Benzo(a)pyrene 유도 DNA 손상에 대한 Genistein과 청국장추출물의 보호효과

송은정,김현표,허문영,Song, Eun-Jeong,Kim, Hyun-Pyo,Heo, Moon-Young 대한약학회 2008 약학회지 Vol.52 No.5

Chungkookjang (CKJ) is a fermented soybean product and one of favorite traditional foods in Korea. In this study, the alcoholic extract from Korean fermented soybean (CKJ) and its one of major flavonoids, genistein were evaluated for their protective effect against B(a)P induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in HepG2 cells. CKJ extract and genistein decreased B(a)P-induced cell cytotoxicity. CKJ extract inhibited DNA single strand breaks evaluated by single cell gel electrophoresis. From RT-PCR study, it was revealed that CKJ extract decrease DNA damage induced in HepG2 cells expressing CYP1A1 and 1A2 by B(a)P. The metabolizing activities of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, as measured by the 7-alkoxy resorufin O-deethylation (AROD) assay, showed that CKJ extract and genistein inhibited CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 activities. Genistein may contribute to these biological effects of CKJ extract at least in part. All these results indicate that CKJ extract and genistein may be useful for protection against B(a)P-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage. Therefore, the alcoholic extract of Korean fermented soybean (CKJ) is suggested to be promising functional food which can prevent the cellular genotoxicity of dietary and lifestyle related carcinogens.

자발적 위천공을 동반한 신경성 식욕부진 환자의 재급식 증후군 치험 1예

송은정,이경훈,Song, Eun-Jeong,Lee, Kyung-Hun 대한소아소화기영양학회 2009 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.12 No.1

신경성 식욕부진은 수많은 합병증을 초래하고 높은 치사율을 보이는 만성 질환이다. 저자들은 과다한 체중 감소로 보행이 불가능하여 입원한 13세 남아에서 자발적 위천공 수술 후 말초 정맥 영양과 경구 영양으로 재급식 증후군을 성공적으로 치료한 예를 경험하였기에 이에 보고하는 바이다. We report a rare case of gastric perforation in a 13-year-old boy with anorexia nervosa. He was admitted to our hospital with the chief complaint of body weight loss. He had lower abdominal pain after 2 days. An abdominal CT revealed diffuse peritonitis. At laparotomy, the stomach was dilated and perforated. Postoperatively, the patient suffered from malnutrition. We monitored electrolytes, minerals, and fluids closely before and during the initiation of feedings to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with refeeding syndrome. We present an extremely rare complication that relates to this phenomenon, describing an acute gastric dilatation that led to gastric necrosis and perforation through an unusual mechanism in an extremely anorectic teenager during hospitalization for refeeding.

