바이러스에 의한 소아 급성 하기도 감염의 유행 및 임상양상(1998년 9월~2002년 8월)

이수진,박은영,오필수,이건희,김광남,이규만,Lee, Su-Jin,Park, Eun-Young,Oh, Phil-Soo,Lee, Kon-Hee,Kim, Kwang-Nam,Lee, Kyu-Man 대한소아감염학회 2003 Pediatric Infection and Vaccine Vol.10 No.1

Purpose : Acute respiratory tract infections are the most common illnesses in children. The great majority of these infections involving lower respiratory tracts infections(LRTI) are caused by respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus(RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), influenza virus(INF), adenovirus(ADV), etc. Our purpose of this study was to examine the seasonal occurrence, clinical and laboratory features of each viral infections. Methods : Nasopharyngeal aspirates(NPA) were collected from 913 hospitalized children on the first day of admission. They were all admitted to Hangang Sacred Heart hospital and diagnosed as LRTIs. The study period was from September 1998 to August 2002. Specimens were inoculated onto HEp-2 cell, LLC-MK2 cell and MDCK cell. Viruses were detected by immunofluorescent method performed at day 10 postinoculation. Respiratory viruses were detected in 251(27%) cases. Medical records of 208 cases diagnosed as acute LRTIs were all taken reviewed and analyzed. Results : The identified pathogens were RSV 122 cases(58%), PIV 30 cases(14%), INFA 20 cases(10%), INFB 21 cases(11%) and ADV 15 cases(7%) during the study period. Outbreaks of RSV infections occurred every year but mostly on December, 1998 and November, 1999. LRTIs by PIV and ADV occurred during all seasons of the year. INFA was isolated moslty on March, 1999 and January, 2000. INFB infections occurred largely on April, 2002. The clinical diagnoses were bronchiolitis 88 cases(43%), pneumonia 87 cases(42%), croup 19 cases(9%) and tracheobronchitis 14 cases(6%). Common symptoms and signs were cough, rhinorrhea, sputum and fever. WBC counts in peripheral blood showed normal findings in 123 cases(59%). Each viral infections also showed some differences in auscultatory findings and chest X-ray findings. Conclusion : We learned that viruses are one of the major and important etiologic agents of acute LRTIs of children in Korea. However, we still need to find out more about its characteristic clinical features and continue studying on their seasonal occurrence to focus on their management and also prevention. 목 적 : 바이러스는 소아 하기도 감염증의 가장 흔한 원인으로 소아에서 흔히 이환되어 모세기관지염, 폐렴, 크룹, 기관 기관지염 등의 하기도 감염을 일으키는 원인 바이러스들의 유행 및 임상 양상을 조사하기 위해 본 연구를 시작하였다. 방 법 : 1998년 9월부터 2002년 8월까지 한림대학교 한강성심병원 소아과에 급성 호흡기 감염증으로 입원했던 환아 중 총 913례에서 비인두 흡인물을 채취하여 바이러스 배양 및 단일 클론 항체를 이용한 면역 형광 검사법으로 251례(27%)에서 호흡기바이러스가 분리되었다. 그 중 모세기관지염, 폐렴, 크룹, 기관 기관지염 등의 급성 하기도 감염증으로 진단 받은 208례의 의무기록을 후향적으로 고찰하였다. 결 과 : 1) RSV가 122례(58%)로 가장 많았고, PIV 30례(14%), INFB 21례(11%), INFA 20례(10%), ADV 15례(7%) 순이었다. 2) 발생시기는 RSV의 경우 1998년 12월과 1999년 11월에 많이 발생하였다. PIV는 연중 비슷하였고, INFA는 1999년 3월과 2000년 1월에 많이 검출되었다. INFB는 2002년 4월에 많이 발생하였고, ADV는 2000년을 제외하고는 연중 비슷하게 검출되었다. 3) 남녀 성별비는 1.8 : 1로 남아가 더 많았고, 중앙연령은 10개월이었다. 4) 임상적 진단에는 세기관지염 88례(43%), 폐렴 87례(42%), 크룹19례(9%), 기관 기관지염 14례(6%)의 순이었고, RSV의 경우 세기관지염이 70례(58%)였다. 5) 임상증상 및 징후에는 각 바이러스 모두 기침(93%), 비루(83%), 가래(74%), 발열(56%)이 많았고, ADV의 경우 발열(89%), 호흡곤란(56%)이 다른 바이러스에 비해서 높았다. 6) 청진 소견으로 천명음이 들렸던 경우는 RSV가 69%, INFA가 45%로 많았고, 건성수포음은 PIV가 52%, INFB가 38%로 많았으며 수포음은 ADV에서 89%로 높았다. 7) 말초 혈액 백혈구 수는 전체 59%에서 정상이었고, 39%에서 증가하였다. 적혈구 침강 속도는 73%에서 증가하였고, C 반응 단백은 21%에서 양성이었다. 8) 방사선 소견은 고찰이 가능하였던 206례 중 각 바이러스 모두 정상 소견이 가장 많았고, 과팽창은 RSV에서 많았다. 폐문 부위 기관지 침윤과 폐경화는 ADV에서 많았고, 하인두 확장은 PIV에서 현저하게 많았으며, 그 외 무기폐 소견도 있었다. 결 론 : 소아에서 급성 하기도 감염증의 중요한 원인을 차지하는 호흡기 바이러스는 각각 발생시기 및 유행양상이 다르고 임상 양상에서도 차이를 보였으나, 이에 더욱 많은 보고와 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 본다.

