Hybridizing Genres and Cultural Ambivalence in Chang-rae Lee`s Native Speaker

이정화 ( Jung Hwa Lee ) 한국영미문화학회 2009 영미문화 Vol.9 No.3

This essay examines the thematic continuum between Chang-rae Lee`s reworking of generic conventions of the bildungsroman and the spy novel in Native Speaker. Reading Native Speaker as a novel not only about Asian American inclusion but also about Asian American authoring, I posit that Lee courts the mainstream American reading public by tactfully mixing conventions of the bildungsroman and the spy novel. Appropriating the two genres, Lee enacts a literary equivalent of John Kwang`s political project that privileges heterogeneity and hybridity. The bildungsroman, a representative Asian American literary expression, has tended to articulate Asian American integration into the nation, often subscribing to the `model minority` myth. Native Speaker uses a major staple of the bildungsroman by following how Henry makes sense of his childhood to construct a public identity. Unlike conventional bildungsromans, however, Lee presents Henry`s coming-to-terms with society as something to be undone rather than something to be accomplished by the end of the novel. Native Speaker problematizes successful cultural bildung by describing Henry`s spying as a function of his successful American education. Lee exploits the familiar trope of the inscrutable Asian spy by casting a Korean American spy as his protagonist, but he complicates the old association between the Asian spy and the `yellow peril`; Distinguishing Henry from stereotypical Asian agents as well as conventional spies, Lee opposes the logic behind the `yellow peril` in favor of a principle of hybridity. Appropriating as well as disrupting cultural expectations of Asian Americans and the literary conventions that code such expectations, Lee suggests "a double articulation" (in the Bhabhaian sense) as a viable strategy for Asian American authorship.

사람 인슐린 수용체 유전자의 3 ' - 말단 부위의 클로닝과 염기서열 결정

이정화,박선희,박종상 ( Jung Hwa Lee,Sun Hee Park,Jong Sang Park ) 생화학분자생물학회 1990 BMB Reports Vol.23 No.3

간 이식 소아에서 발생한 이식 후 림프 증식 질환: 단일 기관에서의 21년 경험

이정화,고재성,서정기,이남준,서경석,이건욱,강경훈,Lee, Jung-Hwa,Ko, Jae-Sung,Seo, Jeong-Kee,Yi, Nam-Joon,Suh, Kyung-Suk,Lee, Kuhn-Uk,Kang, Gyeong-Hoon 대한소아소화기영양학회 2009 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.12 No.2

