Changes of Sugar Composition and Related Enzyme Activities during Fruit Development of Asian Pear Cultivars ‘Niitaka’ and ‘Whangkeumbae’

Jin-Ho Choi,Jang-Jeon Choi,Chang-Seok Bang,Jung-Sup Lee,Dong-Woog Choi,Hye-Sun Cho,Jun Cheul Ahn 한국원예학회 2009 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.50 No.6

We report on the seasonal changes of soluble sugar accumulation and several enzyme activities related to sugar metabolism, in two Asian pear cultivars (Pyrus pyrifolia) cultivars ‘Niitaka’ and ‘Whangkeumbae’. Soluble sugar content increased as the fruit developed and its total contents in matured fruits were 104.6 and 95.1 ㎎ㆍg?¹ fresh weight for ‘Niitaka’ and ‘Whangkeumbae’, respectively. However, the fructose-glucose-sucrose-sorbitol ratio was not significantly changed. Sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was maintained at high level in leaves and low in fruits throughout the fruit development, although the enzyme activity highly fluctuated in young and mature fruits. NAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase activity increased sigmoidally in both leaves and fruits during fruit development, and correlated with accumulation of total sugar in fruits. Sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activities remained low in leaves, but higher with two peak fluctuations in fruits. The change of soluble sugar contents positively correlated with SPS activity, based on the seasonal fluctuation of SPS activity and soluble sugar accumulation.

대황황련해독탕의 사염화탄소 유발 간장해 보호효과 미치 급성독성

김영석,정은아,장종철,양형길,김남재,조기호,배형섭,이경섭,김동현 WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2002 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2002 No.-

ABSTRACT - This study was performed to evaluate hepatoprotective effect of daewhang-whangryunhaedok-Tang(DWT) on liver injured rats induced by CCI_4 and the acute oral toxicity of it in mice. The activities of serum transaminase(ALT/AST), alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and lactic dehydrogenase(LDH), the levels of serum total cholesterol(TC) and triglyceride(TG), change of liver enlargement, and inhibitory activities of lipid perotidation, catalase and glutathione-S-transfrease(GST) in liver microsome were determined in hepatotoxic rats induced by CCI_4. DWT was significantly reduced the serum ALT, AST, ALP, LDH. TC and TG lecels. And, the increase of lipid peroxidation, decrease of catalase and GST activities in the liver microsome of CCI_4-intoxicated rat were significantly improved by the treatment of DWT. Male and female mice were administered maximum dosages of 5.000 mg/kg b.w. of DWT. After single oral administration of DWT to mice, we observed them daily for 2 weeks.DWT did not induce any toxic signs in the mortalitie, clinical signs, body weight changes, and gross necropsy finfings of mice. Based in these results. It is concluded that DWT may have the hepatoprotective effect on CCI_4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Also. DWT may have no side effect and its LD_50 value may be over 5.000mg/kg b.w. in mice.

천연물이 간대사에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구(Ⅱ)