불임의 시대, 생명상실에 대한 징후의 서사 - 이청준의 「아이 밴 남자 (姙夫)」·「무서운 토요일」·「거룩한 밤」을 중심으로 -

송은정 ( Song Eun-jeong ) 한국현대문예비평학회 2018 한국문예비평연구 Vol.- No.58

1960년대는 한국 경제가 산업화되면서 물신화(物神化)의 양상이 가시화된 때로, 현대 자본주의 체제 모순의 부정적인 영향이 한국에서 발현한 시기라는 점에서 중요하다. 이 논문은 자본주의 경제체제가 본격화되기 시작한 시기에 발표된 이청준의「아이 밴 남자 (원제 : 임부 姙夫)」(1966),「무서운 토요일」(1966),「거룩한 밤(원제 : 불알 깐 마을의 밤)」(1977)을 중심으로 문학적으로 형상화된 물신(物神)화된 자본의 속성과 그것이 배태한 생명 상실로 나아가는 파괴적 징후들에 주목했다. 2장에서는「아이 밴 남자」를 중심으로 텅 빈 기표가 되어버린 노동이 삶을 영유할 수 있는 생산적인 힘이 되지 못하고, 죽음이라는 파탄을 불러오게 됨을 분석해 나갔다. 장의사에서 근무하는 ‘나’의 욕망의 대상은 그에게 결여된 ‘화폐’이며, 이 ‘화폐’를 얻기 위해 그가 하는 ‘노동’은 누군가의 ‘죽음’을 찾아 나서는 것이다. ‘나’를 장악하는 기표는 ‘화폐’이자, ‘노동’이자 ‘죽음’이라는 등식이 성립하게 된다. 마지막 장면에서 ‘나’는 심한 복통을 느낀다. 지나가는 행인은 종종 이렇게 배가 아프다고 하는 나에게 “아이가 서려는 모양”이라고 우스갯소리를 한다. ‘나’는 남자로서 생물학적 불임일 뿐만 아니라 자본주의 사회의 구조상 가치불임의 상태임을 표현하고 있다고 하겠다. 자본주의 사회에서 그는 생산을 위한 통증은 소유할 수 있지만 텅 빈 결여태인 노동을 반복하면서 스스로를 위해서는 그 어떤 이윤도, 자본도 증식시킬 수 없는 가치불임의 존재인 것이다. 3장에서는「무서운 토요일」을 중심으로 노동을 위해 충동과 욕구가 배제 혹은 관리되면서 삶이 비본질적인 양상을 띠게 됨을 살펴보았다. 욕망의 상대적인 대립 지점은 노동이라고 할 수 있다. 일상을 습속화하는 자본주의는 극단적인 양상을 띠면서 본능 중의 하나인 성적 충동을 제거한, 불감증을 유발하는 것으로 나타난다. 인간 본성의 충동인 폭발적인 성적 욕구마저도 통제와 관리 아래 두는 것이다. 내적 충동이 발현되는 것의 불가능함과 함께 출산도 이루어지지 못한다. 작가는 약에 취해 발동된 가짜 욕망, 즉 자본주의의 자본증식 논리에 따른 향락노동의 과잉을 멈추고 대신 내적 충일성의 형태인 ‘충동’을 되찾으려는 ‘나’를 통해 자본주의 담론이 자행하는 동일성의 폭력을 해체해보려 했음을 알 수 있다. 4장에서는「거룩한 밤」이 문화화 되는 공간에서 복제되는 근대인의 표상을 드러내며 생식의 본능마저도 통제되기에 이르렀음을 확인했다. 아파트라는 새로운 공간은 문화의 형식으로 공통된 주체를 형성해내고, 남성과 여성의 성마저 거세하며 양성생식이 불가능한 불임의 상황으로 몰아가는 것이다. 제목인 거룩한 밤은 오로지 자본의 자가 증식의 방식으로 복제되는 잉여자본의 탄생을 가져오는, 즉 물신이 탄생하는 밤임을 상징하고 있다고 하겠다. 이청준의 이들 소설들은 자본주의 경제 체제에서 가치 불임의 상태에 놓인 주체들과 그들에게 다가온 생명 상실이라는 위기를 알레고리화하고 있다. 이러한 자본주의의 모순과 부조리, 그것의 파괴적 징후의 감지와 드러냄은 경제적인 풍요라는 명분아래 숨겨진 삶을 위협하는 적의 모습을 가시화하는 것으로 문학의 해체적 저항의 한 방편이 될 수 있을 것이다. 1960’s is important that the negative effects of the contradictions of the modern capitalist system began to emerge in Korea as Korean economy began to be industrialized and fetishism became visualized. This thesis focus on the attributes of capital which was literarily shaped as fetishism, and destructive indications of loss of life that it has arose in Lee Chung Jun’s「A pregnant Man, 1966」·「A scary Saturday, 1966」·「Holy Night, 1977」, the original title: Castration Village Night」 Chapter 2 focus on the 『A pregnant man』 in which labor became the symbol of hollowness did not become a power for production, and it brought breakdown of death. ‘I’ worked as a mortician and