대기온도가 Diesel Cycle의 성능에 미치는 영향에 관한 이론적 고찰

장성운 충주대학교 2006 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.41 No.-

In internal Diesel combustion engine, The change of air temperature is change the density of air in the stoke volume to Diesel engine. The influence of power and efficiency is change according to the atmosphere- temperature of air. For calculating, decided the Diesel engine scale is 2000cc and 4cylinders mechanical compression ratio is 18 of Diesel engine. Our country, Atmosphere-temperature change is -20℃ in winter to 40℃ in summer. The density of air increase by the temperature drop and decrease by the temperature rises. Density change of air is appear mass change to the stroke volume in Diesel engine. The mass change is change the compression ratio of Diesel. engine. The compression ratio change is change the thermal efficiency and power of Diesel engine. In atmosphere-temperature -20℃, Compression ratio change 20.687 and thermal efficiency change 66.05%. In atmosphere-temperature 40℃, Compression ratio change 16.913 and thermal efficiency change 63.21%. The Compression ratio and thermal efficiency are increase to the low temperature. The results are as follows, 1. The change of atmosphere temperature is change the density and mass of air and influence the power and thermal efficiency to the Diesel engine. 2. For increasing the mass of intake air to influenced the power and thermal efficiency must be drop the temperature of intake air 3. For drop the temperature of intake air, intake manifold must be set ahead of engine and order side of exhaust manifold.

금연실천단계의 영향변인에 대한 연구

장성옥,박창승 고려대학교 2001 간호학논집 Vol.3 No.-

Brain Topological Correlates of Motor Performance Changes After Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Park, Chang-hyun,Chang, Won Hyuk,Yoo, Woo-Kyoung,Shin, Yong-Il,Kim, Sung Tae,Kim, Yun-Hee Mary Ann Liebert 2014 Brain connectivity Vol.4 No.4

<P>Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) influences the brain temporally beyond the stimulation period and spatially beyond the stimulation site. Application of rTMS over the primary motor cortex (M1) has been shown to lead to plastic changes in interregional connectivity over the motor system as well as alterations in motor performance. With a sequential combination of rTMS over the M1 and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we sought changes in the topology of brain networks and specifically the association of brain topological changes with motor performance changes. In a sham-controlled parallel group experimental design, real or sham rTMS was administered to each of the 15 healthy subjects without prior motor-related dysfunctions, over the right M1 at a high frequency of 10 Hz. Before and after the intervention, fMRI data were acquired during a sequential finger motor task using the left, nondominant hand. Changes in the topology of brain networks were assessed in terms of global and local efficiency, which measures the efficiency in transporting information at global and local scales, respectively, provided by graph-theoretical analysis. Greater motor performance changes toward improvements after real rTMS were shown in individuals who exhibited more increases in global efficiency and more decreases in local efficiency. The enhancement of motor performance after rTMS is supposed to be associated with brain topological changes, such that global information exchange is facilitated, while local information exchange is restricted.</P>

