http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
심기태,송기봉,김혁,김일규,이채홍,박소연,석광설,김동훈 한국환경분석학회 2018 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.21 No.1
In this study, we evaluated the levels of phthalates in domestically distributed children's products. We particularly focused on estimating the risk of oral exposure caused by sucking behavior in children. Analysis of phthalate content in children’s products showed that one rattle, three roly-poly toys, nine bleeping toys, one toy block, twenty dolls, three toys, and two mats exceeded domestic safety standards. On the other hand, there were no products that exceeded the saliva bioaccessibility analysis results. As a result of the risk assessment, it is predicted that the use of rattles has harmful effects compared to other children’s products. As a result of comparing the age-related hazard index, it was also found that younger age was associated with older age of children in all the product groups. These results are reflected in the characteristics of children participating in studies conducted outside the country. Since various uncertainties may have affected the results, it is necessary to study and test phthalate levels repeatedly.
심기태,김동훈,이재우,이채홍,박소연,석광설,김영희 한국환경영향평가학회 2019 환경영향평가 Vol.28 No.2
The element arsenic, which is abundant in the Earth’s crust, is used for various industrial purposes including materials for disease treatment and household goods. Various human activities, such as the disposal of soil waste, metal mining and smelting, and combustion of fossil fuels, have caused the pollution ofthe environment with arsenic.Recently, guidelines for arsenic in rice have been adopted by the Korean ministry of food and drug safety to prevent health risks based on rice consumption. Because of the exposure to arsenic and its accumulation in the human body through various channels, such as air inhalation, skin contact, ingestion of drinking water, and food consumption, integrated multimedia risk assessment is required to adopt appropriate risk management policies. Therefore, integrated human health risk assessment was carried outin this study using integrated exposure assessment based on multimedia (e.g., air, water, and soil) and multi-route (e.g., oral, inhalation, and dermal) scenarios. The results show that oral uptake via drinking wateris the most common pathway of arsenic into the human body, accounting for 57%-96% of the total arsenic exposure. Among various age groups, the highest exposures to arsenic were observed in infants because the body weight of infants is low and the surface areas ofinfant bodies are large. Based on the results ofthe exposure assessment,the cancer and non-cancer risks were calculated. The cancer risk for CTE and RME is in the range of 2.3E-05 to 6.7E-05 and thus is negligible because it does not exceed the cancer probability of 1.0E-04 for all age groups. On the other hand, the cancer risk for RME varies from 6.4E-05 to 1.8E-04 and from 1.3E-04 to 1.8E-04 for infants and preschool children, exceeding the excess cancerrisk of 1.0E-04. The non-cancerrisks range from 5.4E-02 to 1.9E-01 and from 1.5E-01 to 6.8E-01, respectively. They do not exceed the hazard index 1 for all scenarios and all ages. 비소는 암 등의 질병 치료 및 생활용품 등의 원료로 사용되는 등 산업 활동 전반에 걸쳐 다양한 용도로 사용되어 온 원소이다. 그러나 토양 매립 폐기물 처리, 금속 제조 및 화석 연료의 사용 등으로 인해 환경 생태계를 오염시킬 수 있다. 특히 비소는 토양 및 미생물에 의한 자연적 요인과 산업활동과 같은 인위적 요인으로 발생 할 수 있어 환경매체 중에 광범위하게 존재하기 때문에 다른 원소에 비해 인체에 노출될 가능성이 크다. 따라서 본 연구는 기존의 단순농도 평가 및 단일 매체 중심의 오염원 관리의 단점을 극복하기 위해 다경로(흡입, 경구, 접촉 등)/다매체(대기, 수질, 토양 등) 거동 특성을 반영하여 인체 위해성평가를 수행하였다. 결과적으로 노출경로별 비소가 인체에 가장 많이 노출되는 경로는 경구에 의한 기여도로 57~96 %를 차지했다. 상대적으로 다른 연령군에 비해 영유아에서 높은 노출량을 보였다. 이는 성인에 비해 체중이 적고 체표면적이 커서 유해물질에 더 많이 노출 될 수 있기 때문이다. 기존 연구에서 보고된 바와 같이, 비소는 경구 경로 중 먹는물의 기여도가 대부분의 연령층에서 주요 노출 경로를 보였다. 최종적으로 노출량평가 결과에 근거하여 발암위해도 및 비발암위해도를 산정하였다. 산정결과 CTE 및 RME에 대한 발암위해도는 2.3E-05~6.7E-05의 범위로 모든 연령 군의 전체 시나리오에서 발암확률 1.0E-04을 초과하지 않았으므로, 발암위해를 무시할만한 수준으로 판단된다. 반면 RME에 대한 발암위해도는 6.4E-05~1.8E-04의 범위로써 영유아 및 미취학아동 군에서 1.3E-04~1.8E-04의 범위로 초과발암확률 1.0E-04을 초과하였다. CTE 및 RME에 대한 비발암위해도 결과는 위해지수가 각각 5.4E-02~1.9E-01, 1.5E-01~6.8E-01의 범위로 모든 연령 군의 전체 시나리오에서 위해지수 1을 초과하지 않았으므로, 비발암 위해성은 낮은 것으로 판단된다.
