운행중인 전후 동력형 디젤 동차의 배출가스 특성

강성인,송문석,김문헌 崇實大學校 生産技術硏究所 1998 論文集 Vol.28 No.-

In this paper, exhaust gas emissions fo moving push-pull Semaul diesel hydraulic car are measured as a function of ambient conditions, rail conditions, the chief stations and in the case of arrival and departure ar stations. In result of measurement of exhaust gas emissions, CO adn NO?? emissions are inreased linearly according to increasing of engine speed until 1,500rpm. On the same ambient temperature, CO emission is decreased and NO?? emission is increaed according to increasing of ambient humidity. In the chief station, CO and NO?? are exceeded a limitation of exhaust gas emissions as 2 times and 1.6 times respectively at Chupungtryeong. When the diesel car start at the station, CO and NO?? are approximated and exceeded the limitation.

수학과 평가에서 서술형 판정에 관한 고찰

성현경,강문봉 仁川敎育大學校 科學敎育硏究所 1998 과학교육논총 Vol.10 No.-

This study is to how to judge and describe the student's mathematical power. It is a trifling start on such a study. In order to judge the student's mathematical power descriptively, the teacher should use the a variety of evaluation methods such as paper and pencil test, observation, interview, project and so on, score the student's mathematical power analytically and need to accumulate the evaluation results. We present three principles the teacher obey when he judges the student's mathematical power descriptively. But, five grade judgement(soo-woo-mi-yang-ka) need not be abandoned. We think it desirable that the teacher use the descriptive judgement and the five grade judgement complementarily when he judges the student's mathematical power.

정상 성인에 경구 투여한 Cefixime 두 정제의 생물학적 동등성 비교

강진양,서성훈,이경태,문창훈,강진한,이동건,최정현,신완식 대한화학요법학회 2000 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.18 No.4

목적 : 식품의약안전청 고시 제 1998-86호(1998. 8.26) "생물학적 동등성 시험 기준"에 의하여 섹심 캅셀(시험약, 한국유나이트제약)과 슈프락스 캅셀(대조약, 동아제약)의 생물학적 동등성을 비교 검토하였다. 방법 : 2×2 라틴 방격법에 따라 건강한 성인 남성 지원자 20명에게 cefixime 100㎎씩 경구투여하였다. 약제투여 후 12시간까지 일정간격으로 채혈하였고 각 피험자들의 혈중약물농도 데이터로부터 구한 Area under the concentration (AUC), C_(max), T_(max) 등의 생체이용률 파라미터에 대해 통계학적으로 고찰하여 두 제제간의 생물학적 동등성을 평가하였다. 결과 : AUC, C_(max), T_(max)에 대한 평균값의 차가 각각 1.26%, 3.73%, 6.21%로서 모두 대조약의 20% 이내에 들어 생물학적 동등성 판정기준의 전제조건을 만족하였다. 분산분석 결과 AUC, C_(max), T_(max)의 각 비교 항목에 있어서 모두 유의수준 α=0.05의 군/순서효과 검정에서 F비가 F 분석표의 한계값보다 작아 교차시험이 제대로 이루어졌음을 확인할 수 있었으며, AUC, C_(max), T_(max) 각 비교항목에 있어서 유의수준 α=0.05에서 대조약에 대한 최소검출차(Δ)가 각각 17.74%, 17.05%, 15.67%로 모두 20% 이내이었으며, 검출력(1-β)도 모두 0.8 이상으로 나타나 생물학적 동등성 판정기준을 만족시켰다. 또 AUC, C_(max), T_(max) 각 비교항목에 있어서 대조약에 대한 생체이용률 차이의 신뢰한계(δ)가 ±20% 이내이어야 한다는 생물학적 동등성 판정기준을 모두 만족시켰다. 결론 : 이상의 실험결과로 시험약은 대조약에 대하여 생물학적 동등성 평가항목인 AUC, C_(max), T_(max)에서 모두 판정기준을 만족시켜 시험약은 대조약과 생물학적으로 동등하다고 사료된다. Background : The study was designed to compare the bioeqivalence between the test (CEXIME®. United Korea. Co., Ltd) and control (SUPRAX®. Dong-a Pharm. Co.. Ltd) capsules of cefixime. Methods : Twenty. healthy, male volunteers completed the study Each subject ingested single dose (100 ㎍) of the control and test drugs in 2?2 crossover design with a week drug-free interval between the doses. Blood samples were collected serially up to 12 hours and plasma concentrations of cefixime were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. A non-compartmental approach was used for analysis of the concentration-time data. Results : The area under the curve (AUC), the maximum concentration of drug (C_(max)). and time to reach C_(max)(T_(max)) did not show any significant difference between the two preparations by ANOVA. The mean differences of AUC, C_(max), and T_(max) were within 20% of the control drug, those were 1.26%. 3.73%. and 6.21%. respectively. The confidence limits of three parameters were satisfied the bioeqivalence criteria. Conclusion : These results suggest that the test drug was bioequivalent with the control drug.

