유도 허벅다리걸기 기술발휘 시 받기의 자세와 저항수준에 따른 운동학적 특성 분석 사례연구[Ⅰ]

김의환,윤현,김성섭 한국운동역학회 2004 한국운동역학회지 Vol.14 No.3

E. H. KIM, H. YOON, S. S. KIM. A Case Study on Kinematical Traits Analysis when Performing of Uchimata(inner thigh reaping throw) by Posture and Voluntary Resistance Levels(VRL) of Like in Judo[ I ]. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 235-257, 2004. The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinematical traits variables when performing Uchimata(inner thigh reaping throw) by Voluntary Resistance Levels(VRL) and two postures of Like in Judo. The subjects, who were one male judoka(YH) for 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games, and one male trainee Y. I. University representative member(SDK) and were filmed on two S-VHS 16 mm video cameras(60fields/sec.),that posture of Like were Shizenhontai(straight defensive posture) and Jigohontai(straight natural posture), VRL of like were 0% and 100%. The kinematical variables were temporal(total time-required:TR), potures and COG variables etc., The data of this study collection were digitized by SIMI Motion Program computed the mean values and the standard deviation calculated for each variables. When performing according to each posture and VRL, from the data analysis and discussion, the conclusions were as follows : 1. Temporal variables : total time-required(TR) when performing Uchimata was shown the shortest time YH than SDK by each posture and VRL. TR of each posture were shown the shorten trends or equal in DP by lower than NP, In existence and / or nonexistence of VRL was shown the shorten trends in VRL 0% than 100% of Like. 2. Posture variables : In attacking right knee angle, YH was performing flexion(147→103degree) from Tsukuri(set-up) to Kake(execution) in regardless of postures and VRLs, SDK was performing not exchange extension and flexion in VRL 100%, and extension(120i142degree) in VRL 0%, respectively. In supporting left knee angle, YH was perfoinring extension(1194163degree) from Tsukuri(set-up) to Kake(execution) in regardless of postures and VRLs, SDK extension(934 139degree), respectively. In attacking right hip angle, from Tsukuri to Kake, YH was performing extension(1334 169degree), except in VRL 0%(156 i137degree) NP, SDK was performing flexion(159i126degree) accept in VRL 100%(149 i152degree) NP, In left hip angle, from Tsukuri to Kake, YH was performing flexion NP(70, 50degree) more than DP(27, 57degree), SDK was performing flexion DP(73, 52degree) more than NP(34, 20degree). 3. COG variables : When performing Uchimata, vertical COG variables was shown YH(:2-8cm), SDK(:15-24cm) lower than Uke's COG level position, in existence and / or nonexistence of postures and VRL, during Kake as maximum force point of throwing techniques in Judo.

Breeding of Tetraploid in Codonopsis lanceolata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Trautvetter by Colchicine Treatment

Kim,Ik-Hwan,Kim,Hag-Hyun,Hong,Eui-Yon,Yun,Jong-Sun,Yun,Tae,Hwang,Ju-Kwang,Lee,Cheol-Hee 한국자원식물학회 2003 Plant Resources Vol.6 No.3

Present studies were carried out to produce tetraploid plants by colchicine treatment using seeds, seedlings and shoot tips of Codonopsis lanceolata. Three tetraploid plants of C. lanceolata were produced from seeds which absorbed 0.1 % colchicine solution for 12 hours, and 0.5% colchicine solution for 1 and 6 hours from seedlings, respectively. But tetraploid was not produced from shoot tips treated by colchicine solution. Compared to diploid, tetraploid plants had larger stomata, but less number of stomata. Fresh weight of tetraploid plants was 1.4∼3.6 times heavier than diploid plants.