최기환,김순선,박윤주,안미령,서수경,신윤용,김동섭,장영섭 식품의약품안전청 1997 식품의약품안전청 연보 Vol.1 No.-

천연물이 간대사에 미치는 영향페 대한 연구의 일환으로 세계 전 지역에서 널리 사용되고 잇으며 우리나라에서도 사용빈도가 높으나 간염등 간질환 유발사레가 보고되고 있는 마황, 황금 및 샐제 임상에서 이들 생약과 복합해서 자주 사용죄고 있는 대황을 선정하여, 띠들 천연물의 투여가 간 대사에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 대황,마황, 황금 수침액을 1.09/kg의 용량으로 럿드에 7일간 경구 투여하고,최종투여 24시간 후 랫드의 간을 적출하였다. 간 대사에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위한 모질약뿔인 7-etliokycournarin을 적출간에 과관류하면서 2시간동안 일정시간 간격으로 관류액을 채취하여 생성된 7-ethoxycoumarin의 대사체인 7-hydroxycoin, glucuronide 포합체, sulfate포합체를 대조군과 배교 관찰하였다. 또한 긴독성 지표로서 혈청 ALT, AST를 측정하였으며 적출관류간에 대해 lipid peronidation 정도를 살펴보고 ÷t직병리검사를 실시하였다. 대촹 투여군에서는 7-ethoxycoumarin의 gulcuronidation이 갛소하였고fP<0.01), 마황투여군에서는 7-ethoxycoumarin의 o-deethylation이 증가하였다(P<0.01). 이러한 7-ethoxycoumariu 대사의 변화가 대황, 마황에 의한 관련 효소의 생합성 증가/감소에 의한 것인지 여부를 살펴보고자 일착로 CYPIAI, Ct'P2Bl CDHA primer를 사용하여 적출관류간 소포체에서 mRNA level을 측정하였다.마황투옥군에서 CVPIAI mRNA level의 증가가 관찰되었지만 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내지는 않았다. 또한 이들 천연물에 의한 간독성 유발여부를 비교 평가한 결과 혈청 ALT 및 AST는 대조군에 비하여 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 만성 간염정도를 나타내는 지표인 ALT/AST ratio는 마황 투여군에ㅓ 대조군에 비하여 유으한 차이를 나타내었고 대황투여군에서 간소포체내 lipid Peroxidation(MDA production)이 대조군에 비해 증가하였다.반면 조직학적 관찰결과는 대조군에 비하여 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 요약하면 랫드에서 대황 투여에 의해 7-ethoxycoumarin gtucuronidation이 감소되었으며, 마황 투여에 의해서 7-ethoxycoumarin의 o-deethylation은 증가되었고 마창 투여군의 경우 이러한 효소의 활성증가는 CYPIA1 induction에 의한 것일 수도 있다는 가능성을 제시하고 있다. In recent 3rears, hepatotoxicity concerned with Ephedrae herba or Scutellariae radixadmiBistration was case reported and Rhei rhizoma is commonly used with them. Tn order to study theeffect of Rhei rhizoma, Ep]ledrae herba and Scutellariae radix on hepatic metabolism, we exalnined theeffect of those pretreatment on the metabolism of 7-ethoxycoumarin(EC). Water extracts(Ig/fg) ofRhei rhiaoma, Ephedrae tterba and Scutetlariae radix were admi3tistered orally to rats for T days,respectively. Livers were t:ten isolated and perfused with 100uM EC for 2 hours. The metabolites of EC,7-hydroxycoernarin, sulfate conjugate and glucuronide conjugate, were measured in the perfusates dur-ing perfusion. The amount of glucuronide conjvgates was decreased iB ahei rhizoma pretreated rats (p <0.01) and 7-bfdroxycournarin was increased in Ephedrae herba pretreated rats(p < 0.01). To examineTrhether the change of enByme activity is related to the induction ,or inhibition of enzymes concerned,we measured the change oif CYPIAt and CYPaBl mRNA level in the perfused rat liver, which are con-sidered to be EC specifie. However, CYPIAI and CYPEBI rnRNA ilevel were not found to be changedwith Rhei rhizoma nor I]3hedrae herba pretreatmen·t. We also assessed the hepatic toxicity of Rheirhizoma,.:phedrae herba and Scutellariae radix. The activity of ALT and AST was assayed at 34hrsafter 7 dfyt ndrninistratiofl and it was not found to be changed- Only the ratio of ALT over AST was in-creased in Epedrae herbs. pretreated rats(p < 0.05), which implies possible chronic hepatitis. Lipidperoxidation was increased in Rhei rhizoma treatment(p <0.05) , while histopathological examinationperformed after liver perfusion did not show any difference compared with vehicle treatmeut. Theseresutts suggest that Ephedrae herba pretreatment increases the o-deethylation of 7- ethoxrcoumariB inrats, which Inay be mediated by CYPIAI mRNA induction.