트리클로로에틸렌에 폭로되는 근로자들의 뇌간청성유발전위 및 심박간격분석

강성규,조영숙,문영한 大韓産業醫學會 1995 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.7 No.1

In order to evaluate the effects of trichloroethylene(TCE) on the central and autonomic nervous system, the brain stem auditory evoked potentials(BAEPs) and the electrocardiographic R-R interval variability(CVRR) were measured in three groups of workers(11) working in TCE degreasing process, workers(4) exposed to lead and two groups of workers(12) not exposed to any kinds of neurotoxicants. Two components of the CVRR reflecting parasympathetic activity(C-CVRSA) and sympathetic and parasympathetic activities(C-CVMWSA) were examined. The TCE workers were exposed to TCE at the level of less than 1 hour per week while the degreasing material was changed. There were no differences in the latencies of BAEPs and CVRR and the components of the CVRR between control and TCE and lead groups. However, two lead workers had the blood lead level of less than 60 g/dl recommended as present biological guideline by the Ministry of Labor, showed the delayed latencies of V5 and I-V in BAEP. This results suggested that intermittent TCE exposure didn't affect the auditory nervous pathway and the autonomic nervous system, however, lead exposure might affect the central nervous system at the level of less than 60 g/dl in blood lead.

단일전자 다중접합 트랩의 대전에너지와 문턱전압

문성왕,강동식,강영봉 濟州大學校 師範大學 科學敎育硏究所 1999 科學敎育 Vol.16 No.-

Based on the analytic solution to the electrostatic problem of the multi-junction trap with equal N-junction capacitances C and a well capacitance Cw, we obtain explicit expressions for the charging energy, the GiMs free energy, the energy barrier height and the threshold voltage. In particular, when an electron is already trapped in the store island, we analyze the effect of the well capacitance and the number of junction for single electron multi-junction txap. In the C_(w)/C>3/Ncase, an electron can be trapped in the store island height depernds on the number of junction, the value of barrier height is Ne^(2)/8C for C_(w)/C>1. Thus, when N is large and C_(w)/C is large, it is favor of trapping electron in the store island. We find that multi-junction trap with small well capacitance is not suitable for studying the single electron trap. The threshold voltage is proportioned to the bias voltage U and the number of junction N

Effects of dietary supplementation with probiotic CS-A on performance in broiler chickens

Seong Soo Kang1*, Se Eun Kim, Ara Go, Kyung Mi Shim, Chun Sik Bae, Chang Jong Moon, Sung-Ho Kim, Jong-Choon Kim, Jin-Cheol Yoo, Seung Sik Cho 충북대학교 동물의학연구소 2012 Journal of Biomedical and Translational Research Vol.13 No.3

Probiotics, enzymes, organic acids, oligosaccharides, antioxidants, and other functional materials are actively being explored as alternatives to antibiotics. Probiotics include live beneficial microorganisms that colonize the intestinal tract and competitively inhibit attachment and growth of harmful microbes. Probiotics also increase feed efficiency by assisting in nutrient absorption and digestion. The current study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of a new probiotic, CS-A, as a dietary supplement of a fermented product on growth performance, feed intake, and feed conversion efficiency in broiler chickens, and to evaluate its value as an alternative for antibiotics used as a feed additive. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of CS-A were investigated in vitro and the in vivo effects of a constant concentration of supplemented CS-A on growth rate and feed efficiency were evaluated. In addition, the safety of CS-A was assessed by examination of common symptoms and mortality. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration revealed an excellent antibacterial effect of CS-A. Cytotoxicity was low and anti-inflammatory effects were achieved at the effective concentration of CS-A. Supplementation with 0.1% CS-A resulted in a feed efficiency score of 1.84 in broilers, compared to 2.00 in the control group. There were no adverse clinical findings, necropsy findings, hematology, and altered serum biochemistry parameters, and no mortality. Thus, it is concluded that CS-A is safe and effective as a feed additive.

