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손병화,박원규,윤두형,Son, Byung-Hwa,Park, Won-Kyu,Yoon, Doo-Hyung 한국건축역사학회 2006 건축역사연구 Vol.15 No.2
During the repair and restoration of the Daewoongjeon Hall of Youngguksa Temple, species identification and tree-ring dating for both present wood elements and charred ones excavated under the Hall, were conducted. The species of 74 wood elements of Daewoongjeon Hall, were identified as Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. and only 1 was identified as exotic Pinus species. The latter wood, which was used in the laths, seems to have been replaced during past repairs. Many documentary records and various artifacts pertaining to Youngguksa Temple are being excavated, but none described precisely the construction date of the present Daewoongjeon Hall. Also, from beneath the Daewoongjeon Hall, cornerstone and foundation of previous building and several charred wood elements were excavated. In comparing the direction of the stone columns of foundation of the previous structure and the existing Daewoongjeon Hall, the previous structure was rotated in an angle of approximately $15^{\circ}$. Therefore, in order to find the association of the previous structure with the present Daewoongjeon Hall, tree-ring dating was conducted. The dating of 41 original timbers and 14 roof-filling timbers of the present construction elements revealed that the last annual ring was of A. D. 1703 with complete latewood, indicating that those woods was cut some time between the autumn of 1703 and spring of 1704, and the building was erected in 1704 when we assume no period of wood storage. The year of the last annual ring of the charred elements, which were excavated from beneath the Daewoongjeon Hall, was analyzed as 1674. The cutting year of the woods used for the present building began in 1698, therefore, it can be presumed that the Daewoongjeon Hall before the fire was a structure that was elected shortly after 1674 and that a catastrophic fire occurred some time between 1674 and 1698.
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孫秉和,徐英錫 고려대학교 의과대학 1981 고려대 의대 잡지 Vol.18 No.3
The prenatal development, such as morphodifferentiation, calcification and morphometrics, in the primary teeth were analyzed in 116 Korean fetuses in age ranging from 6th week to the circumnatal period regardless the sexes. <Early development of teeth> 1. Formulation of the epithelial band as the first indication of the teeth development was observed early at 6th week. 2. The primary dental laminae could be recognized at the end of 6th week as a results of dividing of the epithelial band. 3. The enamel organs, of successive morphodifferentiation of the primary dental laminae, began to be developed in those of the primary anterior and 1st molar teeth by the end of the 7th week, those of the primary 2nd molars by the 8th week, and those of the permanent 1st molars by the 14th week, respectively. 4. The doubling of primary dental laminae and their sizes and depthes were shown gradual increase until the 16th week. Those were clearly definable to be followed by a consequence of the changes of positions of the enamel organs and gums in response to the rapid growth of them. 5. The permanent dental laminae of the anterior and premolar teeth were projected into the lingual side of the primary tooth germs by age ranging from 10th to 13th week, and those of the molars were projected distally without connection with the oral epithelium; that of the 1st molar by age of 11th week, that of the 2nd molar by age of 28th and that of 3rd molar was not done before birth. <Sizes of teeth at birth> 1. The mean mesiodistal diameters of the maxillary primary incisors were not shown any racial difference, while that of the maxillary primary canines in Korea were measured smaller than those in the white and black. 2. The mean mesiodistal diameter of the maxillary primary 1st molars in Korean was smaller than those in the white and black, and their mean buccolingual diameter in comparison with mean mesiodistal diameter was slightly greater in Korean, but much greater in the white. 3. The mean mesiodistal diameter of the maxillary primary 2nd molars was not shown any racial difference, and their mean buccolingual diameter was smaller than the mean mesiodistal diameter in Korean, while this relationship in the white was shown the reversed figure. 4. The mean mesiodistal diameters of the mandibular primary incisors in Korean were measured larger than those in the white, and that of the mandibular primary canines was not shown any racial difference. 5. The mean mesiodistal diameters of the mandibular primary 1st and 2nd molars in Korean were shown than those in the white and black, and their mean buccolingual diameters in Korean were also much smaller than those in the white. 6. The mean mesiodistal diameters of the maxillary and mandibular 1st molars were measured as 4.83mm. and 5.25mm. at birth, respectively. <Growth range of the primary tooth germs> The rapid increment of growth in most of the primary tooth germs were measurable up to age of the 19th week, and thereafter decrement was progressively with the age. The highest range of the mesiodistal diameter of tooth germ was reached at 0.46mm. per week up to the 19th week, and was followed by those of the maxillary primary central incisor and the mandibular primary 2nd molar, respectively. The least range was calculated at 0.17mm. per week, and was follwed by that of the mandibular primary canine through the whole prenatal life. <Morphodifferentiation of tooth germs> 1. Of the primary incisors the central cusps began to show the differentiation by 12th to 13th week, and then the mesial and distal elevation of them by 15th to 16th week. 2. The single cusp of the primary canines was commenced into differentiation by about 14th week. 3. Of the maxillary primary 1st molar the mesiobuccal cusp could be detectable by 14th week, the mesiolingual cusp by 15th week, and then the other smaller cusps during 16th to 19th week. 4. Of the maxillary primary 2nd molar the first indication of the differentiation started from mesiobuccal cusp by 14th week, and those of the 2nd and 3rd cusp by 16th week, and then that of the last cusp by 18th week, respectively. 