『한국농정(韓國農政)의 방향(方向)』: 논평(論評)

장동섭 한국국제경제학회 1994 한국국제경제학회 하계세미나 Vol.1994 No.2

成功農家와 不成功農家의 營農實態 比較硏究 : 特히 農業所得決定要因의 比較部析을 中心으로

張東燮 全南大學校 農漁村開發硏究所 1975 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.10 No.-

This study is based on the hypothesis that the farm income situaton might be improved significantly if the farmers could utilize the resources on their own farms more efficiently. As a matter of fact, under a capitalist economy, the end purpose of farming in to earn income from the business; large incomes yielding greater satisfaction for the farmers. Characteristically, the agricultural iudustry is greatly influenced by a given environment. That the type of farming certainly differs from region to region is granted. However, the question arises as to why, for similar farms with about the same resources in the same region, farmers' income should vary so greatly. The main purpose of this paper is to answer this question. Possible answers may be many depending on points of view. In this respect, the results obtained from the study should represent a partial, rather than a complete, answer to the question. However, the author hopefully expects that the results of this study can more easily and practically be utilized as a guidance for farm management by farmers themselves as well as by the people who want to help farmers to improve their business. To accomplish the purpose mentioned above, the necessary date were collected, based on the 1973 management year, from 185 crop farms which were selected as samples from the farming areas of southern Korea covering Choongchungnam-do, Chollabuk-do, Chollanam-do, Kyungsangbuk-do and Kyungsangnam-do. The level of farm income per farm was used as a standard measure of success in business. Thirty eight business factors, representing the size of the business, organization of farming, intensity of farming, efficiency of labor, efficiency of land and efficiency of capital were used in analyzing the factors affecting the level of farm income. In comparing the business factors affecting farm income among the individual businesses, the farms that achieved the top 20 percent level of farm income were classified as successful farms, and those farms which made the bottom 20 percent level of farm income were defined as unsuccessful farms. The study was started by identifying the resources available on the two groups of farms classified. Second, the levels of farm income per farm between successful and unsuccessful farms were compared. Finally, a tentative management guideline was drawn by comparatively analyzing the business factors between the farms that achieved the top 20 percent and the bottom 20 percent levels of farm income. In spite of the efforts consumed, however, the results still have many problems to be solved. As yet, having confidence that the findings from the study will be very helpful for the farmers who desire to improve their own business and for the people who want to help farmers to improve their farming, the author is going to summarize the study as follows: 1. First, the total value of the physical assets on the succssful farms were 62 percent greater than the average of 185 farms selected, whereas, the total value of the physical assets on the unsuccessful farms were about 66 percent of the average of all farms, and 40 percent of the successful farms respectively. Second, the total acreage on the successful farms were about 36 percent greater than the average of all farms studied, while, the total acreage on the unsuccessful farms was about 83 percent of the average level of 185 farms, and about 63 percent of the successful ones. 2. The human resources on the farms were compared. First, it was found that the total man equivalent on all farms selected averaged about 2.7, However, there were no significant differences in the number of men on the farms between successful and unsuccessful ones. Second, there were neither differences in the level of education non the level of age of the operators on the farms classified as successful and unsuccessful ones. 3. The differences in the levels of farm income for the successful ones and the unsuccessful ones were more outstanding than the differences in the resources on those two groups of farms. The level of farm income for the farms that achieved the upper 20 percent level of income accounted for about 1,212,000 Won, or 71.1 percent higher than the average level of about 707,000 Won, whereas the level of farm income for the farms that made the lower 20 percent level of income accounted for about 385,000 Won, or 54.4 percent of the average level of income of all farms. Consequently, the level of farm income for the successful farms was about 3.2 times as much as that for the unsuccessful farms. 4. As the size of the business increased, the level of farm income increased but it was not necessarily proportional. Contrasting the total arable land on the successful farms of 7,001 pyong to that on the unsuccessful farms of 4,293 pyong, the one is only 63.1 percent larger than the other. Nevertheless, the level of farm income for the one is about 3.2 times higher than the other. 5. Moreover, as the size of land increased, the level of farm income also increased, but the size of land was not the only factor which affected the level of income. Even for the farms with same size of land, the level of income for the successful farms was significantly greater than that for the unsuccessful ones. 6. In order to see the differences in farm organization between two groups of farms, gross farm income and total farm expenses were studied by items. The study proved that the farms defined as successful ones allocated their resources more properly and utilized them more effectivly than the farms labeled as unsuccessful ones. As a consequence, the amount of gross farm income per farm and per man other than rice products wes drastically greater on the successful farms than on the unsuccessful farms. Especially, the rates of production per acre of upland for the successful farms were significantly higher than those for the unsuccessful farms. 7. The level of inputs per unit of land for the successful farms, however, was greatly higher than that of unsuccessful farms. 8. In addition, the amount of average capital per man for the farms that were classified as successful was considerably greater than that of the farms that were labeled as unsuccessful. The amount of fixed capita per man, eqipment per man and farm expenses per man for the farms that accomplished the top 20 percent level of farm income was greater than those for the farms that realized only the bottom 20 percent level of farm income. 9. Under the strong influences of such differences as farm organization, levels of inputs per unit of land and the amounts of capital per man, the efficiency of labor as well as the efficiency of land for the successful farms were strikingly higher than those of unsuccessful ones. 10. Finally, the efficiency of capital for the successful farms was also outstandingly higher than that for the successful farms. 11. Comparing the direct influences of business factors, such as the size of business, the intensity of farming, the efficiency of labor, and the efficiency of capital, to the level of farm income, the farms with no factors above the average made only 55.4 percent and 30.3 percent respectively of the level of farm income of the average of all farms studied, and of the farms with all factors above average. 12. Farms with 1 business factor above the average earned 129.6 percent of the level of farm income compared with the average level. However, it was far below the level of the farms' with all 5 factors above the average. It was 71.0 percent of this level. 13. Farms with 2 factors above average realized 136.2 percent of the level of farm income compared with the average level, still it was far below the level of income on the farms with all 5 factors above the average. It was 74.6 percent of this level. 14. Farms with 3 factors above average achieved 150.8 percent of the level of farm income compared with the average income, but it still was no more than 82.7 percent of the farms with 5 factors above the average. 15. Farms with 4 factors above average accomplished 174.6 percent of the level of farm income compared with the average income, and reached almost the same level of the farm's with all factors above average. 16. The level of farm income for the farms with all 5 business factors above the average was 182.5 percent higher than the average level and 3.3. times greater than the farms with no factors above the average. 17. In short, nearly all of the 28 busness factors, which were categorized to 6, for the farms that achieved the top 20 percent level of farm income were obviously larger than the average level of 185 farms selected; whereas, except for a few obviously of minor importance, nearly all the factors for the farms that made the bottom 20 percent level of farm income were significantly smaller than the average level of all farms studied. The size of business was one of most important factors affecting the levels of farm income. However, expansion of farm size was not the only way to achieve the highest level of farm income. The successful farm certainly had better organization of farming, high degree of intensity in business, high efficiency of labor, high efficiency of land, and high efficiency of capital. As a consequence, the results from this study strongly imply that the reason farm income is low is not due to the insufficiency of resources available, but rather due to the inadquate utilization of given resources on the farms.