成功農家와 不成功農家의 營農實態 比較硏究 : 特히 農業所得決定要因의 比較部析을 中心으로

張東燮 全南大學校 農漁村開發硏究所 1975 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.10 No.-

This study is based on the hypothesis that the farm income situaton might be improved significantly if the farmers could utilize the resources on their own farms more efficiently. As a matter of fact, under a capitalist economy, the end purpose of farming in to earn income from the business; large incomes yielding greater satisfaction for the farmers. Characteristically, the agricultural iudustry is greatly influenced by a given environment. That the type of farming certainly differs from region to region is granted. However, the question arises as to why, for similar farms with about the same resources in the same region, farmers' income should vary so greatly. The main purpose of this paper is to answer this question. Possible answers may be many depending on points of view. In this respect, the results obtained from the study should represent a partial, rather than a complete, answer to the question. However, the author hopefully expects that the results of this study can more easily and practically be utilized as a guidance for farm management by farmers themselves as well as by the people who want to help farmers to improve their business. To accomplish the purpose mentioned above, the necessary date were collected, based on the 1973 management year, from 185 crop farms which were selected as samples from the farming areas of southern Korea covering Choongchungnam-do, Chollabuk-do, Chollanam-do, Kyungsangbuk-do and Kyungsangnam-do. The level of farm income per farm was used as a standard measure of success in business. Thirty eight business factors, representing the size of the business, organization of farming, intensity of farming, efficiency of labor, efficiency of land and efficiency of capital were used in analyzing the factors affecting the level of farm income. In comparing the business factors affecting farm income among the individual businesses, the farms that achieved the top 20 percent level of farm income were classified as successful farms, and those farms which made the bottom 20 percent level of farm income were defined as unsuccessful farms. The study was started by identifying the resources available on the two groups of farms classified. Second, the levels of farm income per farm between successful and unsuccessful farms were compared. Finally, a tentative management guideline was drawn by comparatively analyzing the business factors between the farms that achieved the top 20 percent and the bottom 20 percent levels of farm income. In spite of the efforts consumed, however, the results still have many problems to be solved. As yet, having confidence that the findings from the study will be very helpful for the farmers who desire to improve their own business and for the people who want to help farmers to improve their farming, the author is going to summarize the study as follows: 1. First, the total value of the physical assets on the succssful farms were 62 percent greater than the average of 185 farms selected, whereas, the total value of the physical assets on the unsuccessful farms were about 66 percent of the average of all farms, and 40 percent of the successful farms respectively. Second, the total acreage on the successful farms were about 36 percent greater than the average of all farms studied, while, the total acreage on the unsuccessful farms was about 83 percent of the average level of 185 farms, and about 63 percent of the successful ones. 2. The human resources on the farms were compared. First, it was found that the total man equivalent on all farms selected averaged about 2.7, However, there were no significant differences in the number of men on the farms between successful and unsuccessful ones. Second, there were neither differences in the level of education non the level of age of the operators on the farms classified as successful and unsuccessful ones. 3. The differences in the levels of farm income for the successful ones and the unsuccessful ones were more outstanding than the differences in the resources on those two groups of farms. The level of farm income for the farms that achieved the upper 20 percent level of income accounted for about 1,212,000 Won, or 71.1 percent higher than the average level of about 707,000 Won, whereas the level of farm income for the farms that made the lower 20 percent level of income accounted for about 385,000 Won, or 54.4 percent of the average level of income of all farms. Consequently, the level of farm income for the successful farms was about 3.2 times as much as that for the unsuccessful farms. 4. As the size of the business increased, the level of farm income increased but it was not necessarily proportional. Contrasting the total arable land on the successful farms of 7,001 pyong to that on the unsuccessful farms of 4,293 pyong, the one is only 63.1 percent larger than the other. Nevertheless, the level of farm income for the one is about 3.2 times higher than the other. 5. Moreover, as the size of land increased, the level of farm income also increased, but the size of land was not the only factor which affected the level of income. Even for the farms with same size of land, the level of income for the successful farms was significantly greater than that for the unsuccessful ones. 6. In order to see the differences in farm organization between two groups of farms, gross farm income and total farm expenses were studied by items. The study proved that the farms defined as successful ones allocated their resources more properly and utilized them more effectivly than the farms labeled as unsuccessful ones. As a consequence, the amount of gross farm income per farm and per man other than rice products wes drastically greater on the successful farms than on the unsuccessful farms. Especially, the rates of production per acre of upland for the successful farms were significantly higher than those for the unsuccessful farms. 7. The level of inputs per unit of land for the successful farms, however, was greatly higher than that of unsuccessful farms. 8. In addition, the amount of average capital per man for the farms that were classified as successful was considerably greater than that of the farms that were labeled as unsuccessful. The amount of fixed capita per man, eqipment per man and farm expenses per man for the farms that accomplished the top 20 percent level of farm income was greater than those for the farms that realized only the bottom 20 percent level of farm income. 9. Under the strong influences of such differences as farm organization, levels of inputs per unit of land and the amounts of capital per man, the efficiency of labor as well as the efficiency of land for the successful farms were strikingly higher than those of unsuccessful ones. 10. Finally, the efficiency of capital for the successful farms was also outstandingly higher than that for the successful farms. 11. Comparing the direct influences of business factors, such as the size of business, the intensity of farming, the efficiency of labor, and the efficiency of capital, to the level of farm income, the farms with no factors above the average made only 55.4 percent and 30.3 percent respectively of the level of farm income of the average of all farms studied, and of the farms with all factors above average. 12. Farms with 1 business factor above the average earned 129.6 percent of the level of farm income compared with the average level. However, it was far below the level of the farms' with all 5 factors above the average. It was 71.0 percent of this level. 13. Farms with 2 factors above average realized 136.2 percent of the level of farm income compared with the average level, still it was far below the level of income on the farms with all 5 factors above the average. It was 74.6 percent of this level. 14. Farms with 3 factors above average achieved 150.8 percent of the level of farm income compared with the average income, but it still was no more than 82.7 percent of the farms with 5 factors above the average. 15. Farms with 4 factors above average accomplished 174.6 percent of the level of farm income compared with the average income, and reached almost the same level of the farm's with all factors above average. 16. The level of farm income for the farms with all 5 business factors above the average was 182.5 percent higher than the average level and 3.3. times greater than the farms with no factors above the average. 17. In short, nearly all of the 28 busness factors, which were categorized to 6, for the farms that achieved the top 20 percent level of farm income were obviously larger than the average level of 185 farms selected; whereas, except for a few obviously of minor importance, nearly all the factors for the farms that made the bottom 20 percent level of farm income were significantly smaller than the average level of all farms studied. The size of business was one of most important factors affecting the levels of farm income. However, expansion of farm size was not the only way to achieve the highest level of farm income. The successful farm certainly had better organization of farming, high degree of intensity in business, high efficiency of labor, high efficiency of land, and high efficiency of capital. As a consequence, the results from this study strongly imply that the reason farm income is low is not due to the insufficiency of resources available, but rather due to the inadquate utilization of given resources on the farms.