the object of desire of ‘I’ was money which was in short, and the ‘labor’ he did to get this ‘money’ was to find someone’s death. Here established an equation that the symbol that took control of ‘I’ was ‘money’, ‘labor’, and ‘death’. In the last scene, ‘I’ felt severe stomachache. ‘I’ said it happen sometimes and a passerby joked to ‘I’ that ‘I’ might pregnant. It shows that ‘I’ as a male, was not only biologically infertility but also value infertility in the structure of capitalistic society. In capitalistic society, he could possess pain for production but in repetition of hollow state of labor, he could not propagate any profit or capital for himself so he was value infertility. In chapter 3, I study 『A scary Saturday, 1966』 to review control or exclusion of desire and impulse making a life nonessential. An relative an tipode of desire is labor. Capitalism, conventionalizing everyday life, became extreme and it removed sexual impulse and induced sex frigidity. Even the explosive sexual desires of human nature were under control and management. As manifestation of inner impulse became impossible, so was a childbirth. The author tried to dismantle the violence of identity committed by the discourse of capitalism through ‘I’ who trying to regain the ‘impulse’ of inner fullness by stopping the excessive pleasure labor of the capital increase logic of capitalism triggered by drugged-up fake desires. In chapter 4, it was revealed that the idea of modern people cloned in the space where 「Holy Night」was culturalized, and confirmed that eve n the instinct of reproduction was under control. The new space called apartment built a common subject in the form of culture, castrated the s ex of men and women and drove them to the situation of infertility that gamogenesis was impossible. The title 「Holy Night」symbolizes the birth of surplus capital that was cloned in the way of self-cloning of capital, in other words, the nigh when a fetish was bore. Lee Chung Jun revealed the subjects in the state of value infertility under capitalistic economic system and the crisis of loss of life against them. The contradictions and absurdities of capitalism, the detection and exposure of its destructive indications, can be a means of deconstructive resistance of literature by visualizing the enemy which threatens the life hidden under the pretext of economic abundance.

