식사대용 식품(Ready-to-eat meals) 중 병원성 세균의 분포와 항생제 감수성 양상

홍은경,김윤아,이도경,강병용,하남주,Hong, Eun-Kyung,Kim, Yun-A,Lee, Do-Kyung,Kang, Byung-Yong,Ha, Nam-Joo 한국미생물학회 2006 미생물학회지 Vol.42 No.4

본 연구에서는 2005년 11월부터 2006년 3월 초까지 497개의 초밥, 김밥, 샌드위치 등의 식사대용 식품 검체를 수거하여 식품공전을 토대로 식사대용 식품에서 유래되는 미생물학적 인 오염도를 조사하고, 현대 사회에서 항생제 사용의 오남용으로 항생제 내성이 심각한 상황을고려하여 분리된 균에 대한 항생제 감수성 양상에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 수거된 검체를 실험한 결과 김밥에서 4개(1.4%)의 Escherichia coli가 분리되었고, 초밥, 샌드위치 등에서는 분리되지 앓았다. 또한 김밥에서 12개(4.4%), 초밥에서 8개(5.4%), 샌드위치에서 2개(4.3%)로 총22개(4.4%)의 Staphylococcus aureus가 분리되었다. 식사대용 식품에서 분리된 26개의 균주로 National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS)의 기준에 의거하여 vancomycin, teicoplanin, gentamycin, cipro-floxacin, synercid, cefotaxime, lincomycin, meropenem, cefazolin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid으로 총 10개의 항생제를 사용하여 E. coli와 S. aureus의 항생제 감수성 양상을 파악해 보고자 하였다. 실험 결과 식사대용 식품에서 분리된 E. coli 4균주의 항생제 감수성 양상은 그람 음성균 치료에 주로 사용되는 항생제인 gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxine, meropenem, cefazolin에 대해서는 감수성이 높다고 판단되었으나 amoxicillin-clavulanic acid에 대해서는 내성을 나타내었고, S. aureus의 항생제 감수성은 비교적 높다고 판단되었다. This study was performed in order to measure the level of food-borne pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance pattern of found ready to eat meals such as Him-bap, Cho-bap, Hamburger, Sandwich and packed lunch boxes. A total of 497 samples were collected from supermarket and department of Seoul, Kyung-ki, Inctleon, Kang-won, Chung-Cheong from November, 2005 to March, 2006. The contaminated microorganisms were in most cases tract relative strain like E. coli and S. aureus. Result have shown E. coli was detected 4 strains and S. aureus was detected 22 strains. 26 strains were also tested the antibiotic resistance pattern. 26 strains were shown to be relatively susceptible to synercid, vancomycin, teicoplanin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, lincomycn, cefotaxime, meropenem, cephalosporin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid by the MIC dilution method, but E. coli 1 strain was resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.

The Bethesda System 2001의 최신지견

홍은경,남종희,박문향,Hong, Eun-Kyung,Nam, Jong-Hee,Park, Moon-Hyang 대한세포병리학회 2001 대한세포병리학회지 Vol.12 No.1

The Bethesda System (TBS) was first developed in 1988 for the need to enhance the communication of the cytopathologic findings to the referring physician in unambiguous diagnostic terms. The terminology used in this reporting system should reflect current understanding of the pathogenesis of cervical/vaginal disease so the framework of the reporting system should be flexible enough to accommodate advances in medicine including virology, molecular biology, and pathology. Three years after the Introduction of TBS, the second Bethesda workshop was held to set or amend diagnostic criteria for each categories of TBS. TBS 1991 is now widely used. The third Bethesda workshop, The Bethesda System 2001 Workshop, was held in National Cancer institute Bethesda, Maryland from April 30 to May 2, 2001. Again, the goals of this workshop were to promote effective communication and to clarify in reporting cervical cytopathology results to clinicians and to provide with the information to make appropriate decisions about diagnosis and treatment. Nine forum groups were made and there were Web-based bulletin board discussions between October, 2000 and the first week of April, 2001. On the basis of bulletin board comments and discussions, the forum moderators recommended revised terminologies in the Workshop. Hot discussions were followed after the presentation by forum moderators during the workshop. Terminologies confusing clinicians and providing no additional informations regarding patient management were deleted in the workshop to clarify the cervicovaginal cytology results. Any informations related to the patient management were encouraged to add. So 'Satisfactory for evaluation but limited by...' of 'Specimen Adequacy' catergory was deleted. Terminology of 'Unsatisfactory' was further specified as 'Specimen rejected' and 'Specimen processed and examined, but unsatisfactory'. Terminologies of 'Benign Cellular Change' and 'Within Normal Limits' were combined and terminology was changed to 'Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy'. In General categorization, category 'Other' was newly inserted and the presence of 'Endometrial cells' in women over 40 years old can be checked. Although the category 'Benign Cellular Change' was deleted, the organisms or reactive changes of this category can be listed in the descriptive diagnoses. Terminologies of ASCUS and AGUS were changed to atypical squamous cell and atypical glandular cell, respectively. Diagnostic term of 'Adenocarcinoma in situ', which is highly reproducible with reliable diagnostic criteria, was newly Inserted. The category of hormonal evaluation was deleted. Criteria for liquid-based specimen were discussed. Reporting by computer-assisted cytology was discussed and terminology for automated review was newly inserted. This is not the final edition of Bethesda 2001. The final document can be prepared before the ASCCP meeting in which Consensus Guidelines for the Management on Cytology Abnormalities and Cervical Precursors will develop in September 2001.

