Thomas Hardy의 비극세계

안진수 檀國大學校英美文化硏究所 1996 英美文化 Vol.5 No.-

Thomas Hardy found life full of three M's(Misery, Mishap, Misadventure). He could find no solution for the innumerable problems of life, and in his novels, he frankly portrayed the helpless condition of people in the world. Hardy who was greatly pained at the state of things, devoted his art to the search for the cause of miseries but could not find any satisfactory panacea for people's unhappiness. Accordingly, the primary purpose of this paper is to clarify the basic background of Hardy's tragic view of world and to compare Hardy with authors like Aeschylus, Sophocles and Shakespeare. From this study, I have come to the following conclusion that Hardy combines some qualities of Aeschylus, Sophocles, Homer and Shakespeare, the ballad-makers, the Gothic novelists and the sensational serial-novelists, and that Hardy frankly believed and proclaimed that we live on "blighted start" and that it is natural for things to go wrong, for hopes to be frustrated, for brave rebels to be defeated and for his protagonists to spend their life in an unfruitful quest of fulfilment. I believe, however, that Hardy's true concern but the search for the better way of life. So we should remember "In Tenebris Ⅱ“, ... if way to the Better there be, it exacts a full look at the Worst,.... I would like to suggest that we call Hardy not to be a pessimist but to be a meliorist.

NaOH 첨가에 따른 음식물찌꺼기 고온 혐기성 산발효

안철우,이철승,서종환,박진식,문추연,장성호,김수생 한국환경농학회 2004 한국환경농학회지 Vol.23 No.4

본 연구는 음식물찌꺼기의 혐기성 산발효에 있어 여러 조건들 중 온도가 효율적인 가수분해와 산발효에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위해 고온(55℃)과 중온(35℃)에서 각각 실험을 수행하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 음식물찌꺼기의 혐기성 산발효시 산생성 효율을 높이기 위한 전처리 과정으로 음식물찌꺼기에 NaOH를 투입한 결과 가수분해효율을 표현한 가용화 정도(Solubilization)가 0.01 g NaOH/g TS이하로 투입된 경우 0.01 mgSCOD_(prod)/mgICOD_(inf)이하를 나타내었으나, 0.05 g NaOH/g TS이상을 투입했을 때는 0.07~0.09 mgSCOD_(prod)/mgICOD_(inf)로 나타났다. 따라서 음식물찌꺼기에 NaOH를 투입하여 효율적인 가수분해가 이루어지기 위해서는 g TS당 0.05 g이상의 NaOH가 투입되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 음식물찌꺼기를 NaOH로 전처리한 후 고온(55℃) 산발효를 실시했을 때 0.05 g NaOH/g TS 투입시 SCOD의 증가치 3,800 mg/L로 최대의 가용화와 산생성에 효과적인 pH 5.95를 얻을 수 있었다. 0.05 g NaOH/g TS를 투입하여 중온(35℃)에서 산발효를 실시한 경우와 비교하여 SCOD 증가치가 약 5배 정도 높았고, 최대 가용화에 이르는 시간도 중온의 2/3 정도로 짧아 음식물찌꺼기의 가용화에는 고온이 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. NaOH 0.05 g NaOH/g TS로 전처리된 음식물찌꺼기의 산발효 결과 고온(55℃) 및 중온(35℃)에서 각각 반응시작 후 72시간에 12,600 mg/L, 120tlrksdp 9,800 mg/L의 VFA농도를 나타내어 동일기질을 이용하여 산발효를 실시했을 때 중온보다는 고온에서 미생물의 활성증대와 유기물의 가수분해가 촉진되어 VFA생성이 효율적인 것으로 판단되었다. 고온에서 NaOH에 전처리된 음식물찌꺼기를 산발효 시켰을 때 VFA가 가장 높았던 시점을 기준으로 VFA의 조성을 조사한 결과 acetic acid가 45.9%, butyric acid가 26.7%, propionic acid가 13.9% 등으로 총 유기산 발생량의 86.5%를 차지하였다. This study showed that thermophilic anaerobic acid fermentation of food wastes had an enhanced hydrolysis capability and improvement of acidification efficiency. Influence of pH on the anaerobic hydrolysis and acidogenesis was investigated to determine the proper alkalinity in the thermophilic fermentation of food wastes. The results of putting NaOH as alkali to evaluate hydrolysis and acid fermentation efficiency in acid fermentation process of food wastes showed that the food wastes pretreated with 0.05 g NaOH/g TS had the maximum 12,600 mg/L of VFAs concentration during HRT 3 days in 55℃ hermophilic condition and the maximum 9,700 mg/L of VFAs concentration during HRT 5 days in 35℃ mesophilic condition. The accomplishment of high VFAs concentration resulted from that the main component of food wastes such as cellulose, lignin and etc. is performed active chemical decomposition by alkali in thermophilic condition. The major components of VFAs produced from the thermophilic acid fermentation process of food wastes were the short chain fatty acids such as acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid.