표면근전도와 적외선체열촬영을 이용한 요통의 평가

이강진,최인성,이소영,한재영,이삼규,채홍재,이성과,문재동 대한산업의학회 2001 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.13 No.3

목적 : 요통환자에서 요통의 유무와 강도를 평가하고자 표면근전도를 이용하여 근육 활동성의 차이를 검증하였고 적외선체열촬영을 이용하여 제표면 온도의 변화를 측정하였다. 방법 : 요통환자군 16명과 대조군 16명에 대하여 요부에 부착한 표면전극에서 얻은 근전도 신호와 적외선체열촬영 결과를 비교하였다. 교란요인의 영향을 배제하기 위하여 연령과 성별 그리고 비만도에 따라 정상 대조군과 요통환자군을 짝짓기하여 각각 16명씩 선정하였다. 결과 : 정적표면근전도 실시 결과 우측의 경우 중앙값이 요통환자군에서 198.1 ㎶, 정상대조군에서는 161.3 ㎶로 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었고(p<0.01), 좌측은 요통환자군에서 194.2 ㎶, 정상대조군에서 180.5 ㎶로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 동적표면근전도 실시 결과 재신전시와 굴곡시 근전위의 비가 우측의 경우 요통환자군에서 중앙값이 1.12였고 정상 대조군은 1.39로서 두 군간에 유의한 차이가 있었고(p=0.027), 좌측의 경우도 요통환자군에서는 1.08이었고 정상 대조군에서는 1.21로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p=0.036). 적외선체열촬영결과 ΔT가 0.5 ℃ 이상의 차이가 있을 때 이상이 있는 것으로 정하면, 요통환자군에서는 16명 모두 이상자로 판정되었고, 정상 대조군에서는 16명중 3명이 이상자로 판정되어 민감도는 100 %, 특이도는 81.3 % 였다. 표면근전도를 이용한 요통의 진단은 민감도가 78.6 %이고 특이도가 72.2 %였으며, 적외선체열촬영은 민감도가 100 %였고 특이도가 87.5 %였다. 결론 : 이러한 결과로 볼 때 표면근전도 검사법과 적외선체열촬영은 요통을 간접적으로 평가하는데 도움이 되는 검사법이며, 적외선체열촬영이 표면근전도검사법에 비하여 보다 정확한 검사법으로 판단된다. Objectives : We studied the efficacy of surface electromyography(SEMG) and digital infrared theimographic imaging (DITI) in the assessment of low back pain both(LBP) Methods : We compared electromygraphic signals from electrodes placed in the lumbar area and the digital theimographic images in 16 LBPpatients and 16 control subjects. The LBP patients and the control subjects were matched for age, gender, and body mass index(BMI) to adjust for any confounding effects Results : In the static analyses of SEMG, median value was 198.1 ㎶ for the controls on the right side, and they were 194.2 ㎶ and 180.5㎶ on left side respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups on the right side(p<0.01), but not on the left side. In the dynamic analyses of the SEMG, the median values of the extension per flexion ratio of right side were 1.12 for LBP patients and 1.39 for controls. and those on the left side were 1.08 and 1.21 respectively. There were statistically significant differences in both sodes(p<0.05). The sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 81.3% in DITI, 78.6% and 72.2% in SEMG. Conclusions : These results indicate that SEMG and DITI are useful methods for indirect assessments of LBP, and that DITI is more sensitive and specific than SEMG.