신생 쥐의 저산소성 허혈성 뇌손상에서 Nitric oxide synthase 조절을 통한 taurine의 신경보호 효과

송은정 ( Eun Jeong Song ),장윤영 ( Yoon Yung Jang ),김태열 ( Tae Yeol Kim ),차선화 ( Sun Hwa Cha ),박혜진 ( Hye Jin Park ),이계향 ( Kye Hyang Lee ),이경훈 ( Kyung Hoon Lee ),최은진 ( Eun Jin Choi ),김진경 ( Jin Kyung Kim ),정혜리 대한주산의학회 2009 Perinatology Vol.20 No.3

목적: 타우린은 술폰 기를 산기로 하는 황 아미노산의 일종으로 뇌, 망막, 심장, 근육에 풍부하여 담즙산의 포합 기능 뿐아니라 두뇌 발달, 망막의 광수용체 활성, 심장 근육의 수축, 삼투압 조절, 생식기능, 성장발달, 면역 체계의 유지 및 황산화 활성 등 다양한 생물학적 기능이 보고되면서 그 중요성이 재조명되고 있다. 최근 이러한 여러 가지 작용 중에서 국소적 뇌허혈에 대한 타우린의 신경보호효과에 관한 연구들이 발표되었다. 그러나 이러한 연구가 성인의 뇌졸중의 치료에 대한 연구에서 진행된 것이 대부분이며 아직까지 신생아시기의 저산소성 손상에 대한 효과를 구체적으로 연구한 바가 없어, 본 연구에서는 타우린이 발달하고 있는 뇌에서 NOS 조절을 통해 저산소성 허혈성 뇌손상을 줄여줄 수 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 재태기간 18일된 태아 백서의 대뇌피질 세포를 배양하여 1% O2 배양기에서 저산소 상태로 뇌세포 손상을 유도하여 저산소군, 손상 전후 타우린 투여군(30 ug/mL)으로 나누어 정상산소군과 비교하였다. 또한, 생후 7일된 백서의 좌측 총 경동맥을 결찰한 후 저산소(8% O2) 상태로 2시간 노출시켜서, 저산소성 허혈성 뇌 손상을 유발하였고, 뇌손상 전후 30분에 타우린을 체중 kg당 30 mg을 투여하였다. 저산소성 허혈성 뇌손상 후 1일, 3일, 7일, 14일, 28일 째 뇌를 적출하여 질소산화물과 관련된 inducible NOS (iNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS) 및 neuronal NOS (nNOS)을 이용하여 실시간 중합효소연쇄반응과 western blotting을 하였다. 결과: 저산소로 유발된 뇌세포 배양에서 정상군에 비해 저산소군에서 뇌세포 손상이 많았고 저산소 손상 전 타우린 투여군에서 뇌세포 손상이 회복되었으며 저산소 손상후 타우린 투여군에서는 저산소 손상 전 투여군보다 회복력이 떨어졌다. 실시간 중합효소연쇄반응과 western blotting을 이용한 저산소 상태의 백서 뇌세포 배양 실험뿐만 아니라 저산소성 허혈성 뇌손상 동물 모델에서도 타우린을 투여한 경우 저산소군에서는 손상 후 7일과 14일 째 iNOS는 감소하였고 eNOS와 nNOS는 증가하였으나 뇌 손상 전 타우린 투여군에서는 반대로 iNOS는 증가하였고 eNOS와 nNOS는 감소하였다. 결론: 본 연구에서 저산소 상태에서 발현된 iNOS 감소, eNOS와 nNOS 증가가 타우린 투여 후에는 반대로 정상 상태로 유지되는 것을 보아 질소 산화물 조절 기전을 통한 뇌보호 작용도 있을 것이라 생각된다. 그리고 이것은 대체적으로 저산소 손상 후 7일과 14일 째 가장 효과가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. Purpose: Taurine is a simple sulfur-containing amino acid and enriched in brain, retina, heart and skeletal muscles. In the central nervous system, taurine has been implicated in major phenomena. Current studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of taurine in adult rat model, but limited data are available for those during the neonatal periods. The aim of this study was to determine whether taurine could reduce hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury in the developing brain via modulation of nitric oxide synthase. Methods: In in vitro model, embryonic cortical neuronal cell culture procedure was done in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at 18 days of gestation. The cells were divided into the hypoxia group, taurine-treated group before and after a hypoxic insult. The each groups compared with normoxia group. In in vivo model, left carotid artery ligation was done in 7-day-old SD rat pups. the pups were exposed to hypoxia, received an injection of 30 mg/kg of taurine, and sacrificed at day 1, day 3, day 7, day 14 and day 28. We assayed the expression of iNOS, eNOS and nNOS mRNA using real-time PCR and western-blotting. Results: In in vitro model, brain cell damage of hypoxia group was more than in the normoxia group. Cell damage`s recovery was more in the taurine-treated group before a hypoxic insult than in the taurine-treated group after a hypoxic insult. The expression of iNOS mRNA was less in the hypoxia group than in the normoxia group both in vitro and in vivo models. The expression of eNOS and nNOS was more in the hypoxia group. Conclusion: Taurine has neuroprotective property over perinatal HI brain injury due to modulation of NOS, as evidenced by causing a decrease in eNOS and nNOS and increase in iNOS expression. The neuroprotective effect of taurine administration was maximal at day 7 and day 14 after a hypoxic injury.

Aspergillus nidulans 분비소낭 구성요소인 α-COP과 ε-COP의 결합 부위 분석

송은정 ( Eun Jung Song ),김기현 ( Ki Hyun Kim ),이환희 ( Hwan Hee Lee ),박정석 ( Jeong Seok Park ),강은혜 ( Eun Hye Kang ),박희문 ( Hee Moon Park ) 한국균학회 2012 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.40 No.4

In order to screen interactor(s) of the Aspergillus nidulans α-COP of COPI vesicle, we performed the yeast two hybrid screening by using the gene for A. nidulans α-COP as a bait and identified ε-COP of the COPI vesicle as an interacting protein. The A. nidualns gene for the ε-COP was designated aneA+ (A. nidulans epsilone-COP), which encoded 296 amino acid residues with high level of identity with orthologs from other fungi. Domain analyses with yeast two-hybrid system suggested that the interaction between α-COP and ε-COP relied on the C-terminus of both proteins, and that the N-terminal WD domian of α-COP and the TPR region of ε-COP were not essential but required for the enhancement of the interaction. These results indicate that the interaction mode between α-COP and ε-COP of COPI vesicle is evolutionarily well conserved in eukaryotes.

