<기생충>에 드러난 자본과 공간 연구

조규찬(Cho Kyu―Chan) 한국비평문학회 2020 批評文學 Vol.- No.75

<기생충>은 21세기 자본주의 사회에서 자본의 소유 여부에 따라서 각각의 집단의 삶이 이루어지는 공간의 양상이 얼마나 달라질 수 있는지를 극명하게 보여준다. 개인이 소유한 자본의 양은 그들을 상위 또는 하위 집단이라는 차이를 강제적으로 구별하며, 이는 공간의 고착으로 이어질 수밖에 없다. 본고는 <기생충>을 통하여 드러나는 21세기 자본주의 사회의 문제점을 자본과 공간으로 인식하고, 등장 인물들에게 발생하는 구별 짓기를 통한 집단 간의 차이와 공간의 고착이 이루어지는 과정 및 집단 간 또는 집단 내 충돌이 비극적인 결말로 드러날 수밖에 없음을 살펴보았다. 먼저 <기생충>은 자본의 차이가 개인의 의지와는 관계없이 그들을 상위 또는 하위 집단으로 규정하며 위계적인 관계를 발생시킴을 보여준다. 하위 집단의 인물들은 상위 집단의 인물들과 위계적인 관계를 맺는 과정에서 생계를 연명하기 위하여 기생하는 선택을 할 수밖에 없다. 반면, 상위 집단의 인물들은 더 많은 자본을 바탕으로 하위 집단 인물들의 생계를 위협하며 자신들의 이익만 추구한다. 결국, 하위 집단의 인물들은 생계유지를 위하여 집단 내 충돌을 발생시키고, 그 과정에서 집단 간 충돌마저 망설이지 않는 모습을 드러낸다. <기생충>은 집단 내 또는 집단 간의 충돌을 비극적인 결말로 보여줌으로써 21세기 자본주의 사회가 직면한 자본과 공간의 문제점이 지닌 심각성에 관한 경종을 울린다는 점에서 의의를 지닌다. <Parasite> clearly shows how much the aspects of space in which each group’s lives take place can differ depending on the ownership of capital in the 21st century capitalistic society. The amount of capital owned by individuals forcibly distinguishes the difference of upper or lower groups, which inevitably results in the fixation of space. This paper acknowledges the problems of 21st capitalistic society as revealed in <Parasite> as that of capital and space, and examines how the differences in class through the categorization that applied to the characters, the process of how space becomes set in and the inter-groups or intra-group conflict can only meet with a tragic ending. Foremost, <Parasite> shows how the differences in capital define characters into either upper or lower group regardless of individual will and result in a hierarchical relationship. Characters in the lower group forms a hierarchical relationship with the characters in the upper group and must choose the life as parasites in order to keep living. On the contrary, the characters in the higher group threaten the lives of lower group characters with more capital and only pursue their interests. Ultimately, the characters of the lower group generate intra―group conflict in order to continue to make a living and in this process are not hesitant towards inter-group conflict. <Parasite> is significant because it rings the alarm on the significance of the problems of capital and space faced by 21st century capitalistic society by showing how intra-group or inter-group conflicts lead to tragic ending.

중온 침출수 재순환 혐기성 소화 시스템을 이용한 음식물류 폐기물 처리

조찬휘ㆍ이병희ㆍ이용운(Chan Hui ChoㆍByong hi LeeㆍYong Woon Lee) 유기성자원학회 2016 유기물자원화 Vol.24 No.1