경구노출을 통한 어린이용품 중 중금속류 노출 및 위해성 평가
심기태 ( Ki-tae Sim ),노샘 ( Seam Noh ),송기봉 ( Ki-bong Song ),김일규 ( Il-gyu Kim ),석광설 ( Kwang-seol Seok ),김동훈 ( Dong-hoon Kim ) 한국환경분석학회 2017 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.20 No.2
In this study, we evaluate the levels of 6 heavy metals (barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and nickel) in domestically distributed children`s products. We particularly focus on estimating the risk of oral exposure caused by the sucking behavior of 6-month and older infants. Our research shows that the levels of cadmium and lead in paint-coated toy products, relative accessories, and picture books exceeds domestic safety standards. Concentration of cadmium and lead is highest in the case of paint-coated toy products and accessories. The highest concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, and lead are observed in clay toys as the result of transferred amount due to the sucking action. Risk evaluation of direct ingestion of heavy metals shows the possibility of adverse effects caused by cadmium, lead, and nickel in accessories. In case of nondiets, the risk of oral toxicity was evaluated as being hazardous from cadmium and copper in clay toys. On comparing domestic and overseas regulatory standards, it was found that some substances exceeded the recommended standards. Most of these products are unauthorized products and their production must be regulated. This study can be used to reference data for prevention of child health hazards through the assessment of potential hazard level of heavy metals in child products.
고체상 추출법(SPE: Solid Phase Extration)을 이용한 과불화화합물 분석 특성
이채홍,김동훈,박소연,심기태,석광설 대한환경공학회 2018 대한환경공학회지 Vol.40 No.11
In the past, SPE using HLB (Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balanced) cartridges was widely used to analyze PFCs (perfluorinated compounds) in multi-media, but recently the trend goes to using WAX (Weak Anion-eXchange) cartridges. HLB and WAX cartridges were used for studying the extraction characteristics of PFCs. In order to investigate the influence of storage materials on PFCAs, the SPE extracted samples were stored in glass and pp vials and concentration change was measured over time. PFCAs (perfluoroalkycarboxylic acids), PFASs (perfluoroalkansulfonate) and precursors were analyzed. Analysis using WAX cartridges showed that some of the PFCAs, PFASs and precursors were higher than those of HLB cartridges, while some of them were low. The PFBA (C4) and PFPeA (C5) of the PFCAs show higher efficiency in the WAX cartridge with increasing sample concentration. Over time, in PFCAs less than C11 (PFUnDA) and PFASs, no large concentration was observed on both glass and pp materials. But in the case of the PFCAs higher than C13 (PFTrDA), the concentration was gradually decreased. The concentration of PFOA and PFOS did not change much after 144 hours regardless of storage materials. As a result of decrease in ΣPFCs (22 species) concentration, it is thought that PFCs (22 species) were converted into another PFCs that were not analyzed. 과불화화합물은 여러 매체에서 분석하고 있지만 대부분의 매체에서 고체상 추출(Solid Phase Extration, SPE) 방법으 로 분석을 하고 있다. 과거에는 SPE에서 HLB (Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balanced) 카트리지를 범용적으로 사용하였으나, 최근에는 WAX (Weak Anion-eXchange) 카트리지를 사용하여 추세이다. HLB와 WAX 카트리지를 사용하여 과불화화합물의 추출 특성 및 유리와 PP 재질에 보관하여 시간이 경과함에 따라 재질에 흡착되는 과불화화합물의 농도 변화에 대한 실험을 진행하였다. 분석 항목은 PFOA를 포함한 PFCAs (perfluoroalkycarboxylic acids : 13종), PFOS를 포함한 PFASs (perfluoroalkansulfonates : 4종), precursors (5종)를 분석하였다. WAX 카트리지를 사용하여 분석한 결과 PFCAs, PFASs, precursors의 일부 항목은 HLB 카트리지를 사용하였을 때보다 높게 나오는 반면, 일부 항목은 낮게 나오는 현상을 확인하였다. PFCAs의 PFBA (C4), PFPeA (C5)는 시료의 농도가 높을수록 Intensity ratio가 점차 증가되는 결과로 WAX 카트리지의 효율이 우세한 것으로 보여진다. 시 간이 경과함에 따라 유리와 PP 재질에 보관하여 분석한 결과 PFCAs 계열에서는 탄소 개수가 C11 (PFUnDA)이하와 PFASs의 계열은 큰 농도 변화를 보이지 않지만, PFCAs의 탄소 개수가 C13 (PFTrDA) 이상의 항목에서는 농도가 점차 감소하는 동일 한 현상을 보였다. 보관 재질에 상관없이 시료가 144시간이 경과한 후에 PFOA, PFOS의 농도는 큰 변화를 보이지 않지만, ΣPFCs 농도는 감소하는 결과로 분석한 과불화화합물 (22종)외 다른 과불화화합물로 전환된 것으로 판단된다.