Sons and Lovers 연구 : 욕망과 갈등의 삼각구조를 중심으로 Chiefly focusing on the interlocking traingles

안진수 단국대학교 1997 論文集 Vol.31 No.-

My chief aim of this paper is to clarify the destructive effects of a mother's love on her sons(William, Paul). Especially I try to focus my attention on the deep structure from which many tragic and interlocking triangles among the characters in Sons and Lovers are made. Additionally, I would like to investigate the obvious influences of Shakespeare and Hardy. Sons and Lovers can be and has been read as the first great novel of English working-class life written from the standpoint of an insider: as a crucial episode in Lawrence's spiritual and psychological autobiography, providing him with opportunities emotionally damaging circumstances of his early upbringing within a household constantly disturbed by parental strife and economic anxiety: and a major work of art that enlarges the formal possibilities and greatly extends the affective range of English prose fiction in this century. I would like to conclude that major tragic problems in Sons and Lovers arise because of Mrs. Morel's demands of crippling her sons and her considerations, 'higher' than sensuality. She is a 'Puritan' and tries to refine and elevate her husband: when she fails she starts to despise him and tries again, first with William and then with Paul. In the aspects of theme and form. Lawrence owed a great deal to Thomas Hardy and William Shakespeare.

Ethephon 및 Aminoethoxyvinylglycine 처리가 ‘원황’ 배 모의 수출 환경에서의 품질 및 생리장해 발생에 미치는 영향

최진호,이욱용,안영직,황용수,천종필 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2013 농업과학연구 Vol.40 No.2

We investigate the effect of preharvest spray of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), an inhibitor of ACC synthase activity, on fruit quality of ‘Wonhwang’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai). And the effects were compared with ethephon which releasing ethylene to elucidate treatment efficacy of ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor on Asian pears. Chemicals were sprayed on 30 days before harvest with AVG (75 and 150 mg/L) and ethephon (100 mg/L), respectively. Highest flesh firmness during 21 days of shelf-life at 25℃ after 30 days of cold storage was attained in the fruit treated with 150 mg/L AVG (26.5N) when compared with untreated control (16.7N), while the fruits treated with 100 mg/L ethephon completely lost their marketability within 14 days of shelf-life by mass drop of firmness down to 11.6N. Low incidence of physiological disorders including pithiness and core browning were attained at the fruits treated with 150 mg/L AVG when we compared with untreated control. No occurrence of mealiness found in the fruits treated with AVG but ethephon treated fruits showed 36.4% during 14 days of shelf-life. Consequently, AVG spray at the concentration of 150mg/L on Asian pear ‘Wonhwang’ fruit regarded as useful preharvest management approach for keeping quality during marketing period after simulated exportation.

『테스』의 포스트모던적 관점 : 「순결한 여성」의 재현과 재현 불가능에 대하여 Paying attention to Representation and Misrepresentation of the Subtitle. ' A Pure Woman'

안진수 단국대학교 1998 論文集 Vol.32 No.-

The aim of this study is to answer the following questions from a postmodernist's view : Is Hardy's 'Pure woman' faithfully presented by Thomas Hardy? Does the subtitle suggest just how ironically conscious Hardy was of representation as a potent source, precisely, of misrepresentation? Had the image already substantively replaced 'the thing itself' for Hardy? Was already discrediting the notion there is an ultimate reality, or true essence, outside of history and discourse - such as human nature of pure woman? To achieve the above - mentioned aim, in chapter Ⅰ, I sought the general character of Hardy's imagination in his power of visualization. I concluded that Hardy's novels are visual novels. It is in his ability to make us see that his greatest strength lies. In Ⅱ, I reflected briefly on the general state of the last two decades of Hardy criticism from realism to postmodernism. In Ⅲ, I tried to define the meaning of 'Vision' and 'Moment', but only to find their ambiguity. In Ⅳ, I knew that Hardy's subtitle. "A Pure Woman" could only be presented as visualizations, only as she appeared, but that the basic realities of her existence were unknowable, unrepresentable. Conclusively, in chapter Ⅴ, I certified the absence of 'A pure woman', Hardy's novel, then, well ahead of its time, seems to be dismantling the bourgeois - humanist notion of the unified and unitary human subject.

