Characterization of quercetin and its glycoside derivatives in Malus germplasm

Lei Zhang,Qipeng Xu,Yaohua You,Weifeng Chen,Zhengcao Xiao,Pengmin Li,Fengwang Ma 한국원예학회 2018 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.59 No.6

Quercetin and its glycoside derivatives were identifi ed and quantifi ed using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC)and liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer (LC/MS/MS) in the leaves, flowers, and fruits of 22 Malusgenotypes. In all genotypes, small amounts of quercetin aglycone were present, with water-soluble glycoside forms were themost abundant in diff erent Malus plant tissues, including quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside, quercetin-3-glucoside,quercetin-3-xyloside, quercetin-3-arabinoside, and quercetin-3-rhamnoside. Among these six quercetin glycosides,quercetin-3-galactoside was the common form in Malus plants, except in the leaves and flowers of M. ceracifolia and M. magdeburgensis , and in the fruits of M. micromalus ‘Haihong Fruit’, where there was a higher concentration of quercetin-3-glucoside. Among the diff erent tissues tested, leaves contained the highest concentration of quercetin and its glycosides,while fruits contained the lowest concentrations of these compounds. Among the genotypes we analyzed, no specifi c genotypeconsistently contained the highest concentration of quercetin and its glycoside derivatives. M. domestica ‘Honeycrisp’had the highest total compound concentration (approximately 1600 mg kg −1 ), whereas M. hupehensis contained the lowestin its fruits. In contrast, the concentration of total quercetin and its glycosides was more than 5000 mg kg −1 in the leaves ofeight genotypes and greater than 2500 mg kg −1 in the flowers of seven species. In general, the concentration of quercetinand its glycoside derivatives depended on the species and tissue type. These results may provide useful information for theevaluation and selection of edible Malus fruits and the materials for quercetin glycoside extraction.

Phosphate Transporter MdPHT1;7 Enhances Phosphorus Accumulation and Improves Low Phosphorus and Drought Tolerance

Sun Tingting,Zhou Beibei,Pei Tingting,Meng Hu,Zhang Junke,Ma Fengwang,Wei Qinping 한국식물학회 2021 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.64 No.5

Phosphorus is an important macronutrient for plant growth and is acquired by plants mainly as phosphate. Phosphate fertilizer is usually used to reduce inorganic phosphate (Pi) deficiency in the soil, improve the low phosphorus and drought tolerance of plants, and promote plant growth. Phosphate transporters (PHTs) play an important role in absorbing phosphorus from the soil. MdPHT1;7 was induced by Pi deficiency and drought in roots in our previous research. In this study, we cloned MdPHT1;7 and showed its heterologous expression can complement a high-affinity Pi transporter gene in the Pi uptake-defective yeast mutant BY4743. MdPHT1;7 is a phosphorus transporter located on the cell membrane. Overexpression of MdPHT1;7 in ‘Orin’ apple and ‘Micro-Tom’ tomato enhanced Pi accumulation, low Pi tolerance and drought tolerance. We hypothesized that MdPHT1;7 can enhance Pi absorption and play an important role in improving plant resistance to low phosphorus and drought stresses.

Characterization of Phenolic Compounds and Active Anthocyanin Degradation in Crabapple (Malus orientalis) Flowers

Rana Naveed Ur Rehman,Yaohua You,Chengquan Yang,Abdul Rehman Khan,Pengmin Li,Fengwang Ma 한국원예학회 2017 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.58 No.4

The red coloration of young crabapple (Malus orientalis) flowers results from their high cellular concentrationof anthocyanins. As the petals grow larger, the color fades, which is commonly regarded as being caused by floraltissue expansion diluting the anthocyanin levels in larger cells. We hypothesized that the anthocyanins are degradeddue to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and that the concentrations of each phenolic intermediate depends on the physiologicalgrowth of flower petals. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed to characterizethe identities and concentrations of the diverse array of phenolics present during different growth stages in the crabappleflowers. The concentrations of gallic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, phloridzin, procyanidin B1,procyanidin B2, and catechin significantly increased throughout development, while epicatechin and cyanidin-3-galactosidelevels declined. Most flavonols (quercetin-3-xyloside, quercetin-3-rhaminose, quercetin-3-glucoside, and quercetin-3-arabinoside)increased until the fourth stage, after which they declined suddenly. Likewise, cyanidin-3-galactoside degraded sharplyat stage III, exhibiting reciprocal relationship with H2O2 concentration. Our results suggest that the concentrations ofphenolic compounds are congruent with their functional activities in floral tissues, and that their systematicfluctuation mainly depends on environmental cues and physiological imbalances, not merely petal expansion. Theresults of this study will be useful for better understanding the physiological changes in phenolic content andanthocyanin degradation that occur during flower development.

