupric ion was in good agreement with the Freundlich equation, which meant that the adsorption of cupric ion was predominated by physisorption. The adsorption of sulfate ion was found to be about 1.5 times that of cupric ion when sulfate ion was employed as anion in aqueous solution. Accordingly, the anion as well as the cation in a solution was believed to play an important role in the adsorption of cupric ion on g-alumina. g-alumina에 의한 수용액 중의 구리흡착 특성을 조사하였다. 흡착제로 사용한 g-alumina 는 BET 표면적 142.7m2/gr, 기공부피 0.965ml/gr, 평균기공크기 216.7Å의 미분체형이었으며, 양이온 및 음 이온 종류, 이온강도, pH 등이 구리흡착에 미치는 영향을 관찰한 결과 양이온 가운데 K+ 이온의 구리흡착 방 해정도가 가장 낮았다. 또한, Na+, Ca2+ 및 Mg2+에 의한 구리흡착 방해정도는 거의 유사하였으며, 이온강도가 증가할수록 구리 흡착량은 감소하였다. 구리이온의 흡착등온곡선은 Freundlich Isotherm에 잘 일치하는 것으로 나타나 g-alumina에 의한 수용액 중의 구리흡착이 주로 물리흡착에 의해 지배를 받는 것으로 나타났다. 음이 온이 황산이온인 경우에 있어서 구리이온 보다는 황산이온의 흡착량이 당량비로 1.5배 이상 높아 구리 흡착 시 음이온의 영향이 매우 큰 것으로 나타났다.
Effects of tianeptine on symptoms of fibromyalgia via BDNF signaling in a fibromyalgia animal model
이화영,임지현,원한솔,남우영,김영옥,이상원,이상현,조익현,김형기,권준택,김학재 대한약리학회 2017 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.21 No.4
Previous reports have suggested that physical and psychological stresses may trigger fibromyalgia (FM). Stress is an important risk factor in the development of depression and memory impairments. Antidepressants have been used to prevent stress-induced abnormal pain sensation. Among various antidepressants, tianeptine has been reported to be able to prevent neurodegeneration due to chronic stress and reverse decreases in hippocampal volume. To assess the possible effect of tianeptine on FM symptoms, we constructed a FM animal model induced by restraint stress with intermittent cold stress. All mice underwent nociceptive assays using electronic von Frey anesthesiometer and Hargreaves equipment. To assess the relationship between tianeptine and expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB), western blotting and immunohistochemistry analyses were performed. In behavioral analysis, nociception tests showed that pain threshold was significantly decreased in the FM group compared to that in the control group. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus showed downregulation of BDNF and p-CREB proteins in the FM group compared to the control group. However, tianeptine recovered these changes in behavioral tests and protein level. Therefore, this FM animal model might be useful for investigating mechanisms linking BDNFCREB pathway and pain. Our results suggest that tianeptine might potentially have therapeutic efficacy for FM.
이화영 한국독일어교육학회 2020 외국어로서의 독일어 Vol.46 No.-
Es handelt sich bei dieser Arbeit darum, das sanfte Gesetz von Adalbert Stifter aufzugreifen und auf der Basis der textlichen Ordnung die Erzählung ‘Granit’zu analysieren. Zunächst weist das Werk eine markante Struktur auf, welche als textumfassendes Ordnugnssystem aufgefasst werden muss. Der Titel des Textes, ‘Granit’, hat die Funktion, in den inneren Rahmen, das Kindheitserlebnis des Erzählers darzustellen. Am Ende der Geschichte hat der Granit die Funktion, den Leser die äußere Rahmenhandlung zurück zu führen. Das Werk ‘Granit’beginnt mit dem Ereignis, das alle weiteren Geschennisse tiefgreifend hervorruft. Der Erzähler lässt sich als kleiner Junge die Füße von einem Pechbrenner mit Wagenschmiere bestreichen und betritt so das frisch gereinigtes Haus,um sich seiner Mutter zu zeigen. Seine Mutter zeigt sich geärgert angesichts des verschmutzen Bodens und des beschmierten Kindes, trägt ihren Sohn vor das Haus und bestraft ihn. Einerseits beobachtet man in dieser Situation die Zerstörung der häuslichen Ordnung durch den Jungen. Der Reinigungsprozess des Jungen scheint auch eine kathartische Wirkung für dessen Seele zu haben. Der Prozess der Ordnungsrestauration in der Familie wird durch einen Spaziergagng des Erzählers mit dem Großvater fortsetzt. Der Spaziergang wird als Initiation in die Welt der Erwachsenen betrachtet. Beim Spaziergang erwirbt der Junge kulturelles und historischen Wissen, das ihm die Orientierung in der Gesellschaft ermöglicht. Alle Strukturen des Werkes von Stifter sind von Anzeichen einer geschichtlichen Ordnung bestimmt, was durch die allgegenwärtige Thematisierung der Begriffe ‘Erinnerung und Vergessen’hervorgerufen wird. Eine Verortung der Geschichte in der Welt ist also nur dann möglich, wenn die Überlieferung der Bedeutung gesichert werden kann. Solange die Überlieferung der Bedeutung gewährleistet bleibt, ist es dem Menschen möglich, sich durch das Lesen von Erinnerungszeichen in der Geschichte zu orientieren. 슈티프터의 문학관의 핵심은 혼돈과 격정적인 세계의 옹호가 아니라 부드러움과 절제 속에서 질서의 세계를 추구하는 데 있다. 이러한 그의 세계관은 『화강암』이라는 내용 속에 잘 반영되어 나타난다. 이 작품의 제목이자 중요한 모티브인 『화강암』은 내적인 틀과 외적인틀을 감싸고 있으며 과거의 이야기와 현재의 이야기를 연결시키고 하나의 원형태를 이룬다. 이러한 점에서 이 작품은 구조적인 측면에서 볼 때에 하나의 유기적인 모습을 갖추고있다. 형식적인 면과 함께 내용적인 측면에서도 질서의 체계를 갖추고 있다. 본 논문은 독일어교육에 이바지할 것으로 생각되는데, 글을 쓰는데 있어서 중요한 요소는 유기적인 연결관계와 내용의 통일성을 유지하는 것이다. 아달베르트 슈티프터의 작품에 나타난 질서체계의 구성방식은 위에서 언급한 독일어 글쓰기의 사유방식을 적절하게 반영하였다고 볼 수 있다.