본 연구에서는 침출수 재순환 시스템을 적용한 중온 혐기성소화를 이용하여 음식물류 폐기물을 분해하여 메탄가스를 생산하였다. 실험은 36℃로 유지되는 항온수조 내에 생물반응조와 침출수 저장조로 구성된 2개의 동일한 시스템(System A, System B)을 사용하였고, 생물반응조 하단 30 mm위에는 스크린이 있어 고액분리를 하여 침출수 저장조로 침출수를 이송하였다. 침출수 재순환은 매일 수행하였으며, 침출수 재순환 시에는 생물반응조 하단에서 침출수 저장조로 2.5 L를 30분간 이송한 뒤 다시 침출수 저장조에서 생물반응조 상부로 2.5 L를 30분간 주입하였다. 주입된 음식물류 폐기물은 수집되기 전 한 번 세척하였으며 반응조에 주입되기 전에 36℃로 온도를 올렸다. System A에 49.1 g VS, System B에 54.0 g VS을 2주 간격으로 투입하였다. 저해인자로 측정된 항목은 NH₄⁺-N과 염도였으며, 두 가지 항목의 농도 모두 시스템에 끼친 영향은 없는 것으로 나타났다. System A는 112일간, System B는 140일 동안 운전하였는데, 각 시스템에서 인발된 슬러지는 없었다. 음식물류 폐기물의 혐기성 소화를 통한 평균 메탄 발생량은 System A의 경우 0.439 L CH4/g VS, System B의 경우 0.368 L CH4/g VS로 나타났다. In this study, mesophilic anaerobic digestion of source separated food waste was carried out by leachate recirculation system and methane gas was produced. Two systems - system A and B were fabricated and placed within water bath to maintain 36℃. Each system was comprised of an anaerobic bioreactor and a leachate tank. Leachate in bioreactor was separated through the screen located at 30 mm above the bottom and a pump was installed to transfer collected leachate to the leachate tank. Everyday, 2.5 L of the leachate was pumped from the bioreactor to the leachate tank for 30 min and transferred leachate was pumped back to the top of the bioreactor for 30min, sequentially. Source separated food waste used for this experiment was washed by water before transferring to the laboratory. Transferred food waste was warmed to 36℃ before being fed to bioreactors. System A was fed to 49.1 g VS (Volatile Solids) and System B was fed to 54.0 g VS at every two weeks, respectively. NH₄⁺-N and salinity were monitored to see the inhibition toward anaerobic bioreaction and it was found that concentrations of these materials were not high enough to affect the bioreaction. Although the food waste was fed biweekly for 112 days and 140 days at system A and B, respectively, there was no sludge withdrawal from each system. Average methane productions rates were 0.439 L CH4/g VS and 0.368 L CH4/g VS for system A and B, respectively.

Three-Dimensional Porous Collagen/Chitosan Complex Sponge for Tissue Engineering

Kim, Sung Eun,Cho, Yong Woo,Kang, Eun Jung,Kwon, Ick Chan,Lee, Eunhee Bae,Kim, Jung Hyun,Chung, Hesson,Jeong, Seo Young The Korean Fiber Society 2001 Fibers and polymers Vol.2 No.2

A three-dimensional, porous collagen/chitosan complex sponge was prepared to closely simulate basic extracellular matrix (ECM) constitutes, collagen and glycosaminoglycan. The complex sponge was prepared by a lyophilization method and had the regular network with highly porous structure, suitable for cell adhesion and growth. The pores were well interconnected, and their distribution was fairly homogeneous. The complex sponge was crosslinked using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) to increase its boilogical stability and enhance its mechanical properties. The crosslinking medium has a great effect on the inner structure of the sponge. The homogeneous, porous structure of the sponge was remarkably collapsed in an aqueous crosslinking medium. However, the morphology of the sponge remained almost intact in a water/ethanol mixture crosslinking milieu. Mechanical properties of the collagen/chitosan sponge were significantly enhanced by EDC-mediated crosslinking. The potential of the sponge as a scaffold for tissue engineering was investigated using a Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO-K1) line.

전력선 채널에서의 DS/SSMA BPSK 코릴레이션 수신기 성능에 관한 연구

강병권,조창길,조관,이재경,황금찬,Kang, Byeong-Kwon,Cho, Chang-Gil,Cho, Kwan,Lee, Jae-Kyeong,Whang, Keum-Chan 한국통신학회 1992 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.17 No.9