간호사의 직무열의와 조직시민행동의 관계에서 경력몰입의 조절효과

송은정(Song, Eun Jeong),김미정(Kim, Mi Jeong),고명숙(Koh, Myung Suk) 한국간호과학회 간호행정학회 2019 간호행정학회지 Vol.25 No.3

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of work engagement (WE) on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) and ability to control career commitment (CC) in the relationship between work engagement and OCB. Methods: Data were collected using structured self-report questionnaires from 205 nurses currently working at three national hospitals. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis using the SPSS 21.0 program. Results: Mean scores for each variable were: WE 3.77 (on a 7-point scale), OCB 3.41 (on a 5-point scale), and CC 3.05 (on a 5-point scale). As a result, comparison showed that all research variables were higher with age, OCB was higher with total clinical career, and CC was higher with higher education level. Total clinical career, WE and CC had a significant effect on OCB, and CC had a moderate effect on work engagement and OCB. These variables had a total explanatory power of 38% for OCB. Conclusion: The nurses" WE had a positive effect on OCB, and the CC showed a moderating effect on the relationship between WE and OCB. Therefore, we suggest that CC is an important factor in improving nurses" OCB.

‘무선택적 적응’을 요구하는 구조에 대한 해체적 저항

송은정(Song, Eun-Jeong) 한국현대소설학회 2017 현대소설연구 Vol.- No.66

After the disruptive failure of 4.19 revolution in mid-1960’s and 5.16 military coup, the young generation of Korea could not fully reject the slogans presented by military regime which emphasized economic growth and nationalism. When people knew the substance of the evil and the source of the oppression, ‘the individuals’ tried to find ‘their own world’. After the compressed industrialization and improvement of quality of live, ‘the individuals‘ were demanded to waive their freedom and obey the disciplines. Kim Seung-Ok’s ‘Chana hanjan’, ‘Deulnori’ and LEE Cheong-Jun’s ‘Gulle’, ‘Bonus’ are the novels captured the ‘the individuals’ driven to a singularity between ‘deliberation of one’s world and existence’ and ‘adaption to no-choice’. The military regime authorized by an election made a choice in ‘precise and perfect’ way in lieu of the people and the choice was that economic growth and improvement of quality of life was the highest good. As a result, the people was demanded to follow the choice and placed on ‘adaption to no-choice’. The propose of the shoulds and adaption demand was disguised as a cultural achievement of life and the novels seized the mechanism of the shoulds of the time in the frame such as a newspaper publishing company and a magazine house. As closely described in Lee Chung-Jun’s novel, the magazine in the novel changed their editorial keynotes after 5.16 military coup which used be focused on expression of values for a choice. The scenery of gigantic grey monstrous newspaper publishing company and magazine house provided the structure of a circular prison surveilling employees with time and discipline of arithmetic. In this system, there were steadfast orders and surveillance of letters such as ‘the envelop’ and ‘the test paper’. Instead of physical oppression or violence, the system lured the petty bourgeois with ‘Deulnori – Field Picnic’, ‘a cup of tea – Chana hanjan’ and ‘bonus’, and finally made them to adapt themselves into’Gulle – the bridle’. So it is a synecdoche of violent structure disguised as a cultural manner which identifying the individuals in an indirect and roundabout way. ‘The individuals’ recognized the very existence of the oppressive orders but the orders were disguised as ‘an invitation’ or ‘a rumor’ so they could not catch the hidden intention. This situation made ‘the individuals’ anxious because they could not make their choice for the lack of context awareness. The characters’s emotion, inside and analytical aptitude suspending decision making caused the symptom of deconstruction of words. The purpose of this thesis is to reveal that the symptom hold the deconstructive resistance against the disciplines of the violent uniformity.

제언 : 철도노조 파업을 돌아본다

송은정 ( Song Eun Jeong ) 한국노동사회연구소 2003 노동사회 Vol.78 No.-

신규간호사의 현실충격과 교육전담간호사의 사회적 지지가 신규간호사의 조직사회화에 미치는 영향

송은정 ( Song Eun Jeong ),김미선 ( Kim Mi Seon ),이주희 ( Lee Joo Hee ),전미양 ( Jeon Mi Yang ) 병원간호사회 2020 임상간호연구 Vol.26 No.3

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify related factors in the organizational socialization of new nurses, focusing on the reality shock of new nurses and social support by education specialist nurses. Methods: Participants were 122 new nurses with clinical experience of 1 year or less as nurses working in a general hospital that is carrying out a pilot project for a new nurse training system. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires which included identification of participants' characteristics, social support of education specialist nurse, reality shock and organizational socialization. Results: The organizational socialization score was 3.07±0.45 points. The results of the stepwise multiple regression showed that factors affecting organizational socialization of new nurses were social support by gender, education specialist nurse and reality shock. These three variables accounted for 72.0% of organizational socialization. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the social support of education specialist nurses be enhanced to increase the organizational socialization of new nurses. There is also a need for a program to decreased the reality shock of new nurses.

