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권력과 소통의 정치학 - 영국 근대 사회계약 담론을 중심으로 -
이화용 한국중앙사학회 2010 중앙사론 Vol.0 No.31
This paper aims to reconstruct the ‘social contract theory’ in the seventeenth and eighteenth century in terms of communication and reconciliation. In the beginning of seventeenth century, there emerged the idea of modern social contract, which argued that the formation of society was based on individuals' will. In England, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were the representative thinkers of the ‘social contract theory’ in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, that is the tumultuous period of the English Civil Wars. The core of modern theory of social contract lies in voluntarism, in which political legitimacy originates from the will of the individuals which are composed of a society. On the other hand, the modern theory of social contract is the historical product of the seventeenth and eighteenth century, when the kings came into severe conflict with the civil society initiated by parliaments. This paper explores the nature and meaning of political communication in Hobbes' and Locke's theory of social contract. To this end, I seek to elaborate the issues in the political conflicts of the seventeenth and eighteenth century, how the society was split by the conflicts, how to understand the opposing arguments, and what Hobbes and Locke proposed to bring them together. By doing so, this paper intends to provide clues and lessons for the problems of communication and reconciliation which we have faced today.
이화용,원경호,김윤경,조민,김강민,류호진,Lee, Hwa-Yong,Won, Kyungho,Kim, Yoon-Kyeong,Cho, Min,Kim, Kangmin,Ryu, Hojin The Microbiological Society of Korea 2017 미생물학회지 Vol.53 No.3
생물학적방제 효과가 뛰어난 Bacillus thuringiensis C25 균주의 유전체 분석을 수행하였다. 본 균주는 5,308,062 bp, G+C 비율 35.32%의 염색체와 308,946 bp, 32.23% G+C 함량이 포함된 plasmid를 지닌 것으로 확인되었다. 염색체와 plasmid DNA에 예측된 유전자의 총 수는 5,683개의 단백질 코딩유전자와 107개 tRNA 그리고 42개의 rRNA였다. We here provide the complete genome sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis C25, the strain showing antagonistic effects on fungal phytopathogens. The genome comprised of 5,308,062 bp with 35.32% G+C content of a circular chromosome and a plasmid containing 308,946 bp with 32.23% G+C content. The chromosome and plasmid genome included 5,683 protein coding DNA sequences, 107 tRNA and 42 rRNA genes.
Global Civil Society: Challenge to Citizenship and Democracy?
이화용 한국세계지역학회 2009 世界地域硏究論叢 Vol.27 No.2
Today, the autonomy and capabilities of states, which has a central position in the international order, have been questioned. With the process of globalization, alternative authorities, which would act instead of states or with states, are searched out. Global civil society, one of these alternative communities, is a vast, interconnected, and multi-layered social space that comprises the deliberate organizations of social, economic and political activities outside national borders. Despite the necessity of global civil society, it is said that global civil society beyond territorial states, goes against the state. Contrary to the argument, this paper intends to show that global civil society and the state are not necessarily incompatible, in particular if we get a fuller understanding of citizenship and democracy derived from the universal rights of people. With citizenship and democracy on a national basis, there are many limitations in the formation and development of a global civil society beyond territorial borders. But if we take a more comprehensive understanding of citizenship and democracy and extend them on a global scale, global civil society would be a practical entity. That is, the present conception of citizenship, which aims to offer rights and obligations to national citizens, should be transformed into an alternative principle, under which to have equal rights and accountability in a common decision-making processes about the global agenda. Democracy must go beyond the state and work in a global civil society, so that individuals can, in principle, participate in global public debates. By doing so, global civil society is a way of securing wavering citizenship and democracy in a contemporary globalizing world. As global civil society becomes more necessary, the alteration of our sense of citizenship, democracy, and their related concepts of participation, accountability and authority within a territorial state, may not be a choice, but an obligation which we should take for our future.
국제기구와 시민사회: IMF의 민주화에 관한 시론적 고찰
이화용 고려대학교 평화와 민주주의연구소 2017 평화연구 Vol.19 No.1
This article aims to critically examine the role of civil society in the democratization of international organizations. As international organizations, which have become more powerful in scale and influence in the 21st century, are no longer blind spot of democracy. Elaborating on the theoretical foundations of the necessity of democracy in international organizations, I intend to identify what and how civil society should do for the improvement of accountability and participation, which are the core of its democratization. Based on these theoretical arguments, this article explores the activities and roles of civil society for democratization of the IMF. The IMF has been criticized for its undemocratic governance and decision-making process. I argue that civil society as a public sphere may play a significant role of being the transmission channel to connect the IMF with people and contribute to opening up a path for the IMF’s democratization. Also, pointing out the limits of civil society, this article reflects on the tasks of civil society in democratizing the IMF. 국제기구의 민주화란 국제기구에 더 많은 사람들의 의사와 이해관계가 반영될 수 있는 대중통제 시스템이 작동하는 것을 말한다. 21세기 들어 규모와 영향력에서 큰 정치적 권력을 갖고 있는 국제기구는 더 이상 민주주의 사각지대가 아니다. 국제기구의 민주화는 비민주적인 국제기구의 내부구조에서 이루어지기 힘들고 적합하지도 않다. 이런 이해 속에서, 본 논문은 국제기구 민주화의 추동 세력으로 시민사회에 주목하고, 시민사회의 민주화를 위한 역할을 정당화할 수 있는 몇 가지 이론적 입장을 살펴본다. 이들 입장이 제시하는 공통적인 논지는 새로운 공적 영역으로서의 시민사회의 위상이다. 시민사회의 역할에 관한 이론적 토대를 기반으로, 본 논문은 국제통화기금(IMF)에 대한 시민사회의 활동과 역할을 고찰한다. IMF는 세계은행과 세계무역기구 등의 자유주의 경제기구 중 민주화 정도가 가장 낮다. 본 논문은 민주주의 결핍이 심한 IMF에 대한 시민사회 활동이 IMF의 민주화에 미친 기여와 한계를 밝히고 지속가능한 시민사회의 역할을 위한 향후 과제가 무엇인지 성찰한다.