흰쥐의 위산 분비 및 실험적 괴양에 미치는 향정신성물질의 영향

白尙昌 大韓神經精神醫學會 1974 신경정신의학 Vol.13 No.1

Introduction of psychotropic agents to the field of psychiatry brought tremendous change and new implication in the therapeutic aspect as well as the concept of psychosomatic medicine. Reserpine was introduced by Sen & Bose(1931), and Vakil(1949) and Hakim(1953) has proved it to release biogenic amine (serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamin) at brain cell and peripheral tissues. Chlorpromazine was proved to have tranquilizing effect by Laborit et al(1952), and tremendons therapeutic effect to treat the psychiatric patient was shown by Delay (1952 a&b) and Courvoisier(1653). Jn 1961, Gey and Pletscher, and Axelrod found that chlorpromazine reduced the permeability of granular membrane, where the biogenic amine was stored. Haloperidol, a derivative of butyrophenone was synthesized by Janssen(1958). In 1966 Glowinski and Axelrod and in 1967 Janssen and Schildkraut et.al. reported that haloperidol reduced the shift of catecholamine from neuron and granular membrane. Meprobamate, one of the minor tranquilizers, has been used widely as an antianxiety agent and antiulcer agent as well. But recently it seemed that the derivatives of benzodiazepine replaced meprobamate as antianxiety and antiulcer agent. In 1952, Delay reported the iproniazid showed anti-depressive effect and Zeller explained that iproniazid had M.A.O. inhibitory action (1952). In 1958, Kuhn reported imipramine, which has similar chemical structure of phenothiazine, showed M.A.O. inhibitory action and antidepressive action. Until recently many psychotropic agents has been introduced and used widely in the field of psychiatry. Author tried to find the influence of various psychotropic agents on gastric secretion and experimentally-induced peptic ulcer in rat. White male rat, average 180g of body weight was used as experimental animal. Experiment on gastric secretion was carried out with the method of Shay(1945), With the centrifuged gastric secretory material, the P.H. was measured by Radiometer, Titrator TTT₂(Copenhagen), and gastric secretion amount was measured by Autoburett, ABU11 (Radiometer). Experiment of artificial gastric ulcer was carried out through the stress givent by ① pyloric ligation ② shaking ③ restraint with upside down position. Pathological change on the mucous membrane of rat stomach including hemorrhage, erosion and perforation etc. was observed by Stereoscope. Result (1) Diazepam inhibited gastric secretion (especially gastric acid) and lowered the acidity. Yet meprobamate on the contrary, raised gastric secretion and acidity, which might possibly be due to its peripheral effect. (2) Chlorpromazine markedly depressed the gastric secretion. But Prochlorperazine, Haloperidol, and Reserpine did not show any significant change on gastric secretion, which might be due to their limited dosage to influence on gastric secretion. (3) Tranylcypromine, and M.A.O. inhibitor, markedly reduced gastric secretion and gastric acidity. The Imipramine, tricyclic antidepressant with similar chemical structure of chlorpromazine, lowered the free acid of stomach in rat. (4) The stress of pyloric ligation showed ulcerative change on rumen of stomach. Diazepam and Chlorpromazine premedicated rat did not reveal much change. But Tranylcypromine premedicated rat showed severe degree of ulcer change on all experimented rats and two of them were dead of perforation of stomach, which seemed to be the result of stomach, which seemed to be the result of stomach, which seemed to be the result of peripheral effect or decreased mucus of gastric secretion as an effect of relax action. (5) The stress of shaking the rat brought erosion and edematous change on rumen but no ulcerative change took place. Diazepam premedicated group has not showed change on mucous membrane. Chlorpromazine premedicated group showed mild degree of change. But Reserpine treated group showed marked degree of ulcer change on the rumen and 4 of this group died of gastric perforation. (6) The stress of restraint of rat with upside down position revealed marked degree of erosion and hemorrhage on glandular portion, but no change on rumen. But Diazepam, Chlorpromazine and Imipramine premedicated group of rats showed lesser degree above changes. As shown above, varions psychotropic agents influenced on gastric secretion and experimentally induced gastric ulcer in rats. It might be explained that most of the psychotropic agents could influence on biogenic amine metabolism of brain and on regulating anxiety, which prevent hypersecretion of stomach. But as a few of the exception for instance. Tranylcypromine and Reserpine brought severe degree of ulcer change, which might possible be due to the peripheral effect. Above two psychotropic agents are to be alarmed to use to the patient with peptic ulcer.

건축 프로젝트 적정 설계변경 관리를 위한 사례조사

김성욱(Kim Sung-Wook),남혜원(Nam Hye-Won),이종식(Lee Jong-Sik),신창현(Shin Chang-Hyun),전재열(Chun Jae-Youl) 대한건축학회 2009 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.29 No.1(구조계)

Recent design changes in the existing research on the factors and issues of design changes and analysis, responsible for analyzing the relationship, procedural issues, and issues of research that can be active. However, changes in the design of problems are essentially designed to complement the book is for the procedure. Methodology for dealing with design changes in the characteristics of the country and to reflect more realistically, and various design changes and looked at trends in related research. the design Change of this study to examine the domestic status and problems, identify the status of the country about the design changes, and in suggesting the direction to the development of the design changes.