韓國農業의 國際競爭力과 農政方向

張東燮 韓國農業政策學會 1994 농업경영정책연구 Vol.21 No.2

食糧增産可能性에 關한 調査硏究 : 全南地力의 農業技術實態를 中心으로

長東燮 全南大學校開發硏究所 1964 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.2 No.-

Ⅰ. As the increasing rate of food production can not keep pace with that of population, our country has not been able to provide sufficiently for its demands with its own products without great many imported foreign crops since 1946. The food shortage is one of the most urgent problems to be resolved. For this problem we may consider the next three ways, i. e. ; first, to increase the yield per unit area, secocd, to expand the arable land, and third, to control the birth rate itself, but this paper puts an emphasis on the first only. The main purpose of this paper is to clarify whether it is possible to increase the amount of food products or net from the view point of agricultural techniques. I have approached the subject by surveying 400 farms in order to know the extent of techniques. studied and encouraged by the Office of Rural Development. actuallry applied by the farmers. Ⅱ. The ·results of the research arc sommarized as fellows : 1). Since the work of seed improvement took place in Korea, there have been many improvements in our agriculture. Yet el·on in rice production, stall 19.2% of the farmers have never used the improved seeds, and in other crops the percentage? much greater than that of rice, i.e- ; 36.8% in barley, 74.5% in soybean and 18.77% in sweetpotato. In addition Ito this, most farmers do not get their seeds 1mm the distributing agencies of improved seeds, but usually from their neighbours . 2) The Office of Rural Development imported that the annum: production of rice will be increased by just adopting the early planting method of rice. Navertheless less than 2.5% of farmers have practiced this method. 3) According to the report of the Office of Rural Development, the rice crop production will be increased by 15% by applying the deep-plowing and heavy-fertilizing cultivating method. The farmers do not apply this method because of the insufficiency of cattle power, the need of fertilizer and the problem of unfit plowing implements. Most of the paddy fields are plowed 9 cm deep, shallower than the normal depth of 15 cm. 4) According to the report, a 10∼15% increased yield in grain may be obtained by preventing and controlling insects and diseases. In this survey the rates of reduction still amounted to 18.7% of the rice yield and 17.5% of the barley yield. in spite Of the fact that most farmers used disinfected seeds and sprayed pesticides for controlling insects and diseases. 5) The result of the relatively excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer turns the great part of the field into acid soil or Akiochi Soil. In the case of Chollanam-do the acreage of the strong acid soil (lower that pH 5.5) amounted to 67% of the total cultivated area and of the Akiochi paddy field, to 35% of the total paddy field. The only .way to better the degraded. soil is to use straws (rice and barley straw) for making. an organic fertilizer instead of using them for fuel or thatching. particularly in the Plain field, for there are no other resources for organic fertilizer except the straws. Ⅲ. In a word, there are a lot of possibilities of increasing tee yield per unit area, if farmers sincerely apply the new techniques studied and encouraged by the office of Rural Development. The scheme of maintaining or promoting the fertility of Soil now being Utilized is no less important than that of newly expanding the arable land.

