객체지향 패러다임에서 저해요인에 기반한 응집도 척도

김성애,최완규,이성주,Kim, Sung-Ae,Choi, Wan-Kyoo,Lee, Sung-Joo 한국정보처리학회 2000 정보처리논문지 Vol.7 No.11

객체지향 패러다임에서 응집도가 높은 클래스들은 단 하나의 데이터 요소만이 정의되고 모든 메소드(또는 연산)들이 그 데이터 요소 상에서 수행되거나, 메소드와 데이터 요소간에 최대연결이 이루어진 클래스이다. 따라서 데이터 요소의 증가와 최대연결을 저해하는 연산들은 클래스의 응집을 저해하는 주 요인들이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 저해요인들에 근거하여, 응집도에 관한 우리의 직관과 더욱 일치하는 측정을 할 수 있는 새로운 클래스 응집도 척도인 CM(Cohesion Metric)을 제안하였다. 본 연구에서는 응집도를 저해하는 요인의 식별을 위해 참조 그래프(reference graph)를 이용하고, 참조 그래프의 분석을 기초로 하여 클래스의 응집도를 측정하였다. 또한 제한된 CM 측정값이 응집도 척도가 만족해하는 특성들을 만족함을 보였고, 기존 응집도 척도들과의 비교평가를 통해서 CM이 기존의 척도들보다 향상된 측정을 제시함을 보였다.

2015 개정 고등학교 기술ㆍ가정 과 교육 과정에서 기술 시스템 영역의 첨단 기술 성취 기준을 위한 로봇 체험활동 과제 개발

김성애(Kim Sung ae),이상봉(Yi Sang bong) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2017 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.17 No.7

The purpose of this study is to develop a robot hands-on activity for achievement standards of advanced technology in the technology system domain under the 2015 Revised High School Technology & Home Economics Subject Curriculum. The hands-on activity was developed in the following stages: preparation, development and improvement. In the preparation stage, the 2015 Revised High School Curriculum was analyzed, and detailed objectives were set according to achievement standards. In the development stage, the themes of the robot hands-on activities were selected, and the class curriculum and performance assessment tool were developed. The robot hands-on activity assignment was classified into materials for instructors and materials for students. In the improvement stage, the reliability and validity of the developed robot hands-on activity assignment were assessed. The assessment results were used to modify and improve the hands-on activity assignment. Through this process, the robot hands-on activity assignment for the 2015 Revised High School Curriculum was finalized. The developed hands-on activity assignment was making a robot to solve real-life problems, and the problems presented were practical and unstructured. Robots serve as educational tools that integrate manufacturing technology, transportation technology and communications technology. As such, robot hands-on activities should be developed for regular classes instead of being limited to student club activities and after school activities. 이 연구는 2015 개정 고등학교 기술ㆍ가정 과 교육과정에서 기술 시스템 영역의 첨단 기술 성취 기준을 위한 로봇 체험활동 과제를 개발하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 준비, 개발, 개선의 단계에 따라 과제를 개발하였다. 준비단계에서는 2015 개정 고등학교 교육과정을 분석하고, 성취기준에 따른 세부 목표를 설정하였다. 개발단계에서는 로봇 체험 활동 주제를 선정하고, 수업 과정안 및 수행 총평 도구를 개발하였다. 로봇 체험 활동 과제는 교사용 자료와 학생용 자료로 구분하여 개발하였다. 개선단계에서는 개발된 로봇 체험 활동 과제의 신뢰도와 타당도를 평가하고, 평가 결과를 바탕으로 체험 활동 과제를 수정, 보완하였다. 이를 토대로 2015 개정 고등학교 교육과정을 위한 로봇 체험 활동 과제를 완성하였다. 개발된 체험 활동 과제는 생활 속 문제를 해결하는 로봇 만들기 이며, 실제적이고 비구조화된 문제를 제시하였다. 로봇은 2015 개정 기술 가정과 교육과정에서 기술의 세계 분야의 내용 영역인 생산 기술, 수송 기술, 통신 기술의 모든 영역을 통합할 수 있는 교육적 도구이므로 동아리 활동이나 방과 후 활동에 앞서 정규 수업을 통해 활용할 수 있는 다양한 로봇 체험 활동 개발이 요구된다.