韓國農業의 國際競爭力과 農政方向

張東燮 韓國農業政策學會 1994 농업경영정책연구 Vol.21 No.2

農地資源利用에 關한 硏究

張東燮,金映秀 전남대학교 농어촌개발연구소 1984 농어촌개발연구 Vol.19 No.1

The objectives of this study are; 1) to observe the actual situation and transitional process in the spatial-temporal utilization of agricultural land. 2) to analyze the major factors affecting utilization of land, 3) to find out to what extent these factors are affecting the land utiliztion, and 4) to suggest a policy recommendations that farmers could improve their farm income and self-sufficiency in food supply. Both secondary time-series data and cross-sectional raw data collected from direct survey in Chonnam province were pooled together. Then. a method of comparative analysis was employed in order to analyze the patterns of agricultural land use. The results of this study are summarized as follows; First, despite the numerous socio-econmic changes, there have been no significant change in agricultural land use in the past-two decades, either individually or farmers as a whole. Second, the consistency in the pattern of agricultural land use is thought to be due to the fact that agricultural production is performed mainly by small farmers, and that policy of self-sufficiency in food supply has been pursued. which is not necessarily contributing to improvements in farm income. Finally, in order to make full utilization of a limited agricultural land, a balanced land policy should be implemented in such a way that both improvements in farm income and self-sufficiency of food supply could be possible simultaneously. In summary. the efficiency in utilization of the extremely limited agricultural land Can be improved only when the farmers can make decisions based on the spirit of capitalism. Without the farmers interests counted on, a policy of agricultural land use may not be able to achieve the dual goal, i. e., improvement in self-sufficiency of food supply and in. farm income.