북한의 급변사태 및 대량탈북에 따른 경찰 대응방안 연구

남재성(Nam Jae Sung),이창무(Lee Chang Moo) 한국공안행정학회 2013 한국공안행정학회보 Vol.22 No.1

국내외를 불문하고 김정은 체제에 대한 심각한 우려가 제기되고 있는 현실에 비추어 볼 때 가까운 장래에 북한의 급격한 정세변화와 대한민국에 대한 잠재적 위해요소의 등장은 우리가 반드시 겪게 될 현실이고 반드시 막아야할 문제라는 점에서 개방된 사고로 모든 가능성을 염두하고 대책을 수립해야 한다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 국가 차원뿐만 아니라 세부적으로 경찰 차원에서, 김정은 체제 이후 예상되는 북한 내부의 권력투쟁과 그에 따른 사회적 혼란 및 잠재적 위해요소, 그리고 그로 인한 북한 주민의 대량 탈북사태와 국내 유입 등 치안과 안보위해 상황을 다각도로 검토해보고 무엇보다도 경찰의 대응방안을 중심으로 대책을 마련하고자 하였다. 연구결과 여러 위협 변수들에도 불구하고 현 상태에서 당장 급격한 변화와 북한 정권의 붕괴 가능성은 높지 않다고 보인다. 하지만 북한체제의 특성상, 북한의 급변사태가 언제든 발생할 수 있다는 측면에서 항상 예의주시해야 할 것이며, 경찰은 북한의 급변사태에 따라 대량 탈북사태가 발생했을 경우 신속히 대응할 수 있는 즉응적 대비태세를 갖추어야 할 것이다. 특히, 이에 대한 대비태세는 대량 탈북 등 급변사태 발생이전의 사전적 역량강화 방안, 평시상황이지만 준 급변사태 발생단계에서 나타날 수 있는 대량 탈북사태 대응 방안, 급변사태 발생시의 대량 탈북사태 대응 방안 등으로 구분하여 수립하는 것이 타당할 것이다. 따라서 향후 보안경찰은 이 세 가지의 대응방안을 중심으로 조직적, 인력적 역량을 강화하고 대응을 위한 세부 시나리오를 마련하는 등 대량탈북 사태와 같은 북한의 급변사태에 신속히 대응할 수 있는 철저한 준비태세를 확립해야 할 것이다. In the midst of present situation where a serious concern is being raised at the national and international level on Kim Jong-un regime, it is inevitable that we will certainly experience North Korea's sudden changes in the state of affairs and the appearance of potentially dangerous elements towards South Korea against which we must defend. Accordingly, we must develop measures of responses for every possibility with open mind. The purpose of this study, accordingly, was to extensively examine not only at the national level but also at the specific level of the police the North Korean power struggle and according social disorder, potentially dangerous elements, massive defections of North Koreans and their inflow to South Korea and situations that present risk to public order and national security in order to develop various measures of responses centering on the response of the police. The study result shows that in spite of numerous variables of threat, the possibility of immediate and sudden changes in North Korea and the collapse of its regime does not appear to be high. According to the characteristics of the North Korea regime, however, there is a need for constant and close watch in the sense that sudden changes could occur at anytime in North Korea. Additionally, it was found that it would be necessary for the police to be equipped with instant readiness for swiftly responding to any massive defections of North Koreans according to sudden changes in North Korea. It was revealed that it would be appropriate to develop measures of responses by dividing them into a preemptive measure of reinforcing capabilities prior to the occurrence of sudden changes such as massive defections, a response measure against massive defections that could occur at the stage of semi-sudden changes during peacetime situation and a response measure against massive defections that occurs at the occurrence of sudden changes. Accordingly, it would be necessary for the security police to establish through readiness for swiftly responding to sudden changes in North Korea such as massive defections such as reinforcing organizational and personnel capabilities and develop specific scenarios of response centering on the three types of measures of responses mentioned above.