Purpose: To analyze the clinical spectrum of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) after liver transplantation in children. Methods: From January 1988 to June 2009, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 8 PTLD cases among 148 pediatric patients underwent liver transplantation. The age at transplantation, time of presentation after transplantation, clinical manifestations, histologic diagnosis, results of EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) assessments, managements and outcomes of PTLD were investigated. Results: The prevalence of PTLD in liver transplant pediatric recipients was 5.4% (8 of 148). The mean age of patients was 25.4${\pm}$21.3 months (range 10 to 67 months). Seven of 8 patients (87.5%) underwent liver transplantation before 1 year of age. The common clinical presentations were persistent fever (8 of 8, 100%) and bloody diarrhea (6 of 8, 75%). PTLD was diagnosed with gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsies in five patients and surgical biopsies in three. Histologic findings showed early lesion in three patients, polymorphic in two, and monomorphic in three. Burkitt lymphoma and lymphoblastic lymphoma were found in two of 3 monomorphic patients. Seven of 8 patients were found with EBV-positive. Eight patients were treated with dose reduction of immunosuppressants and infusion of ganciclovir. Rituximab was added to four patients. PTLD were successfully managed in all patients except one who died of sepsis during chemotherapy. Conclusion: Major risk factor of PTLD was to undergo liver transplantation before 1 year of age. Continuous monitoring for EBV viral load and gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsy may be useful to early detection of PTLD. 목 적: 간 이식 소아에서 발생한 PTLD의 경험을 통해 발현 양상, 발병 위험 인자, 진단 방법, 치료 및 예후에 영향을 줄 수 있는 요인들을 알아보았다. 방 법: 1988년 1월부터 2009년 6월까지 서울대학교 어린이병원에서 간 이식을 받은 소아 148명 중 PTLD로 진단된 8명의 환아들을 대상으로 후향적 분석을 하였다. 이식당시 나이, 이식 후 PTLD 증상이 나타날 때 까지의 기간, 임상적 증상, 조직학적 소견, EBV 검사 결과, 치료 및 경과에 대해 조사하였다. 결 과: 간 이식 후 PTLD의 유병률은 5.4%였고, 발생시기는 조기 PTLD가 6명(75%), 후기 PTLD가 2명(25%)이었다. 대상 환아의 간 이식 당시 나이는 평균8.1${\pm}$4.4개월로, 12개월 미만이 7명(87.5%), 12개월 이후가 1명(12.5%)이었다. PTLD 진단 시 주증상은 발열, 설사, 혈변이었고 모두 장이나 장간막 림프절 침범이 있었다. 3명은 개복 수술로 5명은 상부 위장관 내시경이나 대장 내시경을 통한 조직 검사로 진단되었다. 조직학적 진단은 early lesion이 3명, polymorphic PTLD 2명, monomorphic PTLD 1명, Burkitt 림프종 1명, B 세포 림프종이 1명이었다. EBV는 7명에서 양성을 보였다. 치료는 전례에서 1차 치료로 면역억제제를 중지하고 항바이러스제(ganciclovir)를 투여 하였다. 4명의 환아들에서 rituximab을 추가하였고 Burkitt 림프종과 B 세포림프종으로 진단된 환아들은 각각 항암 치료를 병행하였다. B 세포 림프종으로 진단되어 치료 중에 패혈증으로 1명이 사망하였으며 나머지 7명은 호전되었다. 결 론: 1세 미만에 간 이식을 받은 경우가 PTLD 발생의 주요한 위험 인자였으며, EBV viral load의 지속적인 감시와 위장관 내시경을 통한 조직 검사가 PTLD 조기진단에 유용할 것으로 생각한다.

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of 3'-Terminal Region of Human Insulin Receptor Gene

이정화,박선희,박종상,Lee, Jung-Hwa,Park, Sun-Hee,Park, Jong-Sang Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 1990 한국생화학회지 Vol.23 No.3

사람 인슐린 수용체 유전자의 3'말단 부분의 5 kb를 클로닝하였다. 건조젤 하이브리디제이션을 이용하여 제한효소인 EcoRI으로 자른 사람 인슐린 수용체 유전자 중 4.5-5.5 kb를 확인하고 ${\lambda}gt$ 10벡터에 삽입시켰다. 이렇게 하여 만든 유전자 라이브러리를 카르복시 말단에 해당하는 합성 NDA로 스크린하여 표지를 내는 plague들을 pBR328에 재클로닝하였다. 부분적인 DNA의 염기서열 결정으로 클로닝한 DNA가 사람 인슐린 수용체임을 확인하였다. ExoIII nuclease로 DNA를 크기순서대로 자르는 방법을 이용하여 전사 말단 부위의 1.3 kb의 유전자 염기서열을 결정하였다. 염기서열 분석결과 인슐린 수용체 유전자는 poly(A)가 붙는 자리 앞쪽의 15 뉴클레오티드에 전통적인 AATAAA 염기가 아닌 AATATA 염기가 존재함을 알았는데 아마도 이것이 유전자 조절에 관여할 것으로 여겨진다. 또한 이 유전자는 mRNA 프로세서에 관여한다고 제안된 G/T 밀집 염기서열을 가지고 있음을 알았다. The 5 kb long 3'-terminal region of genomic DNA of Human Insulin Receptor(IR) gene was cloned. By the dry-gel hybridization, 4.5-5.5 kb long DNA of EcoRI cut human chromosomal DNA was identified and inserted into ${\lambda}gt$ 10 vector. Constructed subgenomic library was screened with synthetic 21 mer probe corresponding to the carboxy terminal. By the partial DNA sequencing about 200 bp in 5 kb genomic DNA, we found the sequence was the same as the published result. We sequenced about 1.3 kb transcription terminal region by the ExoIII deletion method. The result of the sequence analysis showed that the IR gene has AATATA sequence 15 nucleotide upstream of poly(A) site instead of the canonical AATAAA consensus sequence and this may play a role in gene regulation and that in poly(A) downstream region the IR gene has the T-rich, G/T cluster sequence, which was proposed as a element of mRNA processing.

