영미문화English and AmericanCultural Studies(2008년 4월 30일 발행)

한국영미문화학회 한국영미문화학회 2008 영미문화 Vol.8 No.1

영미문화English and AmericanCultural Studies(2007년 12월 31일 발행)

한국영미문화학회 한국영미문화학회 2007 영미문화 Vol.7 No.3

“진실의 창안”: 포드 매독스 포드의 삶과 문학적 인상주의

김희선 ( Hee Sun Kim ) 한국영미문화학회 2014 영미문화 Vol.14 No.2

Among many literary isms, impressionism is often regarded as the most frank expression of personality. As a masterpiece of modernism, Ford Madox Ford`s The Good Soldier is a celebration of the subjectivity which reflects the writer`s experiential reality. For Madox Ford, art is not to achieve the true objectivity of human society, but to seize the momentary perception in personal life. As the beginning of modernism, Madox Ford`s impressionaism was mostly devoted to give fictive life to subjective impressions. And his heroes are usually the egoless person who can absorb the intense rapidity of consciousness without any prejudice. However, the innocent mind`s receptions of myriad impressions, like those of the protagonist John Dowell or his idealized version of Major Ashburnham in The Good Solidier, were described as the enjoyable yet deceptive ones in Madox Ford`s works. To engrave more sold perceptive impressions into life, Madox Ford often contrasts or mixes truth with deception, life with death as he did in his real life. Speicially as the result of thick application of real-life subject matters to his writings, Madox Ford`s literary works get more vivid colors and penetrating forms. Thus, his literary impressionism based upon his harsh and passionate realities overcomes the limitations of shifting moments of senses, demolishing the boundaries between what is objective and what is subjective, like post-impressionism or expressionism. Namely, as Walter Lowenfels said, Madox Ford did not follow the impossible objectivity passively, yet instead “knew how to invent the truth.”

번역불가능성을 통한 비교문학의 재사유

송은주 ( Eun Ju Song ) 한국영미문화학회 2014 영미문화 Vol.14 No.2

This thesis aims to explore another possibility of comparative literature in the light of translation. Comparative literature has been criticized for its Eurocentrism to attempt to assimilate all differences from other cultures and national literatures into the frame of the Western. On the other hand, it has been haunted by the anxiety of “unhomliness”, which means it doesn`t have a stable and definable terrain as an independent disciplinary. However, it can offer the possibility to overcome its limitation and thematize in- betweenness of diverse terrains due to its fluid and ambiguous position and identity of discipline. When it deals with the issue of in- betweenness, ‘the Untranslatable’ can be an helpful apparatus to analyze comparative literature through translation theories. Along with the recent change in the study of comparative literature under the influence of transnationalism and hybridization, the role of translation which has been disregarded for a long time is being reevaluated. Translation functions to transfer literary works beyond boundaries of languages, whereas it visualizes incommensurable differences through the failure of finding ultimate equivalences between languages and arriving at one single meaning. The existence of the untranslatable suggests that the attempt to totalize differences is unfeasible, thereby makes comparison unending. Salman Rushdie`s Shalimar the Clown can be an appropriate instance that the untranslatable was used as a literary technique to show unreducible alterity of non-Western language and culture.

미국 원주민 문학과 보편성 문제 -실코의 『의식』을 중심으로

김지영 ( Ji Young Kim ) 한국영미문화학회 2014 영미문화 Vol.14 No.2

This paper delves into the question of universality in Native American Literature focusing on Leslie Marmon Silko`s Ceremony, exploring some different definitions of universality and looking at the work in the light of these definitions. In this paper I proposed four possible definitions or faces of universality applicable to the narrative of the oppressed people. Firstly, the colonizers indoctrinate their colonized persons with the colonialists` beliefs through the process of assimilation purposefully imposed in the name of universality. In Ceremony Rocky and Emo are the victims of assimilation including militarization. Secondly, the colonized people hold on to their traditional values in face of colonizers` universalism. In Ceremony Tayo shows an attachment to tribal stories in opposition to whites` lies. Thirdly, the colonized can get together by sharing experiences of violence, occupation, and loss of their land and language, forming a bond of “commonality” among them. In Ceremony the story of a medicine man, Betonie, suggests oneness of victims against the evil power of destroyers represented by nuclear bombs. Fourthly and lastly, the universal consists in the subject`s trial and practice attempting to achieve universalism against the existing order, not in the stipulation defining what is universal. In the story Tayo endeavors to retrieve his cattle by transgressing whites` property and makes a hole in the established dichotomy of whites and Indians. In sum, Ceremony as a minor literature shows the developmental aspects of universality, culminating in Tayo`s refusal to assimilate himself to whites` lies.