農産物原種場의 經營實態에 關한 事例硏究 : 全羅南道의 境遇를 中心으로

長東燮,金容在,金衡模 全南大學校 農漁村開發硏究所 1977 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.12 No.-

The main purpose of this study is to draw a business guideline which can be used by Chonnam Provincial Foundation Seed Farm to improved its own business. In addition, the author expects this study will be a pioneer work to other provincial foundation seed farms in Korea for analysing their business. Also, the author hopes that the result of study should be a useful standard for the government to measure and evaluate the financial budgets submitted and the management accomplished by the farms. To accomplish these purpose, available business data, based on 1975 management year, were collected from the farm. In order to find the starting point to the problem, the national average from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and the standard farmbusiness data of Chollanamdo area from the National Agricultural Economics Research Institute were used as a comparative measurement for analysing the input-output relationship of the farm. In spite of the efforts consumed, however, the results still have many problems to be reexamined. As yet, having confidence that the findings from the study will be helpful to the foundation seed farms and to the government as well, the author is going to summarize the study as follows: 1. Analysing the management of rice foundation seed and registered seed production per 10a of paddy land, total gross receipts were 103,314 won and total farm expenses were 65,917 won. Consequently, farm income per 10a of land was 37,326 won which is relatively small compared to the national average of 62,016 won. 2. In the case of barley foundation seed and registered seed production per 10a of upland, total gross receipts were 32,149 won, whereas total farm expenses were 39,072 won. As a result, there was a deficit of 6,923 won, which is far below the national average of 16,845 won. 3. Studying the result of soybean foundation seed production per 10a of land, total gross farm receipts were 29,876 won and total farm expenses were 31,856 won. By the result, farm income computed to 1,980 won which will be compared to the standard farm income of 16,451 won of this area, estimated by the National Institute of Agricultural Economics. 4. Seeing the financial statement of potato foundation seed farm bnsiness per 10a of land, total gross recipts were 64,208 won. At the same time, there was 62,661 won worth of farm expense. As a consequence, the net reward from the business was 1,547 won. It, however, is also a very small result compared to the standard farm income of the same area. 5. As pointed out above, the financial perfomance of all kinds of foundation seed prodution farming seems to very small compared to those of general farms. Yet there are acceptable reasons we must recognize. First, the purposes of seed production farms and general farms are quite different. The end purpose of a foundation seed farm is not to earn income but to produce good seed for the general farms. Second, the characteristics of foundation seed farms and general farms are very different. General farms have many self-supply items foundation seed farms, however, mostly supply their inputs from market places. Especially, the one performs its business mostly by its own unpaid family labor, the other, on the other hand, performs its enterprises entirely by employed labor. Besides, the labor requirement of the foundation seed farm is absolutely larger than that of a general farm. 6. In order to minimize the cost of farming, the substitution of labor forces to machinery is recommended. Readjustment of arable land is needed; emoloying a professional technician for machinery replacement is also necessary. 7. To increase the efficiency of labor, a flexible wage unit system rather than the prevailing fixed and unified wage system should be adopted. 8. Finally, encouraging the managers by giving appropriate incentives is also considered as a very important factor to improve over all business efficiency.