노인운동의 변화단계에 따른 의사결정 균형에 대한 연구

김소인,전영자,박은숙,김순용,장성옥,이평숙,이숙자 성인간호학회 2000 성인간호학회지 Vol.12 No.1

Purpose : This study was carried out to identify the factor of decisional balance for exercise. This was composed of a set of variables at the level of decision making when the elderly decide to do exercise. It was used to classify and identify the characteristics of the stages of change for exercise to which the elderly belong, and was used to identify the variables of decisional balance which influence the stage of change for exercise in the elderly. Methods : Convenient samples of 198 subjects over age 60 in Seoul(mean age=70) were selected from community living, mentally competent older adults and the data was collected from April 1, 1999 to May 31, 1999. The research instrument was the Decisional Balance Measure for Exercise(Marcus & Owen., 1992), Stage of Change Measure(Marcus et al, 1992). The data was analyzed by SAS Program. Results: 1. According to stage of change measure, without missing data, 191 subjects were distributed in each stage of change for exercise : 50 subjects(26.1%), 7 subjects(3.6%), 52 subjects(27.2%), 4 subjects(2%), and 78 subjects(40.8%) belonged to the pre-contemplation stage, contemplation stage, preparation stage, action stage and maintenance stage. 2. Factor analysis identified 3 factors of decisional balance as appropriate factors for excise of the elderly and named by researchers; 1)'Perceived Physical-psychological benefit', 2)'Perceived Physical-psychological burden', and 3)'Perceived time burden'. 3. The analysis of variance showed that the two components Perceived Physical - psychological benefit(F=45.95, p=.0001), and Perceived Physical-psychological burden(F=26.52, P=.001) were significantly associated with stage of change. 4. Through the discriminant analysis, it was found that both 'Self Perceived Physical-Psychological benefit' and 'Perceived Physical-Psychological burden' were the influential variables in discriminating the three stages of change(pre-contemplation, preparation, and maintenance). Conclusion: Results are consistent with the application of the Transtheoretical model, which has been used to understand how people change health behaviors. Even though this study is a cross-sectional, not a longitudinal study, the findings of this study give useful information for exercise intervention about especially the factors relating to decision making for exercise of the elderly in the different stages of change of exercise.

Causes and Predictive Factors Associated with “Diagnosis Changed” Outcomes in Patients Notified as Tuberculosis Cases in a Private Tertiary Hospital

( Byung Ju Kang ),( Kyung Wook Jo ),( Tai Sun Park ),( Jung Wan Yoo ),( Sei Won Lee ),( Chang Min Choi ),( Yeon Mok Oh ),( Sang Do Lee ),( Woo Sung Kim ),( Dong Soon Kim ),( Tae Sun Shim ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2013 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.75 No.6

Background: The aim of our study was to evaluate the “diagnosis changed” rate in patients notified as tuberculosis (TB) on the Korean TB surveillance system (KTBS). Methods: A total of 1,273 patients notified as TB cases on the KTBS in one private tertiary hospital in 2011 were enrolled in the present study. Patients were classified into three groups: “diagnosis maintained”, “diagnosis changed” (initially notified as TB, but ultimately diagnosed as non-TB), and “administrative error” (notified as TB due to administrative errors). Results: Excluding 17 patients in the “administrative error” group, the “diagnosis maintained” and “diagnosis changed” groups included 1,097 (87.3%) and 159 patients (12.7%), respectively. Common causes of “diagnosis changed” were nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease (51.7%, 61/118), and pneumonia (17.8%) in cases notified as pulmonary TB, and meningitis (19.5%, 8/41) and Crohn`s disease (12.2%) in cases notified as extrapulmonary TB. Being older than 35 years of age (odds ratio [OR], 2.18) and a positive acid-fast bacilli stain (OR, 1.58) were positive predictors and a TB-related radiological finding (OR, 0.42) was a negative predictor for a “diagnosis changed” result via multivariate logistic regression analysis in pulmonary TB cases. Conclusion: Because of a high “diagnosis changed” rate in TB notifications to the KTBS, the TB incidence rate measured by the KTBS may be overestimated. Considering the worldwide trend toward increased NTM disease, the “diagnosis changed” rate may increase over time. Thus, when reporting the annual TB notification rate in Korea, the exclusion of “diagnosis changed” cases is desirable.

현대(現代) 한국사회(韓國社會)에 적합한 한의학(韓醫學) "치미병(治未病)"방법(方法)에 대한 모색(摸索)

류정아 ( Jeong Ah Lyu ),장우창 ( Woo Chang Jang ),백유상 ( You Sang Baik ),정창현 ( Chang Hyun Jeong ) 대한한의학원전학회(구 대한원전의사학회) 2011 대한한의학원전학회지 Vol.24 No.4

In present-day Korea, a climatic change is causing various changes to the life of people and their body. The climate is more and more warm, so the internal environment of people`s body is exchanging to warm. The climatic change`s range is big and the speed is fast. So the harmony of human body is being destroyed and the human body`s adaptation ability is becoming low. At this condition, diseases more frequently occur. So doctor must expect the occur of diseases and practice early treatment. And in present-day Korea, a life environmental change is being advanced. The life environmental change is causing big changes to the people`s body and having influences to the occur of diseases. To this problem, doctor must expect and practice early treatment. This thesis would like to interpret about present-day Korea`s climatic changes and life environmental changes in Korean Medicine point of view, and try to present the method of Korean Medicine early treatment. And comment on present-day Korea`s early treatment method especially on health supplement or functional food and vaccination.