Thomas Hardy와 D. H. Lawrence의 비극관 비교 연구

안진수 단국대학교 1999 論文集 Vol.34 No.-

The aim of this study is to clarify the characteristics of the tragic vision of Thomas Hardy and D. H. lawrence through their literary world, especially some of their novels. Both Hardy and Lawrence admired tragedies. Hardy's admiration was also accompanied by what is called his pessimistic philosophy of life.He frankly believed and proclaimed that we live on a "blighted star" and that it is natural for things to go wrong, for hopes to be frustrated, for brave rebels to be defeated and for his protagonists to spend their life in an unfruitful quest of fulfilment. Hardly mostly presents drama on a smaller scale-as enacted in the lives of ordinary people, in small place and comprising the stuff of our sympathies than the tales of the great heroes of the past ages. Lawrence admired Hardy's art, but not his philosophy. Lawrence appreciated tragedies but believed that an artist's work should be a "kick at misery". But the beliefs of Lawrence the man have very little to do with Lawrence the artist. His philosophy of life as presented in his letters and dogmatic essays has very little in common with vision of life and the plight of man as presented in his works of art. His artistic experiences were similar to Hardy's. His perceptions of life was not very different from Hardy's. So, in spite of all the obvious differences, there is a fundamantal similarity in his vision of life as preaented by the two writers. To a casual reader Lawrende's works may seem to affirm optimism and to preaent a happy vision of life. but Lawrence's very dogmatic optimis shows that he protests too much. Lawrence the artist could not but see that we live in a blighted world and that there is no other world for us to escape to, but Lawrence the prophet refused to accept the authenticity of his vision and proclaimed ways of escape. But on careful analysis the ways prove to be impracticable-and Lawrence the artist was aware of this and was always in conflict with Lawrence the philosopher. Lawrence's novels owe a great debt to Hardy in their ideas, characterization, and certain subtleties of technique. Both Hardy and Lawrence dislike city life and find beauty and happiness for man in the quiet countryside. Both Hardy and Lawrence reject modern mechanized life. Hardy shows the unhappiness of men and women under the artificial system. One step more, Lawrence shows the happiness of people freedfrom the bondages of the system. Here he differs from Hardy. Unlike Hardy's, Lawrence's main concern was not the presentation of the tragic vision of life, but the search for solutions to the problems of life. But his novels give us the actual process of the search - and that in itself is full of tragic qualities. Considering the modern age, we find ourselves echoing lawrence: "Ours is essentially a tragic age".(LCL. 5)

Jude the Obscure의 自然主義的 觀點 : 주로 形式, 素材, 方法面을 中心으로 Chiefly paying attention to Form, Subject Matter, Mathod

安鎭洙 단국대학교 1984 論文集 Vol.18 No.-

In this paper, I've observed the process that Thomas Hardy traces Jude's dream, frustration and conflict in terms of a naturalistic form, subject matter and method in Jude the Obscure. In every respect, Jude the Obscure meets the theoretical requirements of naturalism. As for the form, Jude's marriage-failure is thought to be due to his origin (blood, heredity) and the effects of milieu and cricumstances (unreasonable ready-made ethics, social convention), through which the desire to trace the evolution of a human being is the characteristically drawn-out form of the naturalist novel. In the subject matter, Jude the Obscure is based on the realistic description of the problems of poverty, exploiting, dirtiness which naturalists treat willingly. Hardy expresses his will to reform social institution in Jude. Accordingly he is called a meliorist. In other words, owing to the unreasonable man-made institutions, even the normal sexual drive is distorted and the cursed married life is compared to a trap in which man and wife are caught. (Chapter Ⅱ Part Fourth) Jude and Sue are trapped in a maze of unhappiness, from which there is no escape except death. Therefore, Hardy argues that we should straighten the distorted human nature by renovating the old-fashioned institutions and coventions. Realistically describing the various irrational social systems and delivering attacks against them seem to be Hardy's intention to stress on the recognition that if there is a better way, it is to see the worst. Jude the Obscure deals forcibly, often critically and sometimes bitterly, with a variety of themes: education, marriage, sex, religion, ethics, blood, modern man's hypochondria. Speaking of the method, he describes the social environment scientifically and too far minutely. The structure is stone-mason's geometry which consists of parallelism and symmetry. Marcel attributes this trait to Hardy's training and professional experience as an architect. Finally, the resume of the story is as follows: Part One is primarily an account of Jude's youth up to the moment he departs for Christminster in search of learning. Part Two (at Christminster) brings Hardy's spiritual Whittington to his London where he is taught that his desire for learning had been only "a social unrest which had no foundation in the nobler instincts; which was purely an artificial product of civilization." In Part Three Jude, having realized that learning is vain and that only his "altruistic feeling" had any "foundation in the nobler instincts," goes to Melchester. In Part Four Jude's education is almost lost sight of in the welter of narrative detail. There follows in Part Five a period when "the twain were happy―between their times of sadness―"Hardy shows them as devoted lovers at the Great Wessex Agricultural show. In Part Six, it is here at Christminster that Hardy makes the most extreme use of his one completely symbolic character, Father Time. All through Part Five he has been used to strike the ominous note which remind us that Sue and Jude's moderate happiness is a snare and a delusion. Jude the Obscure is Hardy's bleakest, most pessimistic, most depressing novel without any happy and pastoral atmosphere from the beginning to the end. On the assumption that we should renovate the various irrational social systems, Hardy is convinced that the melancholy and depressed atmosphere can be converted into a bright one.