장티푸스 진단에 있어서 Vi-Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test의 민감도 및 특이도

장경희,류동렬,박성하,박병규,이준구,염준섭,최영화,송영구,김현숙,정윤섭,김준명 대한감염학회 1998 감염 Vol.30 No.4

목 적 : 장티푸스는 체액의 세균배양검사에서 Salmonella typhi의 분리로 확진하지만 조기진단을 위해서는 혈청학적인 검사가 도움이 된다. 저자 등은 1989년 이후 장티푸스진단에 S. typhi의 Vi항원을 이용한 간접형광항체법 (Vi-indirect fluorescent antibody test : Vi-IFAT)을 도입하였다. 이에 지난 7년간의 검사결과를 토대로 Vi-IFAT의 민감도 및 특이도를 규명하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 1989년부터 1996년까지 연세대학교 의과대학 세브란스 병원에 발열을 주소로 내원하여 Vi-IFAT가 의뢰된 환자 중 발열의 원인이 확진된 744명의 환자를 대상으로 하였으며, Vi-IFAT에 있어서 양성반응은 1:64이상으로 하였다. 결 과 : 1) 세균배양검사에서 확진된 장티푸스 환자 178예 중 168예에서 양성반응을 보여 민감도는 94.4%이었다. 항체가는 1:64가 89예, 1:128이 36예, 1:256이 27예, 그리고 1:512가 16예이었다. 위음성이었던 10예의 항체가는 1:32가 7예, 1:16이하가 3예이었다. 2) 발열을 주소로 내원한 환자 중 장티푸스 이외의 다른 질환으로 확진된 566예 중 538예에서 음성반응을 보여 특이도는 95.1%이었다. 항체가는 1:32가 117예, 1:16이하가 421예이었다. 위양성이었던 28예의 항체가는 1:64가 23예, 1:128이 5예이었으며, 장티푸스 이외의 살모넬라증이 4예, 요로계감염이 10예, 소화기계감염이 6예, 호흡기 계감염이 5예, 악성 종양이 2예, 그리고 바이러스 감염이 1예이었다. 3) Vi-IFAT 양성인 196예 중에서 장티푸스는 168예로 양성예측율은 85.7%이었으며, Vi-IFAT 음성인 548예 중 장티푸스 이외의 발열질환은 538예로 음성예측율 98.2%이었다. 4) 배양검사와 Widal test 사이의 일치율 (Kappa value)는 0.28로 poor agreement를 보였으며 Vi-IFAT와 Widal test 사이의 Kappa value는 0.74로 good agreement를 보였다. 그러나 배양검사와 Vi-IFAT 사이의 Kappa value는 0.86으로 excellent agreement를 보여 일치율이 가장 높은 검사는 배양검사와 Vi-IFAT라 할 수 있겠다. 5) 장티푸스 환자에 있어서 Vi-IFAT의 양성율은 발열기간이 1중 미만인 환자에서는 68%, 1내지 2주인 환자에서는 89.5%, 2주이상인 환자에서는 100%이었다. 결 론 : Vi 항원을 이용한 간접형광항체법 (Vi-IFAT)은 장티푸스 진단에 높은 민감도 및 특이도를 가지며, 또한 조기진단에 있어서도 임상적으로 유용함을 확인할 수 있었다. Background : Typhoid fever is diagnosed by culture or serological study. The confirmative diagnosis of typhoid fever is made by culture of the causative organism usually from body fluids. Serological test is a supportive diagnositic tool, which is useful for early diagnosis. In Severance Hospital, Vi-indirect foluorescent antibidy test(Vi-IFAT) using the Vi-antigen of Salmonella typhi has been used in the diagnosis of typhoid fever since 1989. We investigated the test results from the past 7 years, in order to clarify the sensitivity and specificity of Vi-IFAT. Methods : A retrospective study was done on patients whose chief complaint was fever and who were tested using Vi-IFAT in the Severance Hospital from 1989 to 1996. The positive value for Vi-IFAT was defined as 1:64 or higher. Results : The sensitivity and specificity of Vi-IFAT for typhoid fever was 94.4% and 95.1%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 85.7% and 98.2% respectively. Positive rates of Vi-IFAT after fever onset increased with time and 68% were positive before the first week. From the first to the second week, 89.5% were positive and after the second week, 100% were positive. Conclusion : Vi-IFAT is not only a valuable serologic test for the diagnosis of typhoid fever, but also useful in the early diagnosis of the disease.