특허정보를 활용한 CCS(CO₂ Capture and Storage) 기술동향 분석

이수진,이윤석,이정구,홍순직,이중범,Lee, Su-Jin,Lee, Yun-Seock,Lee, Jeong-Gu,Hong, Soon-Jik,Lee, Joong-Beom 한국분말야금학회 2015 한국분말재료학회지 (KPMI) Vol.22 No.4

As recognized by all scientific and industrial groups, carbon dioxide($CO_2$) capture and storage(CCS) could play an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Especially carbon capture technology by dry sorbent is considered as a most energy-efficient method among the existing CCS technologies. Patent analysis has been considered to be a necessary step for identifying technological trend and planning technology strategies. This paper is aimed at identifying evolving technology trend and key indicators of dry sorbent from the objective information of patents. And technology map of key patents is also presented. In this study the patents applied in korea, japan, china, canada, US, EU from 1993 to 2013 are analyzed. The result of patent analysis could be used for R&D and policy making of domestic CCS industry.

NMR-based Metabolomic Responses of Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) by Fipronil Exposure

이수진,오상아,김성혜,Won-Ho Lee,Juyoung Choi,Hani Lee,Yujin Lee,김석만 한국자기공명학회 2020 Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society Vol.24 No.4

Fipronil, the phenylpyrazole insecticide, is effective and used in various fields. Especially, fipronil was reliable because it was known to be specific on invertebrate animals than vertebrate animals including mammals. However, fipronil had potential risks that affect vertebrate animals as it blocks the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors that also exists in vertebrates as well as invertebrates. Therefore, it was necessary that harmful effects of fipronil on vertebrates are clarified. For this purpose, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used on behalf of vertebrate animals in present study. The zebrafish were exposed to 5 µg/L, 25 µg/L, and 50 µg/L of fipronil during 12, 24 and 72 hours. To closely observe toxic process, 12 hours and 24 hours of additional time point were set in the exposure test. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics is an approach to detect metabolic changes in organism resulted from external stimuli. In this study, NMR-based metabolomics showed the metabolic changes in zebrafish caused by fipronil exposure. Metabolic analysis revealed that fipronil interfered with energy metabolism and decreased the antioxidant ability in zebrafish. Antioxidant ability decline was remarkable at high exposure concentration. In addition, metabolic analysis results over time suggested that reactions for alleviating the excessive nerve excitation occurred in zebrafish after fipronil exposure. Through this study, it was elucidated that the adverse effects of fipronil on vertebrate animals are evident. The risk of fipronil on vertebrates can be no longer ignored. Moreover, this study has a meaning of practically necessary research for organism by examining the effects of fipronil at low concentrations existed in real environment.