융합인재교육(STEAM)에 대한 수･과학영재와 발명영재의 인식 차이

김성애(Kim Sung Ae),이상봉(Yi Sang Bong) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2015 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.15 No.12

본 연구의 목적은 수･과학영재와 발명영재의 융합인재교육(STEAM)에 대한 인 식을 비교 분석하고, 영재교육에서의 융합인재교육(STEAM) 방향을 제시하는 것이 다. 이를 위해 경기도 수․과학영재 및 발명영재 총 60명의 학생을 대상으로 설문조 사를 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 수･과학영재와 발명영재는 모두 인식과 필요성을 공감하고 있었다. 필요성에 대한 이유로는 수․과학영재들은 기존 의 내용이 아닌 새로운 과제를 통한 학습 동기 유발이 필요하다고 생각했으며, 발명 영재들은 다양한 과목의 융합으로 다양한 사고와 상상력 계발과 기존의 내용이 아 닌 신선하고 흥미로운 과제를 통해 학습 동기를 유발하기를 원하고, 미래 사회의 리 더가 될 수 있는 자질을 기르기 위해서라고 응답했다. 둘째, 현재 영재교육에서의 융합인재교육(STEAM) 실시 여부에 대해서는 발명영재는 실시하고 있다는 응답이 많았으나 수․과학영재는 받지 않는다고 응답하거나 잘 모르겠다고 응답한 경우가 많았다. 셋째, 융합인재교육(STEAM)에서 융합되고 있는 교과를 묻는 질문에는 발 명영재학급의 학생들과 수․과학영재는 모두 과학, 수학, 기술이라는 응답이 가장 많았으며, 발명영재는 과학, 수학, 기술 또는 과학, 수학, 기술, 예술로 양분된 반면 수학･과학 영재는 다른 과목을 제외하고 과학과 수학교과만이 융합되고 있다는 응 답도 존재했다. 넷째, 영재교육의 융합교육화(化)에 대해서는 수․과학영재와 발명 영재는 모두 한꺼번에 여러 가지를 융합하는 것에 대한 기대감과 함께 우려를 나타 내었다. 다섯째, 융합교육에 가장 적합한 주제는 수･과학영재와 발명영재들은 대부 분 로봇 등의 첨단기술을 꼽았으나, 수･과학영재는 자연재해, 식량문제, 윤리 및 도 덕성 등 다양한 분야에 응답했다. 여섯째, 융합교육의 발전을 위해 필요한 것에 대 해서는 수학․과학 영재들은 다양한 프로그램의 개발을, 발명영재는 다양한 도서 및 자료, 교구구비가 가장 필요하다는 의견을 보였다. The objective of this study was to investigate into the perception towards the STEAM education for mathematics/science-gifted students and invention-gifted students through comparative analysis and to present the direction for STEAM education for gifted students. For that, 60 students of mathematics/science-gifted class and invention-gifted class at schools in Gyeonggi-do were surveyed. The results of this study suggested the followings: First, all students of mathematics/science-gifted class or invention-gifted class showed common perception and recognition. Particularly, the students of invention-gifted class showed higher rate of response to the need for STEAM education, compared to the students of mathematics/science-gifted class. In relation to the need for STEAM education, the students of mathematics/science-gifted class perceived the need for learning motivation through new tasks, not the conventional learning contents. Meanwhile, the students of invention-gifted class exhibited the desire to have the learning motivation stimulated through novel and interesting tasks, rather than conventional learning contents, along with the development of various thinking perspectives and imagination based on the convergence of many different subjects, and answered that they pursued such direction to build up capabilities to transform themselves into the leaders of future society. Second, a large proportion of respondents answered that the STEAM education was provided in the invention-gifted class under the current gifted education. However, the students who indicated that STEAM education was implemented turned out to be outnumbered by the students who answered that STEAM education was not provided in invention-gifted class or the students who answered that they were not sure. Third, students of both invention-gifted class and mathematics/science-gifted class answered that the subjects of science, mathematics, and engineering were the primary targets of convergence when they were asked to indicate the subjects that were converged in STEAM education. The students of invention-gifted class were split into one group that answered that the science, mathematics, and engineering were the major subjects of convergence and the other group that answered that the science, mathematics, engineering, and art were the primary subjects of convergence. By contrast, some students of mathematics/science gifted class indicated that only the science and mathematics were converged in STEAM education. Fourth, some students expressed concern, along with the anticipation, in relation to the convergence of many things altogether at a time in the convergence education for the gifted students. Fifth, most students of mathematics/science-gifted class and invention-gifted class singled out the state-of-art or cutting-edge technologies, such as robotics, etc., as the subject most ideal for the convergence education. However, the students of mathematics/science-gifted class pointed to various fields such as natural disasters, food crisis, ethics and morality, etc. Six, in relation to what were needed to spur the development the convergence education, the students of mathematics/science gifted class indicated that the development of various programs was the most urgently required while the students of invention-gifted students answered that various books, materials, and education tools were the most urgent requirements.