Phenolic compounds as biochemical markers of senescence in woody ornamental flowers of Malus crabapple

Rana Naveed Ur Rehman,Yaohua You,Sajid Ali,Yule Wang,Lei Zhang,Pengmin Li,Fengwang Ma 한국원예학회 2018 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.59 No.1

Polyphenol intermediates accumulate predominantly in peripheral parts of floral tissues and play various roles in tissuehomeostasis. A limited ornamental flower shelf life is caused by early tissue senescence, otherwise known as programmedcell death (PCD), which is characterized by processes such as DNA degradation, reduction in protein content and others. However, the role of polyphenols during PCD is poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated polyphenols as potentialbiochemical markers during developmental changes associated with PCD. Malus crabapple flowers were exposed to low(LT = 13 ± 2 °C), room (RT = 23 ± 2 °C), and high (HT = 30 ± 2 °C) temperatures to induce different levels of PCD. HTtreatment was associated with enhanced H2O2and MDA content, which subsequently caused lower protein concentrationand induced DNA degradation. Conversely, substantially higher protein content, lesser DNA degradation, and lower H2O2and MDA accumulation were observed following RT and LT treatments. Furthermore, significantly higher concentrationsof phenolic acids, flavanols, and anthocyanins were observed following both RT and LT treatments, more so for the latter,due to up-regulation of structural genes such as MpPAL, MpDFR, MpLDOX, and MpUFGT. Similarly, following HT treatmentthat induced a higher rate of PCD, the accumulation of dihydrochalcone and flavonols was significantly enhanced andassociated with increased expression of MpCHS and MpFLS. Phenolic contents are determined via precise regulation of ahighly conserved set of structural genes, indicating their functional importance. Therefore, it was assumed that individualphenolic intermediates or discrete diverse classes of polyphenol compounds may be utilized as biochemical markers of PCDin woody ornamental flowers of Malus crabapple.

Power Distribution and Coordinated Control for a Power Split Hybrid Electric Bus

Feng Wang,Hu Zhong,Zi-Lin Ma,Xiao-Jian Mao,Bin Zhou 대한전기학회 2008 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.3 No.4

The power distribution is proposed to determine the target operating points of the system components as the basis for maximal the efficiency of the overall system for a power split dual electric machine hybrid electric bus. The coordinated control is constructed on the basis of the power distribution. The basic coordinated control is implemented to satisfy the driver's power demand, in which both the dynamic characteristics of the engine and the dual electric machine are explicitly taken into account. Moreover, the improved coordinated control is suggested to suppress engine dynamic operation and rich fuel injection.

Ginseng saponin enriched in Rh1 and Rg2 ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by inhibiting inflammasome activation

Feng Wang,JeongSu Park,Hwan Ma,Gyu-rim Lee,Yeojin Lee,Yuanqiang Ma,Yoon-Seok Roh 한국실험동물학회 2021 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.7

NAFLD is becoming one of the most common chronic liver diseases in the world. One of the features of NAFLD is fat accumulation in the liver, which increased hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammation. Several different saponins have been identified as the major pharmacologically active ingredients isolated from Panax notoginseng. The most important compounds of saponins are ginsenosides. However, the ginsenoside-specific molecular mechanism of the Saponin has not been known in NAFLD. The mouse NAFLD model was established by feeding with Fast food diet for 16 weeks and treated with Saponin (50 or 150mg / kg) for the last 9 weeks. Saponin extract treatment reversed the FFD-induced elevation in the expression levels of lipogenesis-related genes, including fatty acid synthase (FASN) and MLX-interacting protein-like (MLXIPL), to the levels in NCD-fed mice. Surprisingly, the weight and size of the liver was significantly attenuated in the low- or high-dose saponin extract administered groups, compared with the vehicle group. Saponin contains a significantly increased amount of ginsenosides (Rh1 and Rg2). However, in vitro treatment Rh1 and Rg2 exerted anti-steatosis effect in primary hepatocytes by enhancing mRNA expression of fatty acid oxidation and decreasing lipogenesis related mRNA expression. In addition, saponin extract treatment reduced the FFD-induced collagen deposition according to the Sirius Red staining results as well as significantly decreased the mRNA levels of various fibrosis-related genes in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, ginsenosides Rh1 and Rg2 significantly alleviated the elevated expression of inflammatory genes induced by LPS treatment and FFD administration. Furthermore, ginsenosides Rh1 and Rg2 alleviated NLRP3 inflammasome activation by promoting mitophagy. In conclusion, Saponin inhibited the activation of inflammasome in macrophages, which in turn prevents NAFLD development. Thus, the administration of Saponin might be an alternative for the prevention of NAFLD.