食糧增産可能性에 關한 調査硏究

張東燮 전남대학교 농어촌개발연구소 1964 농어촌개발연구 Vol.2 No.1

相對林地의 開發利用에 關한 硏究

張東燮,全太甲 전남대학교 한국농어촌개발연구소 1978 농산어촌개발연구 Vol.13 No.-

Chollanamndo is an agricultural region. About 22 percent of the national grain is produced in this region, 59 percent of the people. compared with a 36 percent national average, engages in agriculture and 47 percent of the gross provincial product. comparing 25 percent of the national average. comes farm agriculture. Nevertheless, the level of farm income per farm js lower than the national average. The expansion of arable land per farm is very important for the farms in this region. In this regard. the author is going to give special attention first. to find how much avaiIable hillside land the province has ; second. to estimate the expected effects .of expansion of land per farm and increase in food production. as well as farm income per farrn in case of the-available hillside lands which are utilized for agricultural use; third to search for the reasons why such a good available resource has not been utilized ; and fourth, to generalize the acceptable policy measures for hillside land utilization. The findings of the study wiIl be summarized as foIlows. 1. In Chollanamdo , there are about 200,500 jungbo of available hillside land, of which about 51,000 jungbo is considered to be available for agricultural uses without great rifficulties. 2. Supposing these lands are brought into agricultural use, the acreage per ’farm wiIl be expanded from the present level of 8.<< danbo to 9.63 - danbo, accounting for about a 14.1 percent increase in acreage. The barley production. the only. one crop .considered, will be increasedto 63,950 ~ annnually, valued at about 6.6 billion won of farm income for Chollanamdo and 17,000 won per farm. Ofcourse, if the crops care for are differed by slopes of lands the expectation of increase iñ income would be much greater. 3. The study shows the main reasons for lower utilization of available hilIside lands are not the physical disadvantages of 뼈 land itself, but because of institutional restrictions. lack of will and negligence in policies for land use. 4. As a consepuence. the author suggests that the government .as well as. the farmer should recognize the importance and the possibilities of better utilization of hillside land. and pay for efforts to achieve its maximum uses.

農地資源利用에 關한 硏究

張東燮,金映秀 전남대학교 한국농어촌개발연구소 1984 농산어촌개발연구 Vol.19 No.-

The objectives of this study are; 1) to observe the actual situation and transitional process in the spatial-temporal utilization of agricultural land. 2) to analyze the major factors affecting utilization of land, 3) to find out to what extent these factors are affecting the land utiliztion, and 4) to suggest a policy recommendations that farmers could improve their farm income and self-sufficiency in food supply. Both secondary time-series data and cross-sectional raw data collected from direct survey in Chonnam province were pooled together. Then. a method of comparative analysis was employed in order to analyze the patterns of agricultural land use. The results of this study are summarized as follows; First, despite the numerous socio-econmic changes, there have been no significant change in agricultural land use in the past-two decades, either individually or farmers as a whole. Second, the consistency in the pattern of agricultural land use is thought to be due to the fact that agricultural production is performed mainly by small farmers, and that policy of self-sufficiency in food supply has been pursued. which is not necessarily contributing to improvements in farm income. Finally, in order to make full utilization of a limited agricultural land, a balanced land policy should be implemented in such a way that both improvements in farm income and self-sufficiency of food supply could be possible simultaneously. In summary. the efficiency in utilization of the extremely limited agricultural land Can be improved only when the farmers can make decisions based on the spirit of capitalism. Without the farmers interests counted on, a policy of agricultural land use may not be able to achieve the dual goal, i. e., improvement in self-sufficiency of food supply and in. farm income.

公務員의 團結權에 關한 一考

張同燮 청주대학교 법학회 1957 法學論考 Vol.3·4 No.-

문제를 공무원은 노조를 결성할 수 있을가? 하는 것으르 해서 고찰하겠다 이 문제를 규명하기 위하여는 첫째로 노동조합의 정의와 목적을 둘째로 공무원을 여기에서 할하는 소위 노동자에 포함시킬수 있을가? 하는 문제와 그리고 그의 법적 및 신분적인 지위는 무엇인가? 하는 점을 밝혀야 된다고 본다. 노동조합이라 함은 노동조합법 제4조에 규정되어 있는 동로자가 주분가되어 자주적으로 단결해서 경제적 강자인 사용자에 대하여 그들 자신의 노동조건의 유지와 개선 및 경제적 사회적 지위의 향상을 목적으로 하여 조직한 조직체 및 그 연합체를 말한다.