Mo/γ-Al_2O_3 촉매의 벤젠 산화반응특성

박영성,서문삼,강기혁,김봉수 大田大學校 環境問題硏究所 2002 환경문제연구소 논문집 Vol.6 No.-

γ-Al_2O_3에 몰리브덴을 담지시킨 촉매를 고정층 반응기에 충전하여 벤젠과 같은 VOCs의 촉매산화반응 특성을 살펴보았다. 실험조건은 반응온도를 200∼500℃로 하고, 반응물인 벤젠의 농도를 1,000∼3,000ppm, 공간속도를 5,000∼60,000hr^-1의 범위에서 적용하였다. 연구결과, 벤젠의 전환율은 공간속도가 낮을수록 증가하고, 초기유입농도가 증가할수록 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 몰리브덴이 담지된 촉매의 성능은 니켈을 제외한 구리나 망간등의 다른 전이금속에 대해서는 다소 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 벤젠의 촉매연소반응은 1차 균일반응으로 해석될 수 있었으며, 균일연소반응의 활성화 에너지값은 7.4kcal/㏖ 이었다. Catalytic oxidation characteristics of benzene (one of important source of volatile organic compounds : VOCs) was investigated in a fixed bed flow reactor using Mo/γ-A1_2O_3 catalyst. As operating variables of experiment, reaction temperature (200∼500℃), benzene concentration (1,000∼3,000ppm), space velocity (5,000∼60,000hr^-1) were applied. The experimental results showed that the conversion of catalytic oxidation of benzene was increased with decreasing space velocity, while it was decreased with increasing inlet VOCs concentration. Mo/γ-A1_2O_3 catalyst exhibited more or less low activity among several transition metals such as Cu, Mn, Cr, etc. except Ni. The catalytic oxidation reaction for VOCs(benzene) could be expressed as the first order homogeneous reaction the activation energy of which was 7.4kcal/㏖.

Staphylococcus aureus와 Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus Species에 대한 Arbekacin의 시험관내 항균력

위성헌,강진한,허동호,이동건,김상일,김양리,최정현,김종현,유진흥,허재균,신완식,강문원 대한감염학회 2001 감염 Vol.33 No.4

Background : Most strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) now exhibit high-level resistance to various antibiotics, such as β -lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines and quinolones. Recent reports describing the therapeutic failure of vancomycin for MRSA infections have arisen considerable concerns regarding the emergence of MRSA strains, which will require new therapeutic agents. Arbekacin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, has antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is stable in the presence of aminoglycoside inactivating enzymes produced by S. aureus. In this study, we compared the antibacterial activity of arbekacin with those of vancomycin, gentamicin, and amikacin against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). Methods : For a collection of 549 S. aureus and 251 CNS isolates from three Catholic University Hospitals in Korea, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of arbekacin, vancomycin, amikacin and gentamicin were determined by agar dilution method using Mueller-Hinton agar according to NCCLS (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, USA)criteria. Results : Among 549 S. aureus isolates, 278 isolates were MRSA and 271 isolates were methicil sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). MIC50 & MIC90 of arbekacin against 549 S. aureus were 0.5 & 1 ㎍/mL, and MIC50 & MIC90 of vancomycin were 1 & 1 ㎍/mL. MIC of arbekacin against 549 S. aureus isolates ranges from 0.03 to 4 ㎍/mL, and MIC of vancomycin against 549 S. aureus ranges from 0.25 to 2 ㎍/mL. MIC90 of amikacin against 549 S. aureus was 32㎍/mL, and that of gentamicin was 128 ㎍/mL. MICs of amikacin and gentamicin were variable, ranging from 0.125 to 256, and otherwise arbekacin and vancomycin revealed relatively narrow range of MICs. MIC90 of arbekacin against 278 MRSA isolates & 271 MSSA were 1 & 0.5 ㎍/mL, and those of vancomycin against MRSA & MSSA were 1 & 1 ㎍/mL. MIC90 of amikacin against 278 MRSA & 271 MSSA isolates were 32 & 4 ㎍/mL, and that of gentamicin against MRSA & MSSA isolates were 128 & 32 ㎍/mL respectively. Among 251 CNS isolates, 122 isolates were MRCNS and 129 were MSCNS. MICSO & MIC90 of arbekacin against 251 CNS isolates were 0.25 & 2 ㎍/mL, and those of vancomycin were 1 & 2 ㎍/mL. MIC of arbekacin against 251 CNS isolates ranges from 0.015 to 32 ㎍/mL, and that of vancomycin isolates ranges from 0.25 to 2 ㎍/mL, MIC90 of arbekacin against 122 MRCNS & 129 MSCNS isolates were 2&0.3 ㎍/ML, and those of vancomycin were 2&s ㎍/ML. MIC90 of amikacin against 251 CNS isolates was 32 ㎍/ML, and that of gentamicin was 128 ㎍/ML for CNS. MIC90 of amikacin against 122 MRCNS & 129 MSCNS isolates were 128 & 8㎍/mL, and those of gentamicin ere 256 & 32 ㎍/mL. Conclusion : Considering above results, arbekacin can be useful agent against most strains of MRSA and MRCMS, which exhibit high-level resistance to amikacin and gentamicin. (Korea J Infect Dis 33:254~260, 2001)