본 논문에서는 전력선 채널에서 DS/SSMA BPSK 통신 시스템의 전형 및 하드리미팅 상관 수신기의 성능을 분석하였다. Chan의 잡음 모델을 이용하여 전력전에서 발생하는 강한 임펄스성 잡음을 배경 잡음에 대한 임펄스성 잡음의 전력 스펙트럼 밀도비 $(N_1/N_b)$, 데이터 폭에 대한 임펄스성 잡음 폭의 비(f). 임펄스성 잡음의 발생주기에 대한 임펄스 잡음 폭 (DF)등의 파라미터로 모델링하여, 각 파라미터 변화에 따른 시스템의 성능을 분석하고, 다중접속 간섭 잡음을 가우시안 근사화하여 각 수신기의 다중접속 능력을 평가하였다. 분석 결과 $N_1/N_b$가 작고 f가 1에 가까운 경우 전형 상관 수신기의 성능이 더 우수했으나, $N_1/N_b$가 증가함에 따라 하드리미팅 상관 수신기가 비트 오율 및 다중 접속 능력면에서 전형 상관 수신기보다 더 우수한 성능을 나타냈다. In this paper, the performance of linear and hard-limiting correlation receivers for DS/SSMA BPSK power line communication system is analyzed. Strong impulsive noise of power line is modeled with Chan's noise model, and the performance of both receivers is analyzed in terms of parameters such as ratio of power spectrum density of impulsive noise to that background noise, ratio in impulsive noise width th that of data bit, and interarrival time of impulsive noise. And also multiple access capacity is evaluated with Gaussian approximation of multiple access interference. The results of this analysis reveal that the performance of linear correlation receiver is superior to that of hard-limiting correlation receiver when $N_1/N_b$ is small and is close to 1. But the BER and the multiple access capacity of hard-limiting correlation receiver becomes better in comparison with linear correlation receiver as $N_1/N_b$ increases.

근관내 여러 조건에서의 ROOT ZX 전자근관장 측정기의 정확성에 관한 연구

조용범,홍한표,홍찬의 단국대학교 치의학연구소 1994 논문집 Vol.6 No.1

The technique of electronic working length determination has gained considerable popularity among both endodontists and general dentist. Recently, the Root ZX(J.Morita Corp., Tokyo, Japan) has been developed with unique electronic features that are claimed to maintain the instrument's accuracy regardless of canal condition. The purpose of this study is to compare the accuracy of the Root ZX with estimates of actual canal length, in vitro model and in vivo under the various condition. 1. The experiment in vitro model 50 extracted, single-rooted and single-canaled, teeth with mature apices were selected. The extirpated teeth were placed in a saline-soaked Oasis, and measured with Root ZX according to manufacturer's instruction in the dried canal and saline-irrigated canal. The teeth were then removed from the model and the actual canal length was measured. The values of canal length in each conditions were used for evaluating the results. 2. In vivo study 15 teeth which destined for extraction were selected. Once access was gained, the canals were irrigated using 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and were not dried prior to insertion of the measurement file. Once the Root ZX indicated the C-D junction, self-curing resin was injected into the canal. The tooth was extracted and ground with a bur and Soflex disk. This was done until the terminus of the file and the root was revealed. The distance from the end of the file to the foramen(major diameter) was measure, and evaluated. The results were as follows: 1. In vitro study(A/B : difference between A and B) 1). The mean values of acutal length/dried canal length and actual length/saline irrigated canal length were 0.528㎜, and 0.525㎜ respectively. There is no significant difference between the means of acutal length/dried canal length and actual length/saline irrigated canal length. 2). Root ZX could locate the C-D junction at the point of 0.5㎜ inside of major foramen, in both dried canal and saline-irrigated canal. 2. In vivo study 1). Root ZX could locate the the C-D junction at the point of 0.5㎜ coronal to the major foramen in presence of 5.25% NaOCl. 2). Root Zx located a point that was perceived to be the apical constriction. The majority of file tip experimented were within the canal, not extended beyond the major foramen.

리스페달 정(리스페리돈 2㎎)에 대한 리스펜 정의 생물학적 동등성

조혜영,박은자,강현아,백승희,이석,박찬호,문재동,이용복 한국약제학회 2004 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.34 No.2

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two risperidone tablets, Risperdal (Janssen Korea Co., Ltd) and Rispen (Myung In Pharm. Co., Ltd), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The risperione release from the two risperidone formulations in vitro was tested using KP Ⅷ Apparatus Ⅱ method with various of dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 butter solution and water). Twenty four healthy male subjects, 23.33±2.10 years in age and 69.24±8.05 kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized 2×2 crossover study was employed. After one tablet containing 2 ㎎ as risperidone was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentration of risperidone in serum were determined using HPLC method with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at all dissolution media. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC_(t), C_(max) were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed AUC_(t), C_(max) and untransformed T_(max). The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the Risperdal were 0.20, -1.29 and -11.09% for AUC_(t), C_(max) and T_(max), respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.25) (e.g., log(0.90)∼log(1.03) and log(0.84)∼log(1.09) for AUC_(t) and C_(max), respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA guideline for the bioequivalence were satisfied, indicating Rispen tablet and Risperdal tablet were bioequivalent.