유도 '되치기 본'의 개선 방안에 관한 연구

김의환,김도준,김규수,김관현,김종달,최종삼,조용철,박순진,윤익선,안병근,정 훈,김미정,한성철 龍仁大學校 武道硏究所 1999 武道硏究所誌 Vol.10 No.1

The purpose of this study was to reform practically a Korean Judo's Doechigi-Bon(Forms of Counterattack, judo's Gaeshi no Kata, Judo's Uradori no Kata, Judo's Gonosen no Kata) that was established in 1955 Korea, according to changing of techniques by Judo's modernization, in order to have Judo's carefulness and systematic diffusion. Reform procedure of Judo's Doechigi-Bon was 1st stage, Questionnaire survey 303 judokas, 2nd stage, Technical seminar by judo experts(12 judo professor) 4 times, 3rd stage, wording report for reform, 4rd stage, Discussion and judgement of Teaching and Judgement commission of Korean judo Association(KJA), 5th stage, Public hearing for reform in KJA, 6th stage, Report and decision of board of directors in KJA, 7th stage, public publication of Judo News(No.53) in KJA. Basic principle of reform of Judo's Doechigi-Bon were as table 1. Table 1. Basic principle of reform of Judo's Doechigi-Bon ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Items Reformed Key Points of Judo's Doechigi-Bon ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Structure 1) Grand classification : Classified by 3 parts(1,2,3Gyo) 2)Medium classification : Te waza, Goshi waza, Ashi waza devided per each part(Gyo) 3)Sub-classification : Classified five techniques per each part(Gyo) 2. Contents 1) Selected established techniques as possible 2) Considered rationalty and overlapping of counterattack techniques 3. Decision of Conterattack techniques 1) Refered to results of Basic Questionnaire survey 2) Priority to decisions of Judo expert technical seminar -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Reformed Korean Judo's Doechigi-Bon(Forms of Counterattack techniques-KJA, 1999) are as follows: 1. Gyo; ① Uki otoshi -> Uchi mata ② Harai goshi -> Harai goshi gaeshi ③ O soto gari -> O soto gake ④ Ko uchi gari -> Sasae tsurikomi ashi ⑤ O uchi gari -> Ko soto gari 2. Gyo; ① Ippon seoi nage -> Okuri eri jime ② Tsuri domi goshi -> Uki waza ③ Okuri ashi harai -> Okuri ashi harai ④ Ko soto gari -> Tai otoshi ⑤ Hiza guruma -> Hiza guruma 3. Gyo; ① Kata guruma -> Sumi gaeshi ② Tai otoshi -> Ko soto gari ③ Hane goshi -> Harai tsurikomi ashi ④ Uchi mata -> Tai otoshi ⑤ Tomoe nage -> O uchi gari

리네졸리드와 반코마이신을 교대로 투여하여 치료한 지속성 메티실린 내성 황색포도알균 균혈증 1예

김낙현,김문석,장은선,강유민,김가연,장희창,박완범,김의종,김남중,오명돈 대한감염학회 2009 감염과 화학요법 Vol.41 No.6

Persistent Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia is frequently defined as bacteremia persisting for ≥7 days despite proper antibiotic therapy. Its treatment includes removal of all infection foci and proper antibiotic therapy. Vancomycin remains the antibiotic of choice in MRSA bacteremia. Alternative agents, linezolid or daptomycin, are available, but a consensus regarding management of persistent MRSA bacteremia on vancomycin failure is still lacking. We report a case of a 60-year-old male who received thoracoabdominal aorta replacement operation due to dissecting aneurysm of the ascending and descending aorta. Surgical site infection and bacteremia caused by MRSA occured, and wound debridement operations were performed. The patient was treated with vancomycin in therapeutic doses but MRSA bacteremia persisted for 168 days in a row. Although the inserted aortic graft was the most probable source of persistent bacteremia, surgical removal was impossible. Linezolid was administered as an alternative antibiotic but had to be discontinued from time to time due to thrombocytopenia induced by this agent. In the end, MRSA bacteremia was successfully managed by alternating vancomycin-linezolid therapy.

2000년 제27회 시드니 올림픽 유도경기 대비: 세계 여자 우수선수들의 개인별 국제경기 기술 특성에 관한 연구

김의환,박순진,김관현,김도준,안병근,정훈,김미정 용인대학교 무도연구소 2000 武道硏究所誌 Vol.11 No.1

The purpose of this study was to analyze the competition techniques traits and of international contest levels each category individual scoring - losing techniques of world elite judokas who. were awarded in the international judo tournaments (I,J.T.) (part 1: ∼O.G'%, part 2 :from O.G'% to July ,2000), and who are expected to participate in the 27th Olympic Games(O.G.) Sydney 2000 to prepare the 27th O.G, which will be held from 16. to 22 September, 2000 at Exhibition Center, Darling Harbour, in Sydney, Australia. The records of the results and contents of competition were obtained out of 97 for women I.J,T., world elite judokas. To decide individual contest levels, groups were devided into 3(A,B,C)groups and points were graded by 3 ways. The I.J.T. that were devided into 3 groups are shown in the table 1.