수용액상 MEK 분리용 접촉식 분리막 시스템에 대한 물질전달계수 : 실험 및 이론적 고찰 Experimental and Theoretical Aspects

안효성,오윤진,이수복,이용택 한국화학공학회 2003 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.41 No.3

휘발성 유기 용매 중의 하나인 MEK(methyl ethyl ketone)를 수용액으로부터 평막형 접촉식 분리막을 이용하여 분리하고자 하였으며, 사용된 접촉식 분리막 장치에 대한 이론적, 실험적 총괄 물질 전달 계수를 구하고자 하였다. 회분식 분리 실험 장치에 상업용 다공성, 소수성 PDDF 분리막을 설치 이용하였으며 분리막 표면 위에 형성되는 농도 분극 경계층에 대한 Sh수(Sherwood number), Re(Reynolds number), Sc수(Schmidt number)의 관계식을 지지액막을 이용한 페놀 분리 실험을 통하여 결정하였다. 이 관계식을 사용하여 동일한 실험장치에 설치한 접촉식 분릭막으로 용매를 사용 MEK를 분리하는데 필요한 이론적 총괄 물질 전달 계수를 산출하였다. 회분식 접촉식 분리막 실험 장치에 대한 실험적 총괄 물질 전달 계수를 얻기 위한 식을 도출하였으며, MEK 분리 실험 결과를 적용하여 실험적 총괄 물질 전달 계수 값을 얻을 수 있었다. 이론적 총괄 물질 전달 계수와 실험적 물질 전달 계수 값들은 같은 차수를 보여주는 범위에서 비교적 잘 일치함을 확인할 수 있었다. MEK(methyl ethyl ketone), one of major volatile organic compounds(voc), was separated from its aqueous solution using a flat membrance contactor. The overall mass transfer coefficient observed experimentally. A correlation equation of Sherwood number was determined in terms of Reynolds number and Schmidt number for the concentration boundary layer which might exist on the surface of the commercially available porous PVDF membrane installed in a batch type apparatus. This correlation equation was determined experimentally from a separation experiments of phenol by a supported liquid membrane set up in the same apparatus. It was applied to estimate a theoretical overall mass transfer coefficient of MEK through the membrane contactor installed in the same apparatus. An experimental overall mass transfer coefficient could be obtained from the equation which was derived to describe the MEK separation phenomena in the batch type membrane contactor. The theoretical overall mass transfer coefficient was in good agreement with the experimental overall mass transfer coefficient in a sense that they are in the same order of magnitude.

Audible Doppler Ultrasound(8 MHz)를 이용한 소아와 영아에서 중심정맥 도관 삽입술에 관한 연구

안영준,정진영,홍수종 대한소아과학회 2002 小兒科 Vol.45 No.9

廢 EPS 再生 잉고트의 輕量 굵은骨材 活用方案에 관한 實驗的 硏究

안재철,안진봉,정민수,강병희 동아대학교 건설기술연구소 2000 硏究報告 Vol.24 No.1

This study is to investigate the possibility of using recycled EPS ingot as coarse aggregate and to set basic data of the efficient mixing design for making lightweight concrete. The condition of the most efficient mix design for making lightweight concrete is that under the replacement ratio of over 60%, if cement content is 400㎏/㎥ W/C ratio is 55%, if cement content is 450㎏/㎥ W/C ratio is 50% and 55%. From the result of the experiment under conditions, we could make the concrete whose qualities are slump value of over 18.0㎝, unit weight of less 1.99t/㎥, and compressive strength of over 216.39㎏f/㎠ when the cure duration is 28 days.