農地資源利用에 關한 硏究 : 特히 全南地域의 경우를 中心으로

張東燮,金映秀 全南大學校 農漁村開發硏究所 1984 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.19 No.-

The objectives of this study are; 1) to observe the actual situation and transitional process in the spatial-temporal utilization of agricultural land, 2) to analyze the major factors affecting utilization of land, 3) to find out to what extent these factors are affecting the land utiliztion, and 4) to suggest a policy recommendations that farmers could improve their farm income and self-sufficiency in food supply. Both secondary time-series data and cross-sectional raw data collected from direct survey in Chonnam province were pooled together. Then, a method of comparative analysis was employed in order to analyze the patterns of agricultural land use. The results of this study are summarized as follows; First, despite the numerous socio-economic changes, there have been no significant change in agricultural land use in the past-two decades, either individually of farmers as a whole. Second, the consistency in the pattern of agricultural land use is thought to be due to the fact that agricultural production is performed mainly by small farmers, and that policy of self-sufficiency in food supply has been pursued, which is not necessarily contributing to improvements in farm income. Finally, in order to make full utilization of a limited agricultural land, a balanced land policy should be implemented in such a way that both improvements in farm income and self-sufficiency of food supply could be possible simultaneously. In summary, the efficiency in utilization of the extremely limited agricultural land can be improved only when the farmers can make decisions based on the spirit of capitalism. Without the farmers' interests counted on, a policy of agricultural land use may not be able to achieve the dual goal, i.e., improvement in self-sufficiency of food supply and in farm income.

篤農家와 一般農家의 農業所得 決定要因 分析

張東燮,金衡模 全南大學校 農漁村開發硏究所 1977 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.12 No.-

This study is based on the hypothesis that the farm income might be improved significantly if the farmers could utilize their own reserved farm resources efficiently. We can often see that farm income is quite different even though farmers have similar resources. Therefore the question arises: "Why should farmers income vary so greatly when similar conditions exist?" The main purpose of this study is to answer this question with regard to management only. To study the problem a survey was conducted. Based on the 1973 mangement year, 80 farms were selected among 40 villages in 16 cities and income through individual business, the farms which achieved the highest levels of income were classified as leading farms, and those farms that had low levels of income were defined as general farms. This study was accomplished by first, identifying the resources available to the two groups of farms classified, second, by comparing the levels of farm income per farm between leading and general farms. Third, tentative management guideline was drawn by analysing the business factors affecting farm income between leading and general farms. 1. First, the total value of the physical assets on the leading farms was 20 percent greater than that of general farms. Second, the total acreage on the leading farms was 21 percent greater than that of the general farms. Third, total productive man-work units of the leading farms was 34 percent greater than that of the general farms. 2. When the human resources on the farms were compared, it was found that the available man equivalent of the leading and general farms were 3.7 and 3.5 respectively, and the used man equivalent were 1.97 and 1.79 respectively. 3. The farm income of the leading farms was 1,275,000 won while the general farms only made 704,000 won. Therefore the level of farm income on the leading farms was 81 percent higher. 4. The differences in farm income was far greater than the differences in resources. The reason for this is farm organization. Generally, as the land area was not the only factor which affected the levels of income. 5. The land cultivated with cash crops in the leading and general farms was 6.5 VS. 2.9 tanbo, the productive man-work units of cash crops were 206 VS. 79, and the gross cash crops receipts were 592,000 won VS. 185,000 won (leading farms first). 6. It was found that cash crops were the critical factor affecting farm income. Thus the leading farms have increased their farm income by a better use of land and by cultivation of more profitable cash crops. It was also found that the leading farms organized their farms mote effectively. 7. On the other hand, given equivalent productive man-work units of cash, farm income was increased when the amount of land cultivated was increased, but given equivalent land, farm income was highly increased relative to the increased productive man-work units of cash crops. In conclusion, the leading farms income was much higher than that of the general farms, regardless of the similarity of available resources, because their farming organization, cropping system, resource use, and attitude towards farm operation were more effective.