Breeding of Tetraploid in Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.)A. DC. by Colchicine treatment

Kim,Ik-Hwan,Kim,Hag-Hyun,Hong,Eui-Yon,Yun,Jong-Sun,Yun,Tae,Hwang,Ju-Kwang,Lee,Cheol-Hee 한국자원식물학회 2003 Plant Resources Vol.6 No.3

Present studies were carried out to produce tetraploid plants by colchicine treatment using seeds, seedlings and shoot tips of Platycodon grandiflorum in Campanulaceae. The most successful colchicine treatment for tetraploid production in P. grandiflorum was soaking treatment using 0.01 and 0.5% colchicine solution for 1 hour and 12 hours, respectively. Morphological characteristics of both diploid and tetraploid were similar, but tetraploid plants had more leaves. Compared to diploid, tetraploid had the larger stomata, but less number of stomata. Fresh weight of tetraploids was 20∼40% heavier than that of diploid.

자기장 저속 냉동보관법을 이용한 쥐 치아 치주인대세포의 활성도 검사

안현정,김의성,김진,김덕원,김기열,이찬영,이승종 大韓齒科保存學會 2008 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.33 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 흰쥐 상악 대구치를 발거하여 자기장 저속 냉동보관법을 이용하여 냉동 시 치주인대세포의 활성도 및 세포 사멸도를 MTT검색법과 TUNEL검사를 이용하여 측정하고자 하였다. 4주령의 암컷 Sprague-Dawley계 된 쥐의 상악 좌우 제1,2대 구치를 발거하여 각군 당 12개의 쥐 치아를MTT검색에 이용하였고 6개의 치아를 TUNEL 검사에 이용하였다. 실험군은 5개군으로 대조군은 즉시 발치군이며 4℃냉장고에서 1주일간 보관한 냉장군, 발치 후 동해방지제 처리과정을 거쳐 -196℃의 액화질소에 넣어 급속 냉동한 액화질소군, 21.7 ㎃, 60 ㎐, 1 G의 자기장을 이용하여 -0.3℃/min 의 속도로 -20℃까지 냉동 후 -196℃로 급속 냉동한 자기장군, -0.3℃/min의 속도로 -20℃까지 냉동 후 -196℃에 급속 냉동한 저속 냉동군으로 나누었다. 보존액은 F medium을 사용했으며 동해방지제로 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)를 사용하였다. 치근면을 단위면적으로 표준화하기 위해 MTT측정값을 Eosin 염색 후 530 ㎜에서 측정한 흡광도 값으로 나누었다. TUNEL 검사 시 각 조직슬라이드에서 400배 크기의 현미경 시야에서 임의로 세 부분을 지정하여 정상 세포수와 양성 세포수를 세어 그 비율을 계산하여 각 실험군 당 평균치를 구하였다. 통계 분석을 위해 one way ANOVA를 시행하였으며 사후검정으로 Scheffe와 Tukey HSD방법을 썼으며 결과는 다음과 같다. MTT검색에 의한 흡광도를 Eosin염색 후 측정한 흡광도로 나눈 값에서는 자기장군은 즉시 발치군보다 낮은 세포활성을 보였고 (p < 0.05) 액화질소군, 저속 냉동군과는 통계적으로 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 자기장군은 액화질소군, 저속 냉동군과 함께 냉장군보다는 높은 세포 활성도를 보였다 (p<0.05).TUNEL검사 결과도 자기장군은 즉시 발치군보다 치주인대의 세포사멸도가 높았으나 (p < 0.05) 저속 냉동군과 액화 질소군과는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 자기장군은 냉장군보다 세포사멸도가 낮았으며 냉장군은 모든 군 중에서 세포 사멸도가 가장 높았다 (p<0.05). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the viability of periodontal ligament cell in rat teeth using slow cryopreservation method with magnetic field through MTT assay and TUNEL test. For each group, 12 teeth of 4 weeks old white female Sprague-Dawley rat were used for MTT assay, and 6 teeth in TUNEL test. The Maxillary left and right, first and second molars were extracted as atraumatically as possible under tiletamine anesthesia. The experimental groups were groupl (immediately extraction), group 2 (cold preservation at 4℃ for 1 week), group 3 (rapid Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen), group 4 (slow cryopreservation with magnetic field of 1 G), and group 5 (slow cryopreservation). F medium was used as preservation medium and 10% DMSO as cryoprotectant. After preservation and thawing, the MTT assay and TUNEL test were processed. One way ANOVA and Scheffe method were performed at the 95 % level of confidence. The value of optical density obtained after MTT analysis was divided by the value of eosin staining for tissue volume standardization. In both MTT assay and TUNEL test, it had showed no significant difference among group 3,4, and 5. And group 3 had showed higher viability of periodontal ligament cell than group 2. From this study, slow cryopreservation method with magnetic field can be used as one of cryopreservation methods.