食糧增産可能性에 關한 調査硏究 : 全南地力의 農業技術實態를 中心으로

長東燮 全南大學校開發硏究所 1964 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.2 No.-

Ⅰ. As the increasing rate of food production can not keep pace with that of population, our country has not been able to provide sufficiently for its demands with its own products without great many imported foreign crops since 1946. The food shortage is one of the most urgent problems to be resolved. For this problem we may consider the next three ways, i. e. ; first, to increase the yield per unit area, secocd, to expand the arable land, and third, to control the birth rate itself, but this paper puts an emphasis on the first only. The main purpose of this paper is to clarify whether it is possible to increase the amount of food products or net from the view point of agricultural techniques. I have approached the subject by surveying 400 farms in order to know the extent of techniques. studied and encouraged by the Office of Rural Development. actuallry applied by the farmers. Ⅱ. The ·results of the research arc sommarized as fellows : 1). Since the work of seed improvement took place in Korea, there have been many improvements in our agriculture. Yet el·on in rice production, stall 19.2% of the farmers have never used the improved seeds, and in other crops the percentage? much greater than that of rice, i.e- ; 36.8% in barley, 74.5% in soybean and 18.77% in sweetpotato. In addition Ito this, most farmers do not get their seeds 1mm the distributing agencies of improved seeds, but usually from their neighbours . 2) The Office of Rural Development imported that the annum: production of rice will be increased by just adopting the early planting method of rice. Navertheless less than 2.5% of farmers have practiced this method. 3) According to the report of the Office of Rural Development, the rice crop production will be increased by 15% by applying the deep-plowing and heavy-fertilizing cultivating method. The farmers do not apply this method because of the insufficiency of cattle power, the need of fertilizer and the problem of unfit plowing implements. Most of the paddy fields are plowed 9 cm deep, shallower than the normal depth of 15 cm. 4) According to the report, a 10∼15% increased yield in grain may be obtained by preventing and controlling insects and diseases. In this survey the rates of reduction still amounted to 18.7% of the rice yield and 17.5% of the barley yield. in spite Of the fact that most farmers used disinfected seeds and sprayed pesticides for controlling insects and diseases. 5) The result of the relatively excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer turns the great part of the field into acid soil or Akiochi Soil. In the case of Chollanam-do the acreage of the strong acid soil (lower that pH 5.5) amounted to 67% of the total cultivated area and of the Akiochi paddy field, to 35% of the total paddy field. The only .way to better the degraded. soil is to use straws (rice and barley straw) for making. an organic fertilizer instead of using them for fuel or thatching. particularly in the Plain field, for there are no other resources for organic fertilizer except the straws. Ⅲ. In a word, there are a lot of possibilities of increasing tee yield per unit area, if farmers sincerely apply the new techniques studied and encouraged by the office of Rural Development. The scheme of maintaining or promoting the fertility of Soil now being Utilized is no less important than that of newly expanding the arable land.

相對林地의 開發利用에 關한 硏究

張東燮,全太甲 전남대학교 농어촌개발연구소 1978 농어촌개발연구 Vol.13 No.1

Chollanamndo is an agricultural region. About 22 percent of the national grain is produced in this region, 59 percent of the people. compared with a 36 percent national average, engages in agriculture and 47 percent of the gross provincial product. comparing 25 percent of the national average. comes farm agriculture. Nevertheless, the level of farm income per farm js lower than the national average. The expansion of arable land per farm is very important for the farms in this region. In this regard. the author is going to give special attention first. to find how much avaiIable hillside land the province has ; second. to estimate the expected effects .of expansion of land per farm and increase in food production. as well as farm income per farrn in case of the-available hillside lands which are utilized for agricultural use; third to search for the reasons why such a good available resource has not been utilized ; and fourth, to generalize the acceptable policy measures for hillside land utilization. The findings of the study wiIl be summarized as foIlows. 1. In Chollanamdo , there are about 200,500 jungbo of available hillside land, of which about 51,000 jungbo is considered to be available for agricultural uses without great rifficulties. 2. Supposing these lands are brought into agricultural use, the acreage per ’farm wiIl be expanded from the present level of 8.<< danbo to 9.63 - danbo, accounting for about a 14.1 percent increase in acreage. The barley production. the only. one crop .considered, will be increasedto 63,950 ~ annnually, valued at about 6.6 billion won of farm income for Chollanamdo and 17,000 won per farm. Ofcourse, if the crops care for are differed by slopes of lands the expectation of increase iñ income would be much greater. 3. The study shows the main reasons for lower utilization of available hilIside lands are not the physical disadvantages of 뼈 land itself, but because of institutional restrictions. lack of will and negligence in policies for land use. 4. As a consepuence. the author suggests that the government .as well as. the farmer should recognize the importance and the possibilities of better utilization of hillside land. and pay for efforts to achieve its maximum uses.