요로 종양의 세포병리

홍은경,Hong, Eun-Kyung 대한세포병리학회 2006 대한세포병리학회지 Vol.17 No.1

Urine cytology is the most useful technique for detecting either primary or recurrent neoplasms in the urinary tract. Although urine cytology is the traditional method of detecting these neoplasms, its diagnostic accuracy has been underevaluated because of low sensitivity. The cytologic interpretation of urinary samples is not an easy task, even with some expertise in this area, for many reasons. In low-grade urothelial carcinoma, no reliable or reproducible diagnostic cytologic criteria can be provided because of the lack of obvious cytologic features of malignancy, which is one of the main factors lowering its diagnostic accuracy. Many diagnostic markers have been developed recently to enhance its diagnostic yield, but the results have not been satisfactory. However, urine cytology plays a role in detecting high-grade urothelial carcinoma or its precursor lesions. It still shows higher specificity than any of the newly developed urine markers. Understanding the nature of urine samples and the nature of neoplasms of the urinary tract, recognizing their cytologic features fully, and using cytologic findings under appropriate conditions in conjunction with a detailed clinical history would make urine cytology a very valuable diagnostic tool.

Opiate 수용체의 발달에 대한 연구

홍은경,김해리 ( Eun Kyung Hong,Har Ret Kim ) 생화학분자생물학회 1984 BMB Reports Vol.17 No.4

It was reported that the opiate peptides function as a neurotransmitter of neuromodulator. They may be involved in a natural pain suppression system (analgesia) or possibly also in other behavioral and emotional functions and food intake regulation. In the present study, the changes of opiate receptor binding in the whole brain, cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus, midbrain, medulla oblongata, striatum, pylorus and ileum, from the 18th day of gestation to adulthood in both sexes were investigated. We observed that the developmental pattern of the opiate receptar binding is independent of both total protein content and protein concentration. The level of ³H-naloxone binding in brain regions, pylorus and ileum was divided into 3 groups according to the developmental pattern of ³H-naloxone binding. The cortex and midbrain belong to high binding group. The hypothalamus, striatum, and medulla oblongata belong to moderate binding group. ³H-Naloxone binding was low in the cerebellum, pylorus and ileum. Distinct differences between male and female rats were observable in the brain regions. The pattern of opiate receptor binding in the pylorus and ileum is more like that in the cerebellum than in any other brain regions.

체강액의 세포학

홍은경,Hong, Eun-Kyung 대한세포병리학회 2008 대한세포병리학회지 Vol.19 No.2

Cytologic examination of the body cavity fluid is very important because the specimens represent a significant percentage of nongynecologic samples and this cytologic examination may be the first, best or only chance for making the diagnosis of an underlying malignancy. The purposes of body cavity fluid examination are to correctly identify cancer cells and if possible, to identify the tumor types and primary sites when presented with unknown primary tumor sites. The most important basic differential diagnosis is that of benign and reactive disease vs malignant disease. Reactive mesothelial cells are a consistent population in body cavity fluid, and these are the most versatile cells in the body. Due to the specific environment of the body cavity, the exfoliated reactive mesothelial cells may show significant morphologic overlap with the morphology of cancer cells. With a focus on the differential points between reactive mesothelial cells and metastatic adenocarcinoma cells, the practical diagnostic approaches, the diagnostic clues and the pitfalls to achieve a correct diagnosis are presented in this review.