오존 가스가 피부창상의 치유에 미치는 영향

이수진,이재일,김명철,홍성혁,김덕환,조성환,Lee, Soo-jin,Lee, Jae-il,Kim, Myung-cheol,Hong, Sung-hyuk,Kim, Duck-hwan,Cho, Sung-whan 대한수의학회 2003 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.43 No.3

This study was performed to determine the optimal dose of ozone for wound healing. Twenty Korean black goats were allocated to 4 groups. The skin wound with $1{\times}1cm$ was induced over the hoof. For 5 minutes per day, 0.1 ppm (Group I), 1 ppm (Group II) and 6 ppm (Group III) ozone gas was applied. In control group, 5 ml of normal saline was applied daily on the wound. Wound square was determined using color image analyzer at day 0, 4 and 14. Soft tissue depth of wound was determined using radiograph. Before the application of ozone gas, $1{\times}1cm$ of skin tissue was resected and observed for histopathologic findings. To determine the healing effect, $2{\times}1cm$ of wound tissue was resected and observed for histopathologic findings at day 14. In mean squares of wound, all experimental groups revealed more reduced mean squares than control group at day 4, and especially Group II (p<0.05) and Group III (p<0.05) revealed significant reduction. At day 14, Group I and Group II (p<0.05) revealed more reduced mean squares than control group, but Group III revealed less reduced mean squares than control group. In soft tissue depth of wound, all experimental groups and control group revealed swelling at day 4, compared with day 0. At day 14, all experimental groups and control group revealed reduction, compared with day 4, and especially Group II (p<0.05) revealed significant reduction. In histopathological findings, inflammation findings in epidermis and dermis, hemorrhagic finding in epidermis were revealed in control group. In Group I, inflammation finding was reduced, compared with control group. Formation of scab and many reepithelialization of epidermis were revealed. In Group II, inflammation findings in epidermis and dermis which were observed in control group were not found, normal skin tissue was revealed. In Group III, inflammation findings in epidermis and dermis were revealed, reepithelialization of epidermis was not founded. Slow healing process was observed, compared with Group I and II. It was concluded that Group II has excellent promotion effect of wound healing.

블록체인 기반 공유 전동킥보드 이용자 관리 모델

이수진,박민정,김나희,서승현,Soojin Lee,Min-Jeong Park,Na-Hee Kim,Seung-Hyun Seo 한국정보처리학회 2023 정보처리학회논문지. 컴퓨터 및 통신시스템 Vol.12 No.7

공유 전동킥보드의 사용이 급증하면서 공유 모빌리티의 불법 주차 사례가 많이 발생하고 있다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 지자체에서는 불법 주차된 공유 전동킥보드 견인 등의 조치를 취하고 있지만 악의적인 이용자에 대한 관리는 이루어지지 않고 있으며 비효율적인 방안이다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 블록체인 기반의 공유 전동킥보드 이용자 관리 모델을 제안한다. 공유 전동킥보드에는 주차 상태를 확인할 수 있는 카메라 센서, GPS 등이 탑재되어 있으며 이용자가 공유 전동킥보드 이용을 종료를 하게 되면 반납 시 주차 상태에 대한 정보를 탑재된 센서들을 통해 수집하여 공유 전동킥보드 회사가 이용자가 올바르게 주차했는지 확인할 수 있다. 또한 이용자의 주차 내역에 따라 신뢰점수를 부여하고 신뢰점수에 따라 인센티브를 지급하여 이용자가 스스로 공유 전동킥보드를 올바르게 반납할 수 있도록 유도한다. 해당 정보들은 공유 전동킥보드 회사들이 참여하는 컨소시엄 블록체인을 통해 공유되어 공유 전동킥보드 회사들의 통합적인 이용자 관리가 가능하다. As the use of shared electric kickboards is rapidly increasing, there are many cases of illegal parking of shared mobility. In order to solve this problem, local governments are taking measures such as towing illegally parked shared electric kickboards, but user management is not considered and the methods are inefficient. Accordingly, in this paper, we propose a blockchain-based shared electric kickboard user management model. The shared electric kickboard is equipped with a camera sensor and GPS that can check the parking status, and when the user ends the use of the shared electric kickboard, information on the parking status is collected through the installed sensors and the shared electric kickboard company You can check if the user has parked correctly. In addition, trust points are given according to the user's parking history and incentives are provided according to the trust points, inducing users to return the shared evangelism kickboard correctly. The information is shared through the consortium blockchain in which shared electric kickboard companies participate, enabling integrated user management of shared electric kickboard companies.