미국 소수인종 문학에 유머로 위장된 환상의 윤리학: 존 레기자모의 『괴물』중심 연구

김봉은 ( Bong Eun Kim ) 한국영미문화학회 2014 영미문화 Vol.14 No.2

This paper argues that John Leguizamo disguises ethical intention with humor in his one-person show, Freak. The argument proceeds in three stages. First, on the basis of Slavoj ZiZek`s theory that fantasies teach us how to desire discussed in The Sublime Object of Ideology, I analyze how and why Leguizamo exaggerates and thus de-constructs the ideological fantasies about Latin Americans in Freak. Through this analysis the ridiculous exaggeration of the fantasies and their deconstruction emerges as the means to surface the trauma caused by the fantasies, internally and externally curing and reconciling the audience. Second, I apply ZiZek`s theory of the quilting point introduced in Looking Awry: An Introduction to Jacques Lacan through Popular Culture to reveal how “blots” in Freak form “black holes” in the audience`s consciousness to smash their established view of the reality, inducing them to encounter with “the real.” The investigation into Leguizamo`s use of humor as the quilting point illuminates how he invites the audience to look awry beyond the popular fantasy at “the real” America. Third, on the ground of Emmanuel Levinas`s theory that theaters are the space of ethics, namely “ethotopos” to emphasize responsible actions discussed in “Ethics as First Philosophy,” I assert that Leguizamo disguises his ethical message with humor so as for the audience to recognize their responsibility for others in America and take action towards change.

숀 옹의『미국인의 무릎』: 남성 중심주의 해체와 그 가능성

김민회 ( Min Hoe Kim ) 한국영미문화학회 2014 영미문화 Vol.14 No.2

Considered as the first generation of the Chinese American male writers, Shawn Wong has often been tagged with the male-centered or cultural nationalistic writer for his first short novel Homebase since the 1970s. He has, however, shifted his own gender and cultural attitudes toward his male character in his second novel American Knees, published in 1995. By focusing on his second novel, this paper examines how Wong critically reconsiders the male-centeredness and cultural nationalism in a way to invalidate them in relationships among male and female characters in the formation of the Chinese American male`s identity. Attempting to establish his own national and cultural identity as an American citizenship and the self-awareness of masculinity as a man, Rainsford Chan in Homebase believed that he could achieve his identity and masculinity with the chronological experiences related to his ancestors in American society. He even strictly erased the presence of female in his own identity formation. In doing so, he seemed to anchor his authorship at the discourse of the male-centeredness and cultural nationalist like other contemporary writers such as Frank Chin and Jeffrey Paul Chan who always strongly marked cultural tradition. By creating a non-conventional male character Raymond Ding with compromising and open-eared attitudes toward female characters, however, Wong dramatically changes the idea of representing the relationships between male and female characters in American Knees. In this novel, he suggests that the male character` identity can be properly formed not in the extreme reinforcement of masculinity or the ethnic-based cultural awareness but with the mutual understanding between male and female individuals regardless of ethnic and nationalistic biases. Consequently, Wong attempts to bail out of the male-centered images of the first generation of the Chinese American male writers through Raymond Ding.

Augmented Reality in Children`s Literature

김일구 ( Il Gu Kim ) 한국영미문화학회 2014 영미문화 Vol.14 No.2

As the cyberspace several decades ago created a cyber fiction fever, the augmented reality as the future of imagination can generate another kind of literary genre and new social ambiance where books tend to come to life more realistically. This newly created "smart fiction," "smart movies," and "smart environment" will be full of fun, hopes and conveniences. But addiction to smart kinds will create unwanted dangerous plethora like ghost-like avatars, wild animals and Farid due to the limitations of human control over hi-technology. If so, the adventures we plan to take will turn fantasy into horror in no time. Instead of loving new scientific things blindly, the emphasis hereafter must be put rather on the potentially negative aftermaths of the new innovative technology. Some viewers after watching the film Avatar are still suffering from the syndrome called "avatar blues," a homesick for Pandora. After their experiencing of the experimental 3D effects in books and media, audience and readers are required to actively deal with the increased lack of the darker cave which the comparatively unsatisfactory present can never fill with fixity and limit. Like the prevention against the addictive online game or the manual of 3D television or 3D printer, the extreme off-limits and safety zone for this virtually and expendably subverting technology must be seriously reviewed by community before using and adopting it. Also, these technologically expanded and augmented environments must be prudently criticized by the in-depth study of literature just as cyber space begun by Gibson`s cyber fiction and its criticism.

치누아 아체베와 민족주의 문제

이석구 ( Suk Koo Rhee ) 한국영미문화학회 2001 영미문화 Vol.1 No.-

히스테리 남성인물 재현의 의미: 필립 로스의『울분』

김영미 ( Young Mee Kim ),이명호 ( Myung Ho Lee ) 한국영미문화학회 2014 영미문화 Vol.14 No.3

This paper attempts to examine the representation of the hysterical Jewish man in Roth``s Indignation, considering the context of discourses on Jewish masculinity. In this novel, the protagonist``s father is a powerless Jewish male character, who is a working class immigrant man. He is shown to have hysterical obsessive fear and anxiety about the safety of his only son, who is about to achieve manhood in the main society. His character reminds of the stereotype of the Jewish men in history which culminates in the racist discourse of the late 19th century. This image is suggested in the perspective of his wife who links her husband``s hysterical symptom to his innate temperament inherited from his family. In a sense, her perspective represents the assimilated Jews of 1950s who accepted the dominant values of American society. But her point of view is countered through not only the plot but also the narrative voice which controls this novel. The narrative voice and plot are constructed to make sure that his father``s fear and anxiety is not groundless. In this sense his hysterical symptom is shown to criticise the restriction and exclusion of the American society in 1950s.