해수처리를 위한 오존공정의 적용

홍은경 ( Eun Kyung Hong ),정유미 ( You Mi Jung ),김서희 ( Seo Hee Kinm ),강준원 ( Joon Wun Kang ) 한국물환경학회(구 한국수질보전학회) 2014 한국물환경학회·대한상하수도학회 공동 춘계학술발표회 Vol.2014 No.-

예수에게 배우는 멘토링 원리 -교사교육을 중심으로-

홍은경 ( Eun Kyung Hong ) 기독교학문연구회 2005 신앙과 학문 Vol.10 No.1

지자문(之字紋)토기 연구

홍은경 ( Hong Eun-kyung ) 경희대학교 인문학연구원 2016 인문학연구 Vol.0 No.31

지자문토기는 한국과 지역적으로 인접한 중국 동북지역 신석기시대의 대표적인 토기로, 이 지역과 교류(혹은 접촉이나 상호영향)가 있었음은 이미 오래 전부터 지적되어 왔다. 농경도구(석기)의 형태 및 구성에서의 유사성이 감지되어 관련 가능성이 제기된 이후 관심은 적지 않았지만, 한국 토기문화와의 비교연구가 몇 번 진행되었을 뿐 이 지역 지자문토기 자체에 대해서는 아직 기초적 연구가 이루어진바 없었다. 신석기시대에 동북아시아 전역에 걸친 다양한 정보의 교류가 이루어졌을 가능성이 충분하다는 점을 고려하면, 주변 지역의 신석기시대에 대한 개별적이고 구체적인 탐색은 한국 신석기시대 문화의 형성과 전개를 이해하기 위해서도 필수적이라 판단된다. 본고에서는 지자문의 시문방법과 다양한 형식 및 문양배치 등의 일반적인 내용을 개괄하고, 각 문화에서 확인된 지자문토기의 특징, 시기별 변화와 지자문토기의 공간적, 시간적 분포 양상을 검토하였다. 먼저 지자문을 다양한 측면에서 살펴본 결과, 중국 동북지역의 가장 일반적인 지자문토기는 압인의 방식으로 선형 지자문을 새긴 평저통형관임을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 지자문토기는 지역에 따라 출현과 소멸 시기에 차이가 있어서 요서지역 → 연산남쪽/요하유역/길림지역 → 요동반도와 압록강 하류지역의 순서로 등장하고, 요하유역(불분명)/연산남쪽 → 요동반도와 압록강 하류지역 → 길림지역 → 요서지역의 순으로 소멸하였다. 광범위한 중국 동북지역에서도 지지문토기의 중심지역이라고 할 수 있는 요서지역은 다른 지역에 비해 긴 기간에 지자문토기 전통을 유지한 것이다. 오랜 기간(대략 3000년 정도) 존속하였던 만큼 시간에 따른 변화 양상도 확인된다. 지자문토기가 처음 등장한 시기의 견부 돌대(융기문대)는 시간이 지나면서 점차 사라지며 다단의 문양배치는 간소화되어 단일문양대로 변화한다. 정형화되었던 지자문의 형태도 퇴화하며 침선문의 요소가 등장하면서 압인 지자문은 점차 사라지게 된다. Zigzag pattern pottery(之字紋土器) is a typical Neolithic pottery in northeastern China adjacent to the Korean peninsula. The cultural exchange between Northeastern China and Korean peninsula in Neolithic period has been pointed out before. However, despite the deep interest, it has been studied in comparison with South Korean pottery culture, not for zigzag pattern pottery itself. Therefore, this study should look at the general components of zigzag pattern pottery such as decoration technique, pattern style, and the manner of placement patterns. And then I should investigates the characteristics and spatial and temporal distribution of specific features of zigzag pattern pottery in each culture of northeastern China. After reviewing the various aspects, I have found that the most common zigzag pattern pottery in northeastern China is the cylindrical pottery with flat bottom which is decorated with lineal zigzag pattern by impression. But It is found that zigzag pattern pottery is different to the appearance and disappearance time depending on the region. Especially in Liaoxi Region, it has been found that the tradition of zigzag pattern pottery maintain for a long time as compared to other regions. And It has been also observed as the changes in pottery pattern over time for approximately 3,000 years. The complex and standard patterns has become more simple, and zigzag pattern by impression has been disappeared while appearance of line engraving.