한국 · 대만 유도국가대표선수들의 한팔 업어치기 동작 시근 활성도 비교 분석

김의환(Eui-Hwan Kim),안병근(Byung-Keun Ahn),김성섭(Sung-Sup Kim),조준명(Joon-Myoung Cho),지준안(Chun-An Chi),진종현(Jong-Hyun Jin),김지태(Ji-Tae Kim) 한국생활환경학회 2011 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.18 No.2

The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the electromyograpic activity between Korean and Taiwanese of Ippon-Seoinage (one-armed shoulder throw) as Tokuinage (favorite and major technique) in Judo. The subject (Tori, attacker), who was 4 Korean and Taiwanese representative judoists from 2007 to 2009 years, respectively, Uke (defender) was a Judo-doll made by Kim, Eui-hwan etc. (2007), whole body of judo-doll was fixed, upper body was flexible 35 degree forward and backward, lower was 15 degree, was used to muscles activities measured by surface-electrode & electromyography. Subject performed 5 successful trials respectively, with parter (Uke) was resistance (R-0%) of judo-doll. Muscle activities were obtained from the electromyography analysis. Muscle activities in all phase, Taiwanese were lower than Korean, right Bicep, Trapezius, Tibialis muscles in Kuzushi phase, right Bicep, right Trapezius, left Rectus abdominus in Tsukuri and Kake phase, different between Taiwanese and Korean were signify (p < .5).

7개 대학 병원에서 조사한 지역사회 폐렴의 원인균

정문현,김성민,강문원,최희정,정희진,이경원,한성우,송재훈,신형식,김의종,최강원,김민자,박승철,배현주,정윤섭,김준명,백경란,신완식,이규만,김양리 대한감염학회 1997 감염 Vol.29 No.5