A case of lung abscess caused by Burkholderia cepacia in healthy child

이정화,이소희,홍성진,최영철,황은구,Lee, Jung Hwa,Lee, So Hee,Hong, Seong Jin,Choi, Young Chil,Hwang, Eun Gu The Korean Pediatric Society 2007 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.50 No.1

B. cepacia는 그람 음성 호기성 세균으로서 주로 면역 기능 저하 환자들에서 기회 감염의 중요한 원인균으로 알려져 있다. 이 세균은 매우 병원성이 강하여 침습적인 괴사성 감염을 일으키며 사망에까지 이르게 할 수 있다. B. cepacia는 여러 항생제에 높은 저항성을 보이므로 한 가지 항생제의 단독 요법보다는 여러 항생제의 병용용법을 사용해야 한다. 저자들은 건강한 소아에서 자연 발생한 B. cepacia에 의한 폐농양을 경험하였고 meropenem과 trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 병용 요법과 수술적 치료를 통해 성공적으로 치유한 1례를 보고하고자 한다. Burkholderia cepacia is a Gram-negative aerobic bacillus known to cause opportunistic infections in the immune-compromised hosts. This microorganism is strongly virulent and causes a necrotising invasive infection that may lead to death. As B. cepacia is highly resistant to various antimicrobials, combination antimicrobial therapy must be used instead of monotherapy. We report a successful treatment of lung abscess that was naturally caused by B. cepacia in a healthy child, through combination antimicrobial therapy of meropenem and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and operative management.

총정맥영양(TPN)과 관련된 미량원소의 결핍

이정화,Lee, Jung Hwa 대한소아소화기영양학회 2008 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.11 No.suppl1

Trace elements compose a very small portion of the body, however they have a variety of essential functions. Various diseases are caused by trace element deficiencies, and sometimes they can be fatal. Long-term TPN is a risk factor of trace element deficiency, and trace elements need to be checked regularly while receiving TPN. It is important to provide sufficient requirements of trace elements regarding the clinical features and the problems of trace element excess or deficiency. Moreover extensive studies to establish the efficiency of examining human hair and nails, recent method to determine the trace elements, are required.

Oscar Wilde’s Uncanny Fiction: The Picture of Dorian Gray

이정화 ( Jung-hwa Lee ) 한국영미문화학회 2017 영미문화 Vol.17 No.4

This essay reconsiders Oscar Wilde’s only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray as an uncanny text by examining mirror images, repetitions, and doublings. The Picture of Dorian Gray is an uncanny text not simply because it depicts supernatural incidents but because Wilde presents them in elaborate ways in order to produce uncanny sensations for readers. Wilde uses mirrors to remind the futility of mimetic imitation and to recast life in an uncanny light. Mirrors in Wilde’s fiction creates uncanny effects, awakening the beholder to his/her vulnerability. Through multiple repetitions and doublings, furthermore, The Picture of Dorian Gray shows an uncanny world where life does not progress but goes in circle and the boundary between heimlich and unheimlich becomes meaningless. Just as his characters pursue excess in emotion and sensuality, Wilde pursues a style based upon excess that utilizes repetitions, thus violating the Victorian norms of restraint and control. As this violation disturbs readers, The Picture of Dorian Gray becomes a performatively uncanny and uncannily performative text.