7개 대학 병원에서 조사한 지역사회 폐렴의 원인균

정문현,김성민,강문원,최희정,정희진,이경원,한성우,송재훈,신형식,김의종,최강원,김민자,박승철,배현주,정윤섭,김준명,백경란,신완식,이규만,김양리 대한감염학회 1997 감염 Vol.29 No.5

목 적 : 폐렴은 많이 발생하면서 사망률이 크게 줄지 않는 질환이며, 이를 적절히 치료하기 위해서는 원인균의 상대적 빈도, 기저 질환에 따른 변화, 항균제 내성률, 사망에 관련된 인자들을 알아야 한다. 원인균의 빈도는 지역마다 차이가 있고 국내에서는 항균제 내성률이 높아 지역사회에서 발생한 폐렴을 치료하기 위한 경험적 항균제 선택에 도움이 되기 위해 서울 소재 6개 대학 병원과 천안의 1개 대학 병원이 참여하여 위의 사항들에 대해 조사를 하였다. 방 법 : 1995년에 내과에 입원했던 16세 이상 환자를 대상으로 했다. 퇴원 진단명이 폐렴 또는 폐결핵인 병록지을 찾았고, 이중에서 병원 감염을 제외하였다. 특이도를 높이기 위해, 이들 중에서 호흡기 증상이 있고 발열이나 저체온이 있으면서 흉부 X-선에서 이상 음영이 있는 환자만을 대상으로 했다. 폐결핵은 위의 기준에 입원 초기에 항균제 치료를 하고 입원 7일 이후에야 항결핵제가 투여된 경우만을 폐렴의 원인균으로 하였다. 혈액 배양에서 양성, 객담에서 항상균이나 M. tuberculosis가 증명된 경우, 혈청학적으로 항체가가 4배 이상 증가된 경우, 조직에서 원인균이 진단된 경우는 확정(definitive) 원인균으로 하였고, 객담에서 배양된 균이 그람 도말과 일치할때, 항결액제에 대한 반응으로 진단한 폐결핵, 단일 항체가 양성이고 이에 대해 항균제를 사용했을 때는 가능(probable) 원인균으로 정의하였다. 다세균 감염균은 각각 다 른 원인균으로 처리하였다. 임상 조사와 함께 임상병리과에서 S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, mycoplasma, 항상균에 대해 검사 의뢰 건수, 배양 양성수, 항균제 감수성 결과를 조사하였다. 결 과 : 폐렴의 증례 정의에 부합하지 않은 135명과 폐결핵의 정의에 해당하지 않는 230명을 제외하고 남은 246명의 평균 나이는 58.2세이고 남성이 142명(58.2%) 이었고, 71%의 환자에서 기저 질환이 있었다. 진단 방법의 시행 횟수는 혈액 배양 77.6%, 혈청 검사 18.3%, 기관지경 검사는 4.1%였고, 세균의 항원 검사를 한 예는 없었다. 원인균이 밝혀진 예는 77명(31.3%)이었다. 다세균 감염이 4명에서 있었고, 원인균의 상대적 빈도는 결핵 20명(확정 17, 가능 3: 6개 병원 자료), 폐렴구균 18(확정8 가능 10)명과 폐렴구균이 아닌 Streptococcus 3명 (모두 확정), H. influenzae 11명(모두 가능), 그람음성간균 11명(확정 7, 가능 4) (K. pneumoniae 8건), Mycoplasma 5명(확정 1, 가능 4), S. aureus 4명(확정 2, 가능 2), mucormycosis 1명(확정)이었다. 평균 입원 기간은 19일이고, 중환자실 입원률과 인공 호흡기 사용율은 각각 18%와 9.3%였다. 사망률은 13.8%였고 사망까지 평균 기간은 14.6일 이었다. 다변량 분석에서 사망을 예측할 수 있는 인자는 저체온과 빈호흡이었다. 임상병리과에서 배양되었던 모든 폐렴구균의 Penicillin 내성률은 서울 3개 병원에서 82-88%, 천안에서 72%였다. 폐렴 환자의 혈액에서 배양된 7주는 모두 Penicillin에 감수성이 있었다. K. pneumoniae 8주 모두 cefotaxime과 gentamicin에 감수성을 보였다. 결 론 : 후향적 조사이고 병원마다 원인균 진단에 차이가 있지만, 원인이 밝혀진 경우에는 결핵과 폐렴균이 흔하였고, 무균 부위에서 배양된 폐렴구균의 항균제 내성률은 낮았다. 원인이 밝혀지지 않은 경우가 많고, 혈청검사로 진단되는 원인균이 드물며, 분리균주가 적어 항균제 내성 정도를 추정하기 어려워, 이를 밝히기 위한 전향적 조사가 필요하다. Background : Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, but its management is still challenging. The limitation of diagnostic methods to identify etiologic agents rapidly make it necessary to use empiric antibiotics in almost all patients, and furthermore the discovery of new respiratory pathogens and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms pose difficulties to the selection of an empiric regimen. To clarify the factors necessary for the optimal choice of empirical antibiotics, such as the frequency of etiologic agents, the attributable rates to death and antimicrobial resistance rates in the community, six university hospitals in Seoul and one university hospital in Cheonan were participating in this study. Methods : medical records of adults (>15 years of age) hospitalized for CAP or pulmonary tuberculosis between April 1995 and March 1996, were reviewed. Patients who satisfied all of the following criteria were included in the study: (1) fever or hypothermia; (2) respiratory symptoms; and (3) pulmonary infiltrates on chest roentgenogram. To exclude cases of pulmonary tuberculosis whose roentgenographic features were so typical that it could be easily differentiated from conventional pneumonia, two additional criteria were required for inclusion: antibiotic treatment during the first week of hospital