2009 개정 과학과 교육과정의 성취기준에 사용된 서술어 분석 -TIMSS 인지적 영역 평가틀을 중심으로-

송은정 ( Eun-jeong Song ),제민경 ( Min-kyeong Je ),차경미 ( Kyung-mi Cha ),유준희 ( June-hee Yoo ) 한국과학교육학회 2016 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.36 No.4

2009 개정 과학과 교육과정의 성취기준에서 사용되고 있는 서술어는 ‘안다(38%)’와 ‘이해한다(46%)’가 80% 이상을 차지하고 있다. 많은 독자들은 ‘안다’, ‘이해한다’와 같이 포괄적 의미의 서술어로 진술 된 문장의 의미를 해석하는 데 어려움을 가진다. 한편 수학·과학 성취도 추이변화 국제비교 연구(TIMSS)에서는 인지적 영역을 다양하고 구체적인 수준의 동사를 사용하여 서술하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2009 개정 과학과 교육과정의 성취기준을 TIMSS 인지적 영역 평가틀을 중심으로 분석하였다. 3인의 교사가 분석에 참여하였으며, 분석자별 해석 차이가 발생한 경우에는 연구자와의 면담을 통해 그 이유를 알아보았다. 교사 3인의 분석 결과 구체적 의미의 서술어를 사용할수록 공통된 해석을 얻었고, 포괄적 의미의 서술어를 사용한 경우 각기 다양한 인지적 영역으로 해석되었다. 특히 ‘안다’라는 서술어로 진술된 성취기준은 ‘기술하기(Describe)(27%)’, ‘회상하기/인식하 기(Recall/Recognize)(25%)’, ‘관련짓기(Relate)(17%)’ 등으로 해석되었고, ‘이해한다’라는 서술어로 진술된 성취기준은 ‘설명하기(Explain) (37%)’, ‘관련짓기(Relate)(27%)’, ‘기술하기(Describe) (21%)’등으로 해석되었다. 교사들이 성취기준을 해석하는 과정에서 의견이 불일치한 경우는 ‘안다’, ‘이해한다’와 같이 포괄적인 서술어가 사용된 동시에 해당 학년에서 가르칠 개념의 수준과 범위를 모호하게 진술한 경 우로 해석된다. 성취기준이 뜻하는 바를 명확하게 표현하기 위해서 성취기준 문장의 서술어 진술 방식에 대한 논의가 지속적으로 이루어질 필요가 있다. In the 2009 revised science curriculum, comprehensive verbs such as ‘know (38%)’ and ‘understand (46%)’ are used in more than 80% of the achievement standard. Many readers, such as teachers, textbook makers, etc. have difficulties in interpreting the meaning of achievement standard sentences with these comprehensive verbs. On the other hand, ‘Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)’ uses more various and specific verbs to express the cognitive domain. In this study, we analyzed the 2009 revised science curriculum achievement standard focusing on the TIMSS cognitive domain assessment framework. We divided achievement standard to 228 sentences and three teachers analyzed the meaning of verbs in achievement standard. There were two main results of this study. First, the verb ‘Know’ was analyzed into different kinds of meanings, such as ‘Describe (27%)’, ‘Recall/Recognize (25%)’ and ‘Relate (17%)’, etc; and the verb ‘Understand’ was analyzed into ‘Explain (37%)’, ‘Relate (27%)’ and ‘Describe (21%)’, etc. Second, there appeared to have a disagreement among the three analysts during the process of interpreting the achievement standards when the level and scope of the contents of each grade is not clear. This study concludes that there’s a need for continuous discussion on the use of verbs in achievement standard to promote clearer expressions for better understanding.