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      • KCI등재

        SIGNED A-POLYNOMIALS OF GRAPHS AND POINCAR´E POLYNOMIALS OF REAL TORIC MANIFOLDS

        서승현,신희성 대한수학회 2015 대한수학회보 Vol.52 No.2

        Choi and Park introduced an invariant of a finite simple graph, called signed a-number, arising from computing certain topological invariants of some specific kinds of real toric manifolds. They also found the signed a-numbers of path graphs, cycle graphs, complete graphs, and star graphs. We introduce a signed a-polynomial which is a generalization of the signed a-number and gives a-, b-, and c-numbers. The signed a-poly- nomial of a graph G is related to the Poincar´e polynomial PM(G)(z), which is the generating function for the Betti numbers of the real toric manifold M(G). We give the generating functions for the signed a- polynomials of not only path graphs, cycle graphs, complete graphs, and star graphs, but also complete bipartite graphs and complete multipartite graphs. As a consequence, we find the Euler characteristic number and the Betti numbers of the real toric manifold M(G) for complete multi- partite graphs G.

      • KCI등재

        러시아 문화의 상징, 문장의 의미 분석

        서승현 명지대학교(서울캠퍼스) 인문과학연구소 2018 인문과학연구논총 Vol.39 No.2

        Traditionally, a coat of arms is a colored mark used to symbolically represent a particular family, community, or individual. The coat of arms began to be used in western Europe from the middle of the 12th century and was not monopolized by knights or aristocratic families but was also widely used by various groups such as cities and convents. The coat of arms consists of a line, a geometric pattern, or a concrete pattern such as a plant, an animal or an object, according to strictly defined rules. The coat of arms was originally used as a personal symbol only for the military use of the knights, but gradually became a hereditary symbol of a family. On the other hand, since the middle of the 13th century, the practice of the use of coat of arms has expanded widely in society and has started to be used by women, clergy, urban people, handicraftsmen, and even farmers in some areas (Normandy, Flanders and Switzerland). After the 14th century, many different groups such as cities, trade unions, and monastic orders adopted the coat of arms as a symbol of community. At the end of the Middle Ages, the coat of arms deeply penetrated the lives of ordinary people. The Russian national coat of arms and the coat of arms of the federal states retain the history and culture of each federal entity in the symbols, just as in other European cities. In other words, the coat of arms of the Russian Federation is not simply a decoration, but it shows the status and identity of an individual or a group using it, and also has the function of marking the exclusive ownership of the object by drawing a coat of arms on his possessions. It is not simply a matter of fashion or taste, but is closely related to social and anthropological problems such as inheritance, kinship, and sovereign & subject relationship. Therefore, analyzing the types of coats of arms deepens understanding of the structure of the coat of arms, and recognizes the messages that the coats of arms want to convey through symbolic signs, colors and composition. In the future, it is necessary to typify the coats of arms of the Russian Federation in standard forms as shields, circles, banners, birds, symbols and patterns. Thus, through the standard structures of Russian coats of arms, we can clearly understand the identity of the owner of coat of arms such as local governments, and we can also grasp the diverse and subtle meaning of central elements, supporters, and motifs in it. 