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조재영 한국외국어대학교 외국어 종합연구센터 언어연구소 2003 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.31
I have made an attempt to show that a language cannot be free from the multilateral grammatical relations of its constituent words, phrases and sentences. in this paper I have chiefly dealt with the grammatical relations and their characteristics which have chiefly to do with the semantic aspects of words and setences. I have tried to remind professional translators that an exact grasping of the semantic relations which words and setences have with other words and sentences in their co-textual and contextual neighborhood is prerequisite to the attainment of an communicative equivalence which is their ultimate and overriding objective. A special attention has been paid to the fact that the inclusive relations of words and/or sentences are more difficult to deal with than their exclusive ones because translators are often faced with a large variety of words and sentences with subtle and fuzzy diferences in meaning. I have shown some examples of words and sentences in inclusive relations and its implications with the actual practice of translation. The semantic characteristics of eight different sentences have been shown to reveal that the special grammatical meaning of a sentence can be available beyond and above the total meaning of its constituent words. The intrasentential and intersentential semantic values have been shown to be instrumental in understanding the clear grammatical status of a given sevtence and eventually in producing its legitimate translation. I have also referred to the fact that a given text composed of complex sentences are actually made up of kernel sentences which are very close in their nature to logical propositions. An attempt has been made to impart that the intrasentential composition of a kernel sentence can be compared to the chemical composition of water-H2+O. I have also tried to elucidate the organizational characteristics of kernel sentences through the illustrations of Jespersen´s nexus constructions and Nida´s kernel sentences. Finally, I have reminded the professional translators that in the course of translating the source text should be analyzed and syntactically and semantically adjusted in its contextual interactions and finally into the receptor language.
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맥류 기계화 적응재배 양식과 적응품종의 생태에 관한 연구
조재영,Jae-Young Cho 한국작물학회 1970 Korean journal of crop science Vol.- No.8
맥류의 기계화적응재배로서 드릴파와 점파를 품종과 비료수준을 달리하여 실행의 보통재배 및 광파재배와 비교시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 대맥의 최적품종은 안전 다수 조숙인 당여이고, Barsoy는 내동성이 약하였다. 2. 소맥의 최적품종은 영광으로서 안전 다수 대립이나 성숙이 늦다. 원광은 도복이 심하였다. 3. 배비는 보통비보다 다수이고 도복이 약간 조장된 이외에는 재배적위험성도 없었다. 4. 내동 내도복성품종을 취택하면 배비조건에서도 드릴파나 점파가 안전하다. 5. 보통재배에 대한 증수율은 대맥에서는 20cm간격의 드릴파 16%, 광파 13%, 20${\times}$12cm의 점파가 12%였고, 소맥에서는 광파 9%, 20 ${\times}$ 13 cm의 점파 8%, 20cm 간격의 드릴파 7%였다. 6. 이들의 증수원인으로서는 수수의 증대가 가장 뚜렷하다. 7. 파종량의 증대는 드릴파 증수의 주인으로 되지 않은 것 같다. 8. 점파나 드릴파는 성숙을 다소 조장하는 경향이 있다. 9. 점파재배는 파종작업중의 필연적인 답압에 의하여 소맥에서 발아를 조장하는 효과가 있었다. 10. 드릴파나 점파에서는 좀더 밀식함으로서 더욱 증수할 여지가 있을 것 같다. To research the seeding systems and the varieties adapted to mechanization in barley and wheat culture in Korea, the studies were carried out from October, 1969 to June, 1970 at Suwon. In these studies, six kinds of seeding systems of drilling and dibbling that seems to adapted to mechanization were tested as compared with the customary seeding system, furrowing moderately or widely, using three varieties of barley, Suwon #18, Barsoy and Buhufng, and three varieties of wheat, Wonkwang, Yucseung #3 and Yeungkwang, under the two fertilizer levels of standard and double. The summarize results gained were as follows; 1. Buhung seemed to be the most suitable variety in barley as it yielded the most and matured early and grew the safest. Barsoy suffered from winter injury. 2. Yeungkwang seemed to be the most suitable variety in wheat as it yielded the most and produced the largest grain ani grew the safest, however it matured late. Wonkwang suffered heavily from lodging injury. 3. More yield were produced and there were no increase of cultural dangers except lodging in double fertilizer level. 4. Seeding system of drilling and dibbling seems to be able to put in practice safely under the double fertilizer level when lodging resistant varieties are selected. 5. Rate of yields increase in comparison with the customary seeding system of moderate furrowing were 16 percent in drilling of 20 centimeter spacing, 13 percent in wide furrowing and 12 percent in dibbling of 20 ${\times}$ 12 centimeter spacing in barley and also 9 percent in wide furrowing, 8 percent in dibbling of 20 ${\times}$ 12 centimeter spacing and 7 percent in drilling of 20 centimeter spacing in wheat. 6. The most important cause of above yields increase seems to be the increase of spike number per unit area. 7. Yields increase by drilling as compared with furrowing was not caused by higher rate of seeding. 8. The plants matured a bit earlier by drilling and dibbling. 9. Better stands of seedling were fount in dibbling due to the promotion of germination by tramping. 10. An increase of yields will be expected by decreasing the spacing in drilling and dibbling.