Comparing the lexical complexity in high school EFL students’ writing based on language ability

김성애(Sung-Ae Kim) 한국영어교과교육학회 2021 영어교과교육 Vol.20 No.2

This study investigates whether and how high school students with different English abilities differ in the lexical complexity of their English writing. The participants were 106 second-year high school students, who were divided into two topic groups for an argumentative writing assignment in English. Each topic group consisted of students selected from three classes, who were divided into two ability groups (i.e., higher-ability & lower-ability) based on their scores in the National United Achievement Tests (NUAT). The participants’ lexical complexity was measured using a web-based Lexical Complexity Analyzer. The results showed that there was a significant difference between ability groups in some limited complexity indices and this difference varied in a limited way according to topic. In addition, few relationships were found between language ability and values of complexity indices but significant correlations were found among most of the complexity values themselves. The conclusion is that the lexical complexity in high school students’ writings can be different as a function of language ability but this difference is limited to some features only and can be affected by the writing topic. Some recommendations are suggested for further research.

Effects of Topic and Source Text on the Lexical Proficiency and Syntactic Complexity of High School Students’ Writing

김성애(Sung-Ae Kim) 팬코리아영어교육학회(구 영남영어교육학회) 2020 영어교육연구 Vol.32 No.4

This study investigates the effect of topic and source text on the lexical proficiency and syntactic complexity of high school students’ writing. The participants were 140 high school students selected from eight second year classes in a regular high school. They were divided into four groups and each group received a different treatment in terms of two independent variables: topic and source text. Analysis of data focused on the lexical proficiency and on the syntactic complexity of writing. Lexical proficiency was measured by lexical diversity and word frequency and syntactic complexity was measured mean number of words per sentence, left embeddedness, and number of modifiers per noun phrase. According to the result, the effects of the variables were mostly on the lexical proficiency rather than the syntactic complexity. The result also showed that topic and source text independently affected students’ writing with no interaction effect. Based on the result, the study concludes that the effects of topic and source text are mostly on the lexical proficiency, but their effects can also be different depending on the degree of topic familiarity and linguistic difficulty of the source text that the students feel. Some pedagogical implications are drawn from the study. (199 words)

특수교육지원센터에서의 장애영아 교육지원 실태 및 요구

김성애 ( Sung Ae Kim ),이정현 ( Jeong Hyun Lee ),박현옥 ( Hyun Ok Park ),이병인 ( Byung In Lee ) 한국지적장애교육학회(구 한국정신지체아교육학회) 2011 지적장애연구 Vol.13 No.2