영어성경동화학습이 유아의 친사회적 행동에 미치는 영향

이정화(Lee jung-hwa),이경화(Kyunghwa Lee) 숭실대학교 영재교육연구소 2011 Global Creative Leader Vol.1 No.2

학벌과 성취를 중시하는 현대사회는 학업성취와 지적인 발달교육을 지나치게 요구하고 있다. 이러한 환경 속에서 유아들은 더욱 경쟁적인 성향을 띄게 된다. 특히 초등학교에서의 영어교과의 도입으로 유아기 영어교육에 대한 관심이 높아졌고 사교육을 통하여 영어교육을 시키고자 하는 학부모의 요구에 많은 사립 유치원뿐만 아니라 일반유치원에서도 영어교육을 실시하고 있다. 무한 경쟁시대 속에서 유아들이 영어성경동화를 통해서 친사회적 행동과 도덕적 추론, 가치관의 발달을 증진시킬 수 방안을 제안하고자 한다. 14권의 영어성경동화책을 활용한 친사회적프로그램을 실험집단에서 실시하였고 통제 집단에서는 일반 영어동화책을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 살펴보면 영어성경동화학습을 실시한 실험집단의 유아가 통제집단에 비해 친사회적 행동 향상을 증진시키는데 효과가 있음이 확인 되었다. 따라서 유아교육 현장에서 영어교육 및 친사회적 행동향상을 위하여 본 연구에서 확인된 바와 같은 영어성경동화학습 프로그램이 효과적인 교수 ․ 학습 자료로 사용되기를 기대한다. This study aims to find out what effects learning English Bible storybooks have on young children’s pro-social behaviors. English Bible storybook was provided for the children in the experimental group to experience while regular English storybook was provided for the children in the control group. The results from this study, which investigates whether learning English Bible storybooks have a positive effect on young children to improve their pro-social behaviors, will introduce effective instructional methods that can be implemented in early childhood educational settings for the young children’s improvement of pro-social behaviors.

“새로운 오리엔탈리즘”과 아룬다티 로이의 『작은 것들의 신』

이정화 ( Jung Hwa Lee ) 한국영미문화학회 2015 영미문화 Vol.15 No.3

The essay re-visits the concept of New Orientalism, which can be defined as “Orientalism by Orientals,” in order to examine Arundhati Roy`s depiction of Indian culture in her highly successful debut novel, The God of Small Things. The novel demonstrates Roy`s awareness of the marketability of cultural difference and the plight of regional culture that has been turned into a hot cultural commodity. Furthermore, through the History House and the kathakali dancer, Roy suggests that colonial history and the commodification of Indian culture converge, thus foregrounding the continuity between the two forms of violence done to local culture. Free from any illusion about the relationship between local and global, The God of Small Things offers a self-conscious commentary on the marketing of indo-chic while calling for critical attention to the affinity between imperialism and superficial multiculturalism.

초등학교 3학년 학생들의 환경관련 독서활동이 환경에 대한 태도에 미치는 영향

이정화(Jung-Hwa Lee),강혁주(Hyeog-Ju Kang),류재인(Jae-In Ryu),정진수(Jin-Su Jeong),권용주(Yong-Ju Kwon),박국태(Kuk-Tae Park) 한국환경교육학회 2004 環境 敎育 Vol.17 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze how reading activities related to the environment of third grade students at elementary schools affect their attitude on the<br/> environment. A survey was carried out on 73 third grade students in K elementary school located in Buk-gu, Daegu metropolitan city. The students were divided into an experimental group and a control group. A preliminary inspection with a check paper on environment<br/> -related attitude was performed. Then the students in the experimental group performed a reading activity connected with the environment for eight weeks, and a comparative analysis of the results of posttest was conducted. As a result of the study, the posttest of the experimental group in its overall attitude toward the environment and change in attitude by areas, subjects, gender, showed high statistical significance. In terms of effects by areas, each of the three areas progressed evenly as a whole, although emotion showed the most improvement among them. In consequence of the effect by subjects, all subjects improved positively, although the environmental pollution and recycling parts showed the biggest change. <br/> Therefore, elementary third graders' reading activities related to the environment was more likely to change their attitude toward the environment to a more desirable direction. Hence, when the proper data for this activity is put into environment-related classes according to the aim of a lesson, it seems that students' attitude toward environment can be improved and moved into a desirable direction. Moreover, hopefully their environmental consciousness and practical inclination will grow when it is sustained even in ordinary times.