admission and initiation of anti-tuberculosis medications thereafter. Organisms isolated from sterile body sites, acid-fast bacilli or Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from sputum, pathogens diagnosed by a 4-fold rising titer of antibodies to “atypical”pathogens, or pathogens revealed by histopathology were defined as definitive cause of pneumonia; isolates from sputum withcompatible Gram stain, pathogens diagnosed by a single diagnostic titer plus use of a specific antimicrobial agent, or tuberculosis diagnosed by clinucal response to anti- tuberculosis medications were considered probable cause of pneumonia. The records of the clinical microbiology were reviewed for isolates of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, Mycobacterium or acid-fast bacilli, and Mycoplasma. Then the frequency of these agents, antimicrobial resistance rates of resiratory pathogens from all body sites, and their clinical significance were evaluated. Results: After excluding 365 patients (230 with pulmonary tuberculosis and 135 with CAP) who were screened for inclusion but did not meet the inclusion criteria,246 persons were enrolled in this study. Their mean age was 58.2 years old with slight male predominance (58.2%), and 171(71%) patients had underlying illnesses. Blood cultures were performed on 191 (77.6%) patients and serologic tests on 44(18.3%) patients. The etiologic agents were identified in 31.3%, and the list of individual agents, in decreasing order, was pulmonary tuberculosis (17 definite and 3 probable: data of six hospitals), S. pneumoniae (8 definite and 10 probable), non-pneumococci (3 definite), aerobic gram-negative bacilli (7 definite and 4 probable), Haemophilus spp. (11 probable), mycoplasma (1 definite and 4 probable), polymicrobial infections (2 definite and 2 probable: E. coli and S. agalactiae, M. tuberculosis and S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae and A. baumannii and K. pneumonias), S. aureus (2 definite and 2 probable) , and mucormycosis (1 definite). Among gram-negative bacilli, K. pneumoniae was the most common agent (8isolates). therates of admission to the intensive care unitand of using assisted ventilation were 18% and 9.3%, respectively. The mortality was 13.8% and logistic regression analysis showed that hypothermia and tachypnea were associated with death. Hospital stay averaged 19 days. Susceptible rates of S. pneumoniae isolated from all body sites to penicillin ranged from 8% to 28% but seven isolated from blood of patients with pneumonia were susceptible to penicillin. Also all 8 isolated of k> pneumoniae from patients with pneumonia were susceptible to cefotaxime and gentamicin. Conclusion: In Korea, in addition to S. pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis is an important agent causing community-acquired pneumonia. The low incidence of etiologic diagnosis is probably related to infrequent requesting of test "atypical" pathogens and does not represent the true incidence of infections by "atypical" pathogens, which well be answered by a prospective study. The antimicrobial resistance rates of major respiratory pathogens from sterile body sites are low, however, because of a small number of the isolates this result needs confirmation by a nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.