치주조직 재생용 플루르비프로펜 함유 키토산 비드의 제조 및 용출특성

이수진,박윤정,이승진,정종평 ( Su Jin Rhee,Yoon Jeong Park,Seung Jin Lee,Chong Pyoung Chung ) 한국약제학회 1997 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.27 No.1

N/A With the aim of improving periodontal regeneration efficacy, as a biodegradable local drug delivery device, drug releasing chitosan beads were prepared. Chitosan beads were prepared through the formation of intermolecular or intramolecular ionic interaction between chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate and were loaded with flurbiprofen. The mean diameter of the beads was 250 ㎛. Drug loading efficiency was improved by regulating the pH of tripolyphosphate solution. The drug release kinetics mainly depended upon the hydrophobic properties of the flurbiprofen, that is, the release of flurbiprofen showed initial burst with rapid release for the first day followed by a levelling off of the release rate. However, the release rate could be controlled by the formulation factor including the pH, concentration of the tripolyphosphate solution, gelation time, drug contents. From these results, flurbiprofen loaded chitosan beads were anticipated as biodegradable local drug delivery devices for periodontal regeneration.

광주광역시 지역암등록 시행 5년간의 암 발생과 질적평가에 대한 연구

이수진,신민호,최진수,Lee, Su-Jin,Shin, Min-Ho,Choi, Jin-Su 대한예방의학회 2006 예방의학회지 Vol.39 No.3

Objectives: This study is conducted to identify the cancer incidence in Gwangju during the 5-year period from 1998 to 2002 and to assess the completeness and validity of the cancer registry data during this time period. Methods: All cases that had a diagnosis of invasive cancer (ICD-10 sites C00-C97) during the study period were retrieved from the records of the Gwangju Cancer Registry (GCR), which theoretically includes all the cancer cases in Gwangju. All the cases during the study period were analyzed by gender, age group and cancer sites. The completeness (mortality/incidence ratio and age-specific incidence curve) and validity (histologic verification, primary site unknown, age unknown and death certificate only) of the cancer registry in Gwangju were analyzed by gender, age group and cancer sites for the 5-year period. Results: The overall cancer incidence was higher in the males than in the females (age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) 299.8 and 172.4 per 100,000, respectively). In males, the most common cancer was stomach (ASR: 65.8), followed by liver (ASR: 50.5), bronchus and lung (ASR: 50.5), colo-rectum (ASR: 26.7), oesophagus (ASR: 10.6), and bladder (ASR: 10.3) in descending order. In females, the most common cancer was stomach (ASR: 26.8), followed by thyroid (ASR: 20.7), breast (ASR: 20.4), cervix uteri (ASR: 14.3), bronchus and lung (ASR: 13.0), liver (ASR: 10.7) and colo-rectum (ASR: 17.2) in descending order. The overall quality (completeness and validity) of the cancer registry was at the in 'good' level. Conclusions: These results will be useful in the overall context of planning and evaluating of cancer control activities in Gwangju.