목 적 : 폐렴은 많이 발생하면서 사망률이 크게 줄지 않는 질환이며, 이를 적절히 치료하기 위해서는 원인균의 상대적 빈도, 기저 질환에 따른 변화, 항균제 내성률, 사망에 관련된 인자들을 알아야 한다. 원인균의 빈도는 지역마다 차이가 있고 국내에서는 항균제 내성률이 높아 지역사회에서 발생한 폐렴을 치료하기 위한 경험적 항균제 선택에 도움이 되기 위해 서울 소재 6개 대학 병원과 천안의 1개 대학 병원이 참여하여 위의 사항들에 대해 조사를 하였다. 방 법 : 1995년에 내과에 입원했던 16세 이상 환자를 대상으로 했다. 퇴원 진단명이 폐렴 또는 폐결핵인 병록지을 찾았고, 이중에서 병원 감염을 제외하였다. 특이도를 높이기 위해, 이들 중에서 호흡기 증상이 있고 발열이나 저체온이 있으면서 흉부 X-선에서 이상 음영이 있는 환자만을 대상으로 했다. 폐결핵은 위의 기준에 입원 초기에 항균제 치료를 하고 입원 7일 이후에야 항결핵제가 투여된 경우만을 폐렴의 원인균으로 하였다. 혈액 배양에서 양성, 객담에서 항상균이나 M. tuberculosis가 증명된 경우, 혈청학적으로 항체가가 4배 이상 증가된 경우, 조직에서 원인균이 진단된 경우는 확정(definitive) 원인균으로 하였고, 객담에서 배양된 균이 그람 도말과 일치할때, 항결액제에 대한 반응으로 진단한 폐결핵, 단일 항체가 양성이고 이에 대해 항균제를 사용했을 때는 가능(probable) 원인균으로 정의하였다. 다세균 감염균은 각각 다 른 원인균으로 처리하였다. 임상 조사와 함께 임상병리과에서 S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, mycoplasma, 항상균에 대해 검사 의뢰 건수, 배양 양성수, 항균제 감수성 결과를 조사하였다. 결 과 : 폐렴의 증례 정의에 부합하지 않은 135명과 폐결핵의 정의에 해당하지 않는 230명을 제외하고 남은 246명의 평균 나이는 58.2세이고 남성이 142명(58.2%) 이었고, 71%의 환자에서 기저 질환이 있었다. 진단 방법의 시행 횟수는 혈액 배양 77.6%, 혈청 검사 18.3%, 기관지경 검사는 4.1%였고, 세균의 항원 검사를 한 예는 없었다. 원인균이 밝혀진 예는 77명(31.3%)이었다. 다세균 감염이 4명에서 있었고, 원인균의 상대적 빈도는 결핵 20명(확정 17, 가능 3: 6개 병원 자료), 폐렴구균 18(확정8 가능 10)명과 폐렴구균이 아닌 Streptococcus 3명 (모두 확정), H. influenzae 11명(모두 가능), 그람음성간균 11명(확정 7, 가능 4) (K. pneumoniae 8건), Mycoplasma 5명(확정 1, 가능 4), S. aureus 4명(확정 2, 가능 2), mucormycosis 1명(확정)이었다. 평균 입원 기간은 19일이고, 중환자실 입원률과 인공 호흡기 사용율은 각각 18%와 9.3%였다. 사망률은 13.8%였고 사망까지 평균 기간은 14.6일 이었다. 다변량 분석에서 사망을 예측할 수 있는 인자는 저체온과 빈호흡이었다. 임상병리과에서 배양되었던 모든 폐렴구균의 Penicillin 내성률은 서울 3개 병원에서 82-88%, 천안에서 72%였다. 폐렴 환자의 혈액에서 배양된 7주는 모두 Penicillin에 감수성이 있었다. K. pneumoniae 8주 모두 cefotaxime과 gentamicin에 감수성을 보였다. 결 론 : 후향적 조사이고 병원마다 원인균 진단에 차이가 있지만, 원인이 밝혀진 경우에는 결핵과 폐렴균이 흔하였고, 무균 부위에서 배양된 폐렴구균의 항균제 내성률은 낮았다. 원인이 밝혀지지 않은 경우가 많고, 혈청검사로 진단되는 원인균이 드물며, 분리균주가 적어 항균제 내성 정도를 추정하기 어려워, 이를 밝히기 위한 전향적 조사가 필요하다. Background : Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, but its management is still challenging. The limitation of diagnostic methods to identify etiologic agents rapidly make it necessary to use empiric antibiotics in almost all patients, and furthermore the discovery of new respiratory pathogens and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms pose difficulties to the selection of an empiric regimen. To clarify the factors necessary for the optimal choice of empirical antibiotics, such as the frequency of etiologic agents, the attributable rates to death and antimicrobial resistance rates in the community, six university hospitals in Seoul and one university hospital in Cheonan were participating in this study. Methods : medical records of adults (>15 years of age) hospitalized for CAP or pulmonary tuberculosis between April 1995 and March 1996, were reviewed. Patients who satisfied all of the following criteria were included in the study: (1) fever or hypothermia; (2) respiratory symptoms; and (3) pulmonary infiltrates on chest roentgenogram. To exclude cases of pulmonary tuberculosis whose roentgenographic features were so typical that it could be easily differentiated from conventional pneumonia, two additional criteria were required for inclusion: antibiotic treatment during the first week of hospital admission and initiation of anti-tuberculosis medications thereafter. Organisms isolated from sterile body sites, acid-fast bacilli or Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from sputum, pathogens diagnosed by a 4-fold rising titer of antibodies to “atypical”pathogens, or pathogens revealed by histopathology were defined as definitive cause of pneumonia; isolates from sputum withcompatible Gram stain, pathogens diagnosed by a single diagnostic titer plus use of a specific antimicrobial agent, or tuberculosis diagnosed by clinucal response to anti- tuberculosis medications were considered probable cause of pneumonia. The records of the clinical microbiology