대학수학능력시험 도입후의 고교교육 변화에 관한 연구

박병량,변영계,한대동,성병창 교육연구소 1994 敎育硏究 Vol.4 No.1

Under the current school system in which secondary schools aim at the preparation for college entrance, the college entrance examination has a crucial impact on high school education. The former college entrance examination has been accused of causing many problems in high school education such as training students, in a recital mode, by giving fragmentary knowledges and skills picked up by teachers largely for the college entrance emanination. Under the examination system students were not recommended either in school or at home to pursue their own interests and concerns which are supposed to enhance higher order thinking including creativity. In order to reform this change-resisting high school education a new type of college entrance examination called College Scholastic Aptitude Test (CSAT, hereafter) replaced the former one in 1990 in the worldwide tide of educational reform toward the quality education. This study is to examine whether and/or to what extent the newly introduced CSAT has brougght changes to high school education. This study began with two concrete research problems. First, to what degree did the CSAT affect high school students particularly in the areas of attitudes toward school, classroom learning and instruction, and study habits? This refers to personal effects separated from school education. Second, to what extent did the CSAT make changes in high school education? This refers to institutional effects. As a survey, this study collected questionnaire data from 1,600 male and female high school third graders from 33 high schools locatedin Pusan City and its surrounding KyungNam-Do province. The CSAT was firstly introduced in 1990 when the survey respondents were then high school freshmen. The sample method is a systematic cluster random sample. After schools had been randomly selected about 60 students(2 classes) were sampled from each school. The questionnaire consisted of questions asking largely whether any changes were made in the areas such as individual student's studying strategies and their perceptions of schooling. The students' responses were analyzed according to concrete research problems using appropriate statistical methods. The research results are summarized as follows. First, according to students' responses they evaluated that CSAT was somewhat successful in measuring higher order thinking and somewhat conducive to lessening social problems cuased by excessively competitive high-cost private lessons. The new exam, however, unexpectedly did not have affirmative effects on such areas as: undesirable operation of high school; measurement of learning ability; selection of college qualifiers; and test item difficulty and discrimination. Second, the effects of CSAT on school-based tests were found to be both slightly positive and negative. For the positive side of the effects, the test content was not confined to textbooks but taken either from other non-text sources or from what was taught in classrooms beside textbooks; in solving the test questions not only correct answers were not required but also the problem-solving processess were also emphasized in schools. In following areas, however, there were almost no changes made: the dominance of multiple-choice test items; anxiety of testers; the utilization of test results for own learning improvement; and the frequent school testing. Third, since the introduction of CSAT there have been almost no improvements in school organizational practices, management, and climates such as; extracurricular activities, communications with teachers, guidance and discipline, teachers' expectations of students, grouping of students according to ability and talent, and friendship among classmates. One exception was that classroom climate has become somewhat open and democratic than before. Fourth, with regard to classroom activities some improvements have been detected. The classroom instruction has been somewhat changed into one emphasizing higher order thinking. It was revealed through teachers' efforts to employ new teaching methods and to carry out curriculum in a regular basis, to try to upgrade expectations of students, and to make classroom learning more explorative. On the other hand, in other areas of classroom activities it was hard to find any noticeable improvements. Finally, it was the area of individual student's studying methods and attitudes that the most noticeable changes were found since the introduction of CSAT. To mention some of them, the dependency on private lessons and private academic institutes was much lessened; the learning materials were varied beside school textbooks; the students' autonomy has been increased in the area of learning need and motivations, studying strategy from memorizing to understanding, and selecting educational or occupational careers based on one's own character and talent. As a result, the introduction of CSAT seems to give student more confidence in studying and learning. Compared to these changes in individual-based studying attitudes, perceptions and learning methods connected to schooling did not change noticeably. This contrasting finding is in a sense a main point of this study. All in all, and in short, the introduction of the new College Scholastic Aptitude Test (CSAT) were somewhat effective in changing individual students' studying or learning attitudes, methods, and strategies in preparation for college entrance, but it was found to be unexpectedly ineffective in improving institutionally school organizational practices, instructional methods, guidance and disciplines, curricular implementation, and other school management and operations. This result reminds us a fact that and educational policy could not be easily rooted in the practical soil.