독립성분 행렬도

이수진,최용석,Lee, Su Jin,Choi, Yong-Seok 한국통계학회 2014 응용통계연구 Vol.27 No.1

행렬도(biplot)는 이원표 자료행렬(two-way data matrix)의 행과 열을 한 그림에 동시에 나타내는 탐색적 방법으로, 복잡한 다변량 분석 결과를 보다 쉽게 파악할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 특히 주성분인자 행렬도(principal component factor biplot; PCFB)는 인자분석을 통해서 변수들 간의 상호의존 구조를 탐색하기 위한 시각적 도구이다. 자료에 따라 잠재된 변수들이 독립(independent)이고 비가우시안(non-Gaussian) 분포를 가진다는 사전 정보가 있을 때, Jutten과 Herault (1991)가 제안한 독립성분분석(independent component analysis)을 이용한다. 이 경우 주성분법을 이용한 인자분석을 적용하면 원래 변수들의 상호 관계를 잘못 해석할 수도 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 자료에 따라 잠재된 변수들이 독립이고 비가우시안 분포를 가진다는 사전 정보가 있을 때, 독립성분분석을 응용하여 원래 변수들 간의 상호 관계를 기하학적으로 살펴볼 수 있는 시각적 도구인 독립성분 행렬도(independent component biplot; ICB)를 제안하려 한다. Biplot is a useful graphical method to simultaneously explore the rows and columns of a two-way data matrix. In particular, principal component factor biplot is a graphical method to describe the interrelationship among many variables in terms of a few underlying but unobservable random variables called factors. If we consider the unobservable variables (which are mutually independent and also non-Gaussian), we can apply the independent component analysis decomposing a mixture of non-Gaussian in its independent components. In this case, if we apply the principal component factor analysis, we cannot clearly describe the interrelationship among many variables. Therefore, in this study, we apply the independent component analysis of Jutten and Herault (1991) decomposing a mixture of non-Gaussian in its independent components. We suggest an independent component biplot to interpret the independent component analysis graphically.

한의학계 외부의 사상체질의학에 관한 연구동향

이수진,Lee, Soo-Jin 사상체질의학회 2010 사상체질의학회지 Vol.22 No.3

1. Objectives: The research papers published by researchers in other fields except Oriental medicine were analyzed to study the research trends and characteristic of Sasang Constitutional medicine. 2. Methods: Systematic searches were performed on KISS, RISS, KISTI and DBPIA and finally 123 papers were selected. The publication year, research field of the first author, title's characteristic, research topic and the classification method of Sasang Constitution were investigated. 3. Results and conclusions: 1) In the analysis of publication year, the number of studies on Sasang Constitution has increased dramatically since 2000. 2) In the analysis of the first author's research field, physical training, nursing, engineering and food and nutrition were the majority. 3) In the analysis of the research topic, the classification method of Sasang Constitution was the majority. 4) In the analysis of the classification method of Sasang Constitution, QSCC II was the most popular method accounted for 68% and interview by specialist of Sasang Constitutional medicine accounted for 42%.

일차성 야뇨증 아동에서 야간 수분 제한의 치료 효과

이수진,양재영,김혜순,이승주,Lee Soo Jin,Yang Jae Young,Kim Hae Soon,Lee Seung Joo 대한소아신장학회 2001 Childhood kidney diseases Vol.5 No.1