암사동 유적 신석기시대 토기의 시문기법

홍은경(Hong Eun Kyung) 한국신석기학회 2010 한국신석기연구 Vol.- No.20

문양의 시문에는 다양한 요인이 복합적으로 작용하지만, 암사동 토기에서 흔히 보이는 압날문과 침선문은 시문단계, 시문방법과 시문구의 형태에 의해 좌우된다. 본고에서는 이 세 가지의 요인을 시문기법의 주요 구성요소로 파악하고, 각 요인이 시문에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 기존의 연구 결과를 검토하고, 유물에 대한 관찰을 통해 문양에서 보이는 시문기법의 특징을 살폈다. 검토와 관찰만으로는 시문기법을 추정하는데 한계가 있으므로 이를 보완하기 위한 실험을 실시하였다. 토기의 문양은 성형이 완료되고 소성이 시작되기 전에 새기는 것이 일반적이다. 수분함유 정도에 따라 점토를 다섯 단계로 구분한 바에 의하면 암사동 토기의 시문은 대략 D단계에 이루어진다. 또 유물에 새겨진 각 문양소를 관찰하면 암사동 토기의 문이 구연부에서 시작되어 동체부와 저부의 순서로 진행되었음을 알 수 있는데, 이는 기존의 연구결과와도 부합하는 것이다. 구연부에 주로 새겨지는 압날문은 시문구 형태에 의해 문양의 종류가 좌우되는 반면, 침선문은 시문방법과 시문단계에 더 큰 영향을 받는다. 따라서 실험은 압날 문과 침선문을 구분하여, 각기 다른 과정으로 진행하였다. 실험 결과 압날문의 각 문양(단사선문, 꺾쇠문, 조문, 점열문)에 적합한 시문구 형태를 찾을 수 있었으며, 침선문에 효과적인 시문방법과 시문단계도 알 수 있었다. 한편, 암사동 토기의 문양들은 대부분 문양소의 오른쪽이 경사져 있는데, 이러한 경사는 단순히 시문구와 기표면의 각도가 작기 때문에 생긴 것이 아니다. 시문구를 입체적으로 만들어 그 끝을 V형태로 다듬으면, 이와 같은 경사는 시문시 자연적 으로 생긴다. 시문구의 이런 형태는 다양한 문양효과를 내거나, 시문을 수정할 때, 토기표면을 정리할 때도 매우 유용하다. 시문구 끝을 어떻게 만드느냐에 따라 하나의 시문구로 다양한 문양을 새길 수 있고, 동일한 문양 내에서도 여러 가지 변이를 만들 수 있다. 실제의 시문에서 이와 같은 복합용 시문구가 이용되었을 가능성도 있다. Engraving technique is an important approach to comprehend the pattern technically, leading to understand a certain aspect of producing pottery better. This paper will deliver more concrete understanding of engraving technique through the pottery excavated in the Amsa-dong site. Although numerous factors could be a pivotal contributor to decide the pattern engraving, impressed pattern and incised pattern which is commonly discovered in the Amsa-dong pottery is attributed to the type of decoration tool and the degree of clay’s solidification As a result of detailed examining the Amsa-dong pottery by part, I discovered that the most engraving had been progressed to stand and be the right-side of pottery. Impressed pattern carved in the mouth part of pottery, compared to the incised pattern, could be engraved effectively when the clay is less solidified. Considering the direction of engraving from rim to base, impressed pattern could be regard as having an adequate pattern disposition. The degree of clay’s solidification of incised pattern could normally result in the difference of depth, width and unexpected clay shift. But that could not be shown actually, I checked the removal of the clay shift of surface. A major pattern is artificially produced by researching the possible appearance of engraving tools. In this procedure, some meaningful outcome is discovered. In the most pottery of the Amsa-dong site, engraving tool is dispersed from right side of surface, then pattern is carved in order. If the right side of engraving tool is inclined, engraving will go along more easily. This mechanism is effective for the various pattern effect and beneficial for adjusting pattern and neatening the pottery surface. Furthermore, producer can carve all types of possible pattern with one typical engraving tool. There would be a possible usage of a multi-functional engraving tool with diverse characteristic, creating a various effect.

염색시술 조건에 따른 모발염색 색상의 변화 평가

홍은경 ( Eun Kyung Hong ),김훈 ( Hoon Kim ),김영일 ( Young Il Kim ) 한국미용학회 2007 한국미용학회지 Vol.13 No.1