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近代 畵師 竺演의 佛畵硏究 : 安養庵 所藏 佛畵를 中心으로
曺宰榮 위덕대학교 박물관 2004 佛敎考古學 Vol.- No.4
우리나라 불화에 있어서 근대 불화와 화사에 관한 연구는 활발하지 못했다. 왜냐하면 근대기의 불화들은 양식의 퇴보와 도상의 혼란 등으로 작품의 가치가 떨어진다고 생각했기 때문이다. 그러나 1990년대 이후부터 불화의 제작자인 화사에 관심이 고조되면서 조선시대 화사들의 계보와 그 양식에 대한 연구가 이루어지기 시작하였다. 본 논문의 주제인 근대 화사 축연은 19세기 말부터 20세기 전반에 활동하였던 화승으로 석옹당 철유와 함께 당대 최고의 화사로 알려져 있다. 지금까지 축연에 대한 연구 논문에서 안양암에 소장되어 있는 불화에 대해서는 한번도 다루어지지 않았다. 안양암에는 축연의 불화가 다수 남아 있는데 이들은 근대 불교회화사의 매우 중요한 위치를 차지할 수 있는 작품임에도 불구하고 기존의 연구가 이루어지지 않아 정당한 평가를 받지 못하고 있다. 또한 그가 그린 현존하는 마지막 작품인 안양암 지장괘불탱은 1930년에 제작되어 이전까지 축연의 작품 활동 시기를 1920년대 후반으로 생각해왔던 지금까지 연구정과를 바꿀 수 있는 결정적인 작품이다. 따라서 축연은 적어도 1930년 초까지는 작품 활동을 하였을 것으로 짐작되고 기존의 괘불에서 주존이 지장인 지장괘불탱은 단 한점도 조사가 되지 않았는데 비록 근대의 작품이기는 하지만 지장괘불이 그려졌다는 것에서 지장탱화 형식의 발전으로 그 의미를 두고자 한다. 이처럼 안양암에 소장된 축연 제작 불화들은 근대불화를 한 단계 성숙시킨 축연의 최고조에 달한 기량을 엿볼 수 있고, 그의 작품 제작활동시기를 보다 더 확실히 파악할 수 있는 중요한 자료이므로 한국 근대불화 연구에서 높이 평가되어야 할 것이다. Studies on modern Buddhist paintings and monk painters in Korea have not been brisk. The reason is that the value of modern Buddhist paintings has been thought to be far behind because of the retrogression of form and the confusion of style. But studies on the genealogy of monk painters and the form of their works in the Joseon Dynasty have been began with taking an increasing interest in monk painters since 1990s. Chukyon, a modern monk painter who worked from the late 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, was known as a greatest monk painter of the day with Seogongdang Chulyu. Studies on Chukyon have not dealt with the Buddhist paintings belonging to Anyangam. Chukyon's Buddhist paintings belonging to Anyangam occupy a very important ground in the history of modern Buddhist painting, but his works are rated low due to not making a study of them. So Chukyon's Buddhist paintings belonging to Anyangam should be rated high. Because his ksitigarbha bodhisattva painting developed its form.
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TP-24 : Thematic Poster ; Bleeding Complications in Critically Ill Patients with Liver Cirrhosis
조재영,박영식,이창훈,이상민,임재준,유철규,김영환,한성구,이진우 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2013 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.116 No.-
Objective: Patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) are prone to critical events leading to intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Coagulopathy in cirrhotic patients is complex and can lead to bleeding as well as to thrombosis. The aim of this study was to investigate bleeding complications of critically ill patients with LC admitted to the medical ICU (MICU). Methods: All adult patients admitted to the MICU with a diagnosis of LC from January 2006 to December 2012 were retrospectively assessed. Patients with major bleeding at MICU admission were excluded. Results: Total of 205 patients was included for analysis. The median age of the patients was 62 years and 69.3% of the patients were male. The most common reason for ICU admission was acute respiratory failure (45.4%) followed by sepsis (27.3%). Major bleeding occurred in 25 patients (12.2%). Gastrointestinal bleeding (64.0%) was the most common site of bleeding followed by respiratory tract bleeding (20.0%). Platelet count was significantly lower in the group with major bleeding (median, 41.0 vs. 76.5×109 cells/L, respectively; P=0.035) and low platelet count was the single independent risk factor for bleeding (OR, 0.988; 95% CI, 0.978-0.999). The ICU mortality was significantly higher in patients with major bleeding (84.0% vs. 58.9%, respectively; P=0.015) and bleeding-attributable ICU mortality rate was 50%. Conclusion: Low platelet count is associated with an increased risk of major bleeding in critically ill patients with LC. Further studies are needed for proper understanding of hemostasis in these patients. Objective: Patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) are prone to critical events leading to intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Coagulopathy in cirrhotic patients is complex and can lead to bleeding as well as to thrombosis. The aim of this study was to investigate bleeding complications of critically ill patients with LC admitted to the medical ICU (MICU). Methods: All adult patients admitted to the MICU with a diagnosis of LC from January 2006 to December 2012 were retrospectively assessed. Patients with major bleeding at MICU admission were excluded. Results: Total of 205 patients was included for analysis. The median age of the patients was 62 years and 69.3% of the patients were male. The most common reason for ICU admission was acute respiratory failure (45.4%) followed by sepsis (27.3%). Major bleeding occurred in 25 patients (12.2%). Gastrointestinal bleeding (64.0%) was the most common site of bleeding followed by respiratory tract bleeding (20.0%). Platelet count was significantly lower in the group with major bleeding (median, 41.0 vs. 76.5×109 cells/L, respectively; P=0.035) and low platelet count was the single independent risk factor for bleeding (OR, 0.988; 95% CI, 0.978-0.999). The ICU mortality was significantly higher in patients with major bleeding (84.0% vs. 58.9%, respectively; P=0.015) and bleeding-attributable ICU mortality rate was 50%. Conclusion: Low platelet count is associated with an increased risk of major bleeding in critically ill patients with LC. Further studies are needed for proper understanding of hemostasis in these patients.
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