were reviewed for isolates of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, Mycobacterium or acid-fast bacilli, and Mycoplasma. Then the frequency of these agents, antimicrobial resistance rates of resiratory pathogens from all body sites, and their clinical significance were evaluated. Results: After excluding 365 patients (230 with pulmonary tuberculosis and 135 with CAP) who were screened for inclusion but did not meet the inclusion criteria,246 persons were enrolled in this study. Their mean age was 58.2 years old with slight male predominance (58.2%), and 171(71%) patients had underlying illnesses. Blood cultures were performed on 191 (77.6%) patients and serologic tests on 44(18.3%) patients. The etiologic agents were identified in 31.3%, and the list of individual agents, in decreasing order, was pulmonary tuberculosis (17 definite and 3 probable: data of six hospitals), S. pneumoniae (8 definite and 10 probable), non-pneumococci (3 definite), aerobic gram-negative bacilli (7 definite and 4 probable), Haemophilus spp. (11 probable), mycoplasma (1 definite and 4 probable), polymicrobial infections (2 definite and 2 probable: E. coli and S. agalactiae, M. tuberculosis and S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae and A. baumannii and K. pneumonias), S. aureus (2 definite and 2 probable) , and mucormycosis (1 definite). Among gram-negative bacilli, K. pneumoniae was the most common agent (8isolates). therates of admission to the intensive care unitand of using assisted ventilation were 18% and 9.3%, respectively. The mortality was 13.8% and logistic regression analysis showed that hypothermia and tachypnea were associated with death. Hospital stay averaged 19 days. Susceptible rates of S. pneumoniae isolated from all body sites to penicillin ranged from 8% to 28% but seven isolated from blood of patients with pneumonia were susceptible to penicillin. Also all 8 isolated of k> pneumoniae from patients with pneumonia were susceptible to cefotaxime and gentamicin. Conclusion: In Korea, in addition to S. pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis is an important agent causing community-acquired pneumonia. The low incidence of etiologic diagnosis is probably related to infrequent requesting of test "atypical" pathogens and does not represent the true incidence of infections by "atypical" pathogens, which well be answered by a prospective study. The antimicrobial resistance rates of major respiratory pathogens from sterile body sites are low, however, because of a small number of the isolates this result needs confirmation by a nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.

악성흑색종과 양성멜라닌세포성모반에서 bcl-2 단백발현에 관한 면역조직화학적 연구

이성열,이종석,김현조,정현,조현듯,김의한 순천향의학연구소 2001 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.7 No.2

Background: The bcl-2 protein, contrast to p53, has been shown to be suppress the apoptosis, and overexpression of the bcl-2 protein has been reported in several malignant tumors. Although how the bcl-2 protein takes part in tumorigenesis has not been proved, the bcl-2 positive tumors appeared to have good prognosis in some malignant tumors. The expression pattern of the bcl-2 in melanocytic nevi and malignant melanoma have not been well known. The authors analyzed immunohistochemically expression of the bcl-2 protein to investigate the role of the bcl-2 protein in developing malignant melanoma. Method: 10 malignant melanoma and 10 benign melanocytic nevi were immunostained with anti-bcl-2 monoclonal antibody. Results: In malignant melanoma, 1 case was 2+ positive, 9 cases were 3+ positive. In benign melanocytic nevi, 2 cases were 2+ positive, 8 cases were 3+ positive. Conclusion: Bcl-2 protein is expressed by benign melanocytic nevi and malignant melanoma. There is no difference of bcl-2 protein expression in melanocytic nevi and malignant melanoma.