목 적 : 일차성 야뇨증의 치료는 민간 요법과 다양한 병인론에 근거한 각종 치료 방법이 개발 되어 있으나 가장 기본 치료인 야간 수분 제한의 치료 효과는 간과되어 왔다. 이에 저자들은 야뇨증의 일차적인 치료의 철저한 야간 수분 제한 효과만을 평가하고 성공 요인을 분석해 보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1998년 10월부터 1999년 6월까지 이대목동병원 소아과 외래를 방문한 일차성 야뇨증 아동(주 3회 이상의 아뇨)중 2개월간의 야간 수분 제한에 순응도가 높은 41명(7.9${\pm}$2.3세)을 대상으로 하였다. 야간 수분 제한 전과 2개월 치료 후 매 2주마다 24시간 수분 섭취량과 요량을 (매주 1일이상) 기록하도록 하여 순응도를 평가하였다. 치료후 야뇨 횟수가 90$\%$이상 감소된 완전반응군, 50$\%$이상 9$\%$미만 감소된 부분반응군, 50$\%$이하로 감소된 무반응군으로 구분하여 치료율을 조사하였고, 치료에 대한 성공 요인으로 성별, 연령, 주간 배뇨 이상, 수분 섭취량, 요량, 최대 요량, 요농축능 등을 분석하였다. 치료 2개월 후 야간 요량, 최대 요량, 농축요삼투질 농도의 변화를 비교하였다. 결 과 : 야간 수분 제한 2개월 후의 반응률은 39.0$\%$ (l6/41)에서 완전반응, 43.9$\%$ (18/41)에서 부분반응, 17.1$\%$(7/41)에서 무반응을 보여 전체적으로 82.9$\%$ (34/41)에서 호전되었다. 야간 수분 제한의 치료 효과에 대한 예견 요인은 주간 배뇨 이상, 야간 수분 섭취량, 야간 요량, 방광 요인 등으로, 단증상 야뇨증 아동에서는 완전반응 50$\%$(13/26), 부분반응 46.2$\%$ (12/26)로 다증상 야뇨증 아동의 20$\%$ (3/15), 40$\%$ (6/15)에 비하여 유의하게 치료율이 높았다(P<0.05). 야간 수분 섭취량은 완전반응군 385${\pm}$109mL, 부분반응군 335${\pm}$105mL, 무반응군 233${\pm}$45 mL, 야간 다음은 각각 48.5$\%$(16/33), 42.4$\%$(14/33), 9.1$\%$(3/33)로 야간 수분 섭취량이 많을수록 유의하게 치료율이 높았다 (P<0.05). 야간 요량은 완전반응군 390${\pm}$62mL, 부분반응군 330${\pm}$136mL, 무반응군 140${\pm}$43mL, 야간 다뇨는 각각 59.3$\%$(16/27), 40.7$\%$(11/27), 0$\%$(0/27)로 야간 요량이 많을수록 유의하게 치료 효과가 좋았다(P<0.05). 일회 최대 요량은 완전반응군 236${\pm}$42 mL, 부분반응군 209${\pm}$56 mL, 무반응군 107${\pm}$36mL로 최대 요량이 많을수록 유의하게 치료 효과가 좋았다 (p<0.05). 연령, 성별, 일일 수분 섭취량, 다음, 일일 요량과 다뇨은 세 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 야간 수분 섭취 제한 후 야간 요량의 감소 정도는 완전반응군 173${\pm}$56mL, 부분반응군 135${\pm}$83mL로 무반응군 28${\pm}$15mL에 비하여 유의하게 컸다 (P<0.05). 최대 요량의 증가도 완전반응군 88${\pm}$27mL, 부분반응군 79${\pm}$38mL로 무반응군 17${\pm}$13mL에 비하여 유의하게 컸다 (p<0.05). 농축요삼투질 농도의 증가 역시 완전반응군 190${\pm}$42mO느/kg, 부분반응군 254${\pm}$115mOsm/kg으로 무반응군 25${\pm}$32 mOsm/kg에 비하여 유의하게 컸다(p<0.05). 결 론 : 일차성 야뇨증은 야간 수분 섭취 제한만으로도 치료율이 높았고, 주간 배뇨 이상이 없고, 야간 다음, 야간 다뇨, 및 최대 방광용적이 높은 아동에서 치료 효과가 좋았다. Purpose : Treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) includs folk remedies and various treatments based on pathogenesis. We assessed the therapeutic effect of nocturnal water restrict ion as the primary treatment of PNE. Materials and methods : From October 1998 to June 1999, 41 children with PNE (>3 wet nights per week) who visited Ewha Womans University Mokdong hospital and who had good compliances to nocturnal water restriction for 2 months were included. Before and during nocturnal water restriction, daily fluid intake and urine volume were recorded for 2 days every 2 weeks. Responses to nocturnal water restriction were classified according to the decrease of wet nights as complete (>90$\%$), partial (50-90$\%$) and no (<50$\%$) response. Predictors such as age, sex, daytime voiding dysfunction, fluid intake, urine volume, maximum urine volume per void and fasting urine osmolality were evaluated. Results . The response rate to nocturnal water restriction fir 2 month was 82.9$\%$(34/41) [complete response 39.0$\%$(16/41), partial response : 43.9$\%$(18/41)]. The response rate to nocturnal water restriction was significantly higher in monosymptomatic PNE than polysymptomatic PNE and more effective in PNE with or nocturnal fluid intake, nocturnal urine volume, and maximum urine volume than lower nocturnal fluid intake, nocturnal urine volume and maximum urine volume per void (P<0.05). Nocturnal urine volume, maximum urine volume per void and luting urine osmolality after nocturnal water restriction has significantly increased higher in complete response and partial response group than in no response group (P<0.05). Conclusion : The nocturnal water restriction was effective in monosymptomatic PNE with nocturnal polydypsia, nocturnal polyuria and high bladder capacity. (J, Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 5 : 51- 8, 2001)