지능형 미소비균일체 계수기의 성능개선

조시형,박찬원 江原大學校 産業技術硏究所 2009 産業技術硏究 Vol.29 No.B

This paper presents the development of smart counting system that is proper for grains with uneven unit weight or shape. This device can detect the small differences of a light beam and count the pulse from wave shape control, when the grain is going on the light screen, which is made by the light beam screen sensor. It can, different from the former conventional device, distinct the uneven grains for counting detect, by using the dedicated hardware and the software algorithm of the light sensor.

자원동원론을 이용한 4.19혁명의 분석

조찬래 충남대학교 법률행정연구소 1987 논문집 Vol.15 No.-

Goldman's Algorithm을 이용한 비외상성 흉통 환자의 분석

조석진,유진현,김찬웅,어은경,정구영 대한응급의학회 1999 대한응급의학회지 Vol.10 No.4

Back ground : It is important to evaluate the patient presenting with non-traumatic chest pain in emergency department, and it is also difficult to classify appropriately. The purpose of this study is to predict probability of acute myocardial infarction(AMI) and assess the group for low probability of AMI that is target for observation-unit of chest pain in emergency department. Methods : A prospective, clinical study was performed from March 1998 to August 1998 at the department of emergency medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong hospital. We classified high-probability group and low-probability group of AMI according to Goldman's algorithm and then compared with the final diagnosis. Results : The study included 218 patients. 84 patients(39%) was the high-probability group and 134 patients(61%) was the low-probability group of AMI. As compared with final diagnosis, AMI was 47 patients(56%) among the high-probability group and 1 patient(0.7%) among the low-probability group. We observed sensitivity of 98%, specificity of 78% in predicting AMI. Conclusion : The classification according to Goldman's algorithm may be useful predictor of AMI and improve triage for emergency department patients with chest pain. It is also helpful for management of observation-unit of chest pain in emergency department.

夏目漱石の『それから』 : 何故「代助」は識業探しに出たか Why did Daisuke begin to seek for a job?

趙燦栢 배화여자대학 1994 培花論叢 Vol.13 No.-

本稿에서는 생활을 위한 노동은 신성한 노동이 아니고 타락한 노동이라며, 생활을 위한 노동의 불순수성을 주장하며 고등유민적 생활을 견지했던 「代助」가 심경의 변화를 일으켜 직업을 찾아 나서게 되는 과정과 의미를 고찰해 보고자 하였다. 「それから」가 쓰여진 明治42년(1909)은 日露戰爭이 끝난 4년 둬이며, 이 時期의 日本은 勝戰園으로서의 기쁨과 함께 世界一等國이 되었다는 자부심으로 팽배해 있었으나 裏面을 살펴 보면 국민들의 생활은 곤궁해 있었으며 외국으로부터의 借入金과 밀려오는 西洋文物로 전통적인 日本의 정신과 문화가 큰 변혀을 맞고 있던 시대이었다. 이 시대의 사람들은 적극적인 사회참여를 통하여 자신의 존재가치를 찾으려 한 한편 「代助」는 사회로부터 자신을 고립시키고 국가와 사회를 저주하며 회의에 젖어 방관자적 자세를 취하고 있었다. 이는 「三千代」의 결혼으로 인하여, 漱石가 個와 시대사회의 쌍방에, 걸쳐 최고의 가치로서 파악해 온 「自然」이라는 자기의 존재근거, 이상, 꿈을 상실했기 때문이었다. 결국, 「代助」가 「三千代」에 대한 사랑을 속여 「自然」으로부터 스스로를 소외시켰다고 하면 일본근대사회와 代助는 共히 自然이라는 존재의 근거를 상실하고 같은 병을 않고 있는 것이었다. 여기에서 代助 자신을 구원할 수 있는 길은 「三千代」와의 사랑을 되찾아 「自然의 아」, 「옛날의 自然」으로 되돌아 가는 것이었다. 「三千代」에 대한 사랑의 고백을 통하여 「옛날의 自然」, 「自然의 아」로 돌아간 代助는 사랑을 위하여 일해야겠다는 새로운 가치를 발견하고 직업을 찾아 나선다. 이는 「代助」가 「自然」에 대하여 충실하고, 그 결과로서 개화라는 현실에 대해서도 비로서 성실한 개인의 차세로 다시 나서는 한편 「自然」을 상실해 가는 文明에 대해서도 통렬한 비판을 가하고 있음을 말해주고 있다.