5. Of the mandibular primary1st molar the mesiobuccal cusp was shown at 13th week, the mesiolingual cusp at 14th week, and both of two distal cusps after 18th week. 6. Of the mandibular primary2nd molar the mesiobuccal cusp was opservable at 14th week, the mesiolingualcusp at 15th week, both of the sistobuccal and distolingual cusps at 16th week, and the distal cusp at 19th week, respectively. 7. The morphogenetic processes of the maxillary and mandibular permanent 1st molars underwent identical patterns as in those of the primary 2nd molars. It was shown only difference compared with those of the latter that the morphodifferentiation process of the former was succeeded within a quick term between 19th to 20th week. <Sequence and pattern of calcification> 1. The sequence of initial calcification of the primary teeth were maxillary central incisor followed by mandibular central incisor, mandibular lateral incisor, maxillary 1st molar, maxillary lateral incisor, mandibular canine, mandibular 1st molar, maxillary canine, maxillary 2nd molar and mandibular 2nd molar in successive increase of prenatal age. One of the sequential difference was taken notice that the initial calcification of the mandibular primary 1st molar was antecedent to that of the mandibular primary canine, whereas that of Korean's was not. 2. The primary canines were calcified from the tip of the single central cusp by 17th week, and then was proceeded radially in successive increase of the prenatal age. 3. The primary canines were calcified from the tip of the single central cusp by 17th week, and than that was proceeded radially in successive increase of the prenatal age. 4. Of the maxillary primary 1st molar, the mesiobuccal cusp was initiated on calcification at its tip by 16th week as same those of the others, and than its proceeding was gradually decreased, and at the end of it the sequence was delayed about 3weeks than that of the white. 5. Of the maxillary primary 2nd molar, the similarity on calcification could be noticed in comparison with those of the others, but that of the occlusal surface between the mesillingual and distolingual cusps was not occurred completely in Korean whereas was in that of the white. 6. Of the mandibular primary 1st molar, the initiation and proceeding of calcification were later than those of the other races, but that of the occlusal surface was occurred at the similar period in those of the others. That was understood for much narrow buccolingual diameter of it in comparison with that of the white. 7. Of the mandibular primary 2nd molar, the initiation and proceeding of calcification were slightly later than those of the other races, and thereupon that of the occlusal surface between the distobuccal and distal cusps was not calcified at the circumnatal period, whereas was in that of the white. 8. maxillary and mandibular permanent 1st molars began to be calcified at the tip of the mesiobuccal cusp at the circumnatal period.
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구조적 대응체 분석법에 의한 골격성 Ⅱ급 부정교합 환자의 악교정 수술전후의 비교
손병화,경승현,김범수 대한치과교정학회 2004 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.34 No.1
Enlow의 구조적 대응체 분석법은 다수의 평균에 의한 정상치와 비교하는 분석법과는 달리 개개인에서 두개안면의 구성양상이 발달되어온 해부학적, 발육학적 특징의 복합체를 설명하는 방법이다. 본 연구에서는 악교정 수술을 시행한 골격성 Ⅲ급 부정교합 환자 80명(남자 40명, 여자 40명)을 대상으로 구조적 대응체 분석법을 이용하여 수술 전후를 비교하고, 정상교합자와 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 수술에 의해서 주로 하악지 전후방 길이(B3)가 감소되어 상하악의 전후방적 부조화가 해소되었다. 2. 수술에 의해서 하악지의 배열(R3, R4)이 후방으로 재배열되었으며 교합평면(R5)은 후하방으로 회전되었다. 3. 수술후와 정상교합자의 비교결과 수술후에 골격성 Ⅲ급 양상은 해소되었으나 두개저수준(R1, R2)에서는 차이를 보이고 있다. 4. 수술방법에 따른 비교결과 양악수술은 상악골의 길이(A4), 하악지의 배열(R3, R4), 교합평면의 각도(R5)에서 하악수술과 차이를 보였으나 두 그룹간의 차이는 크지 않았다. 한국인 골격성 Ⅲ급 부정교합자의 특징을 살펴본 지난 연구에서 골격적 원인은 두개저의 후상방회전, 상악골의 후방위치, 하악지의 전방경사, 하악골체부의 길이증가였는데 본 연구 결과 실제 수술에서 개선되는 요소는 주로 하악지의 전후방 길이 감소, 상악골의 전진이기 때문에 상대적인 개선으로 골격성 Ⅲ급 양상이 해소되었다고 볼 수 있다. 이러한 결과는 실제적인 수술부위가 상악골과 하악골의 일부에 국한되기 때문이다. Enlow's counterpart analysis explains the complex with anatomic and developmental characteristics where craniofacial aspect of individuals has been developed. Counterpart analysis does not compare individual measurement with the normal value from the average of majority but analyzes by comparison of values that each individual has. In this study we examined surgical changes in skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion patients(male 40, female 40) and compared them with normal occlusion patients using counterpart analysis. The results indicated that : 1. Skeletal anterior-posterior discrepancy was relieved by shortening of the ramus width(B3). 2. The ramus alignment(R3, R4) was displaced posteriorly and the occlusal plane angle(R5) was rotated clockwise. 3. Skeletal Class Ⅲ pattern was relieved in the post-operative group, but differences in the level of the cranium(R1, R2) was remaining compared to the normal occlusion patients. 4. In the comparison of surgery methods, the two-jaw surgery group presented changes in the maxillary length(A4), ramus alignment(R3, R4) and occlusal plane angle(R5) compared to the one-jaw surgery group, but the differences were not significant. In the past study about Korean skeletal Class Ⅲ patients, the skeletal characteristics are upward backward rotation of the cranial base, posterior displacement of the maxilla, forward inclination of the ramus and lengthening of the mandibular body, but in this study, skeletal Class Ⅲ pattern was relieved by shortening of the ramus width and maxillary advancement by orthognathic surgery, because orthognathic surgery is usually performed on limited areas in the maxilla and the mandible.
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