본 연구는 특수교육지원센터에서 장애영아 교육을 효율적으로 지원하는데 필요한 제반 사항들에 대해 관리자, 교사, 보호자의 의견 조사를 실시한 것이다. 이에 대한 구체적인 연구목적은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 특수교육지원센터의 운영 실태를 알아본다. 둘째, 발견, 의뢰 및 선별, 배치절차 실태를 알아본다. 셋째, 교육활동 및 교육형태에 대한 만족도 및 인식도를 알아본다. 넷째, 특수교육 관련서비스에 관한 요구 및 인식에 대해 알아본다. 다섯째, 가족지원에 대한 요구도 및 인식에 대해 알아본다. 여섯째, 관련경비의 실태에 대해 알아본다. 일곱째, 기관 및 보호자가 국가 및 관련 부처로부터 받는 정책지원에 대해 알아본다. 여덟째, 기관 간 연계 및 전문가 협력에 대해 알아본다. 아홉째, 전환계획 및 실행에 대해 알아본다. 열째, 특수교육지원센터의 기능과 역할에 대해 알아본다. 특수교육지원센터에서의 장애영아 교육을 효율적으로 실시하도록 한 설문결과를 중심으로 중요하게 언급될 내용을 다음과 같이 논의·제언한다. 첫째, 특수교육지원센터의 운영을 조직적으로 구성하고 그에 합당한 전문 인적 자원을 확보해야 한다. 둘째, 발견, 의뢰 및 선별, 배치절차의 원활한 운영체계를 시급히 구축하고 전문적인 진단·배치가 이루어지도록 하는 제도적인 장치가 필요하다. 셋째, 특수교육지원센터의 성격과 장애영아의 요구에 적절한 교육활동 및 교육형태를 구체적으로 개발하여야 한다. 넷째, 특수교육지원센터에서 지원하는 장애영아 가족지원 프로그램의 개발과 운영의 활성화가 필요하다. 다섯째, 장애영아 교육의 효율적인 지원을 위한 기관 간 연계 및 전문가의 긴밀한 협력이 필요하다. 여섯째, 장애영아의 전환계획 및 실행에 대한 보다 내용 있고 실천력 있는 프로그램이 구안되어야 할 것이다. The study focuses on conducting survey about public education for young children with disabilities in the special education center. The subjects of the survey are chair person, teacher, and parents in the center. The concrete goals of the study are as followed: the study investigates the realities of administrating special education center; the processes of finding, referring, screening, and placement of young children with disabilities; satisfaction & requirement on education activities and education-patterns in the center; satisfaction & requirement on special education related services in the center; satisfaction & requirement on the family supporting in the center; the realities of budget, for which the parents spend extra money for educating their child with disabilities except public education; the realities of public supporting, which parents are given by government; the realities of connecting between institutions and collaborating specialists, education with young children with disabilities in the center related; the realities of implementing transition for the young children in the center; opinions on function and role of special education center for educating young children with disabilities. The several significant discussions and suggestions are notified through investigating the realities and opinions of three different subjects of the survey. First, it is necessary to prepare systematic management plan for the effective role of the special education center. Second, it is necessary to be fully equipped the efficient system of finding, referring, screening, and placement of children with disabilities in the center, and for it to be done in the political aspect as well. Third, it has to be done that the center develop effective- and well-directed programs for education young children with disabilities. Forth, the center has to develop revitalization programs to support family who have young children with disabilities. Fifth, the center should collaborate to other professional specialists, who are working with young children with disabilities in various area except education. Sixth, the center has to prepare transition plans and implement strategies, which are able to be fruitful and fulfillment.

만성폐질환 환자의 폐 기능 증진을 위한 노래부르기: 체계적 문헌고찰 및 메타분석

김성애 ( Kim Sung-ae ),김영신 ( Kim Young-shin ) 대구대학교 특수교육재활과학연구소 2021 특수교육재활과학연구 Vol.60 No.4

최근 만성 폐질환의 증가와 코로나19(COVID-19)의 출현으로 폐 재활의 중요성이 부각되고 있다. 본 연구는 만성 폐 질환 환자를 위한 노래부르기의 효과를 체계적으로 분석하였다. PubMed, Embase 및 Cochrane를 검색하여 노래, 음악 치료, 호흡기, 폐 질환 및 결과를 포함하는 연구를 검토하였다. 174건의 연구를 선별한 후 44건의 연구 전문을 검토하였다. 3개의 연구에서 94명의 참가자를 포함하여 최종 분석을 시행하였다. 물리적 개입의 특성상 연구의 질은 낮은 것으로 확인되었다. 메타분석의 결과 1초 동안의 강제호기량(P=0.97)과 강제폐활량(P=0.93)은 유의한 차이가 없었고, 최대 흡기 압력(P =0.38)과 최대 호기 압력(P=0.56)에서도 유의한 차이가 확인되지 않았다. 한 연구는 호기압에서 그룹 간의 유의한 차이를 보고하였다(P =0.05). 폐 질환이 있는 환자에게서 확인한 노래의 건강 개선 효과에 대한 긍정적인 경험 및 보고와 달리 폐 기능의 수치적 개선은 관찰되지 않았다. 표준화된 재활치료를 위해서는 폐질환 환자를 위한 노래치료 뿐만 아니라 노래를 활용한 호흡운동에 대한 추가적인 임상시험이 필요하다. The importance of pulmonary rehabilitation has been growing due to the recent increase in chronic lung diseases and the emergence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19).Singing is a method of pulmonary rehabilitation that can improve respiratory symptoms in lung disease patients, but the effects of singing on lung function in these patients remain unclear. This study systematically analyzed the effects of singing on lung function inchronic lung disease patients. Systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Libraryand selected randomized controlled trials. We searched forstudies that included singing, music therapy, respiratory, lung diseases, and outcomes. After screening 174 studies, the full texts of 44 studies were reviewed. Three studies were selected for the final analysis, including a total of 94 participants. Due to the nature of the partial physical intervention, the quality of the studies was low. All three studies reported no significant differences in forced expiratory volume in 1 second(P =0.97) and forced vital capacity(P =0.93), andtwo studies reported no significant differences in maximal inspiratory pressure(P =0.38) and maximal expiratory inspiratory pressure(P =0.56). One study reported a significant difference between groups in expiratory pressure (P =0.05).In contrast to positive experiences and reports of the health-improving effects of singing in patients with lung disease, numerical improvements in lung function were not observed. Conclusions: To deliver standardized rehabilitation therapy, further clinical trials for not only singing therapy for lung disease patients, but also for breathing exercises that utilize singing, are essential.

뜰보리수 열매의 용매분획별 항산화 및 암세포 증식 억제 효과

김성애 ( Sung Ae Kim ),오세인 ( Se In Oh ),이미숙 ( Mee Sook Lee ) 한국식품영양학회 2007 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.20 No.2

성인에서 발생한 비전형적 Spitz 모반

김성애 ( Sung Ae Kim ),조재위 ( Jae We Cho ),이규석 ( Ky Suk Lee ) 대한피부과학회 2013 대한피부과학회지 Vol.51 No.6

Atypical Spitz`s nevus is a rare spitzoid melanocytic proliferations with an uncertain malignant potential. Atypical Spitz`s nevus have overlapping features of both Spitz nevi and spitzoid melanoma, and consequently, generate controversies with diagnosis and management. Herein, we report a case of atypical Spitz`s nevus developing on the lower right leg of a 46-year-old man. Histologically, the lesion shows numerous uniform nests of spindle cells and epithelioid cells in the dermis. The lesion had a high Ki-index, prominent cellular density, but not enough to consider a diagnosis of melanoma. The nevus was removed by total excisions. No recurrences or metastases were detected during the follow-up period of 6 months.

대상포진으로 인한 급성 표재성 피부 궤양에 대한 혈소판 풍부 혈장의 치험

김성애 ( Sung Ae Kim ),이규석 ( Kyu Suk Lee ),조재위 ( Jae We Cho ) 대한피부과학회 2011 대한피부과학회지 Vol.49 No.10

Platelet rich plasma is derived from fresh whole blood that contains a high concentration of platelets. There are many clinical reports of the effect of PRP on diverse surgical procedures, especially in the fields of orthopedic surgery and periodontic surgery. Recently, PRP has been rapidly developing as a method of wound healing and skin rejuvenation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of PRP on wound healing after herpes zoster infection. We analyzed the medical records and clinical photographs of 12 patients who underwent 1∼2 PRP treatments of superficial ulcers after herpes zoster infection. The wounds that were treated by PRP healed rapidly compare to non-treated wounds. This study shows that PRP treatment is a safe and effective treatment option for skin ulcer after herpes zoster infection. (Korean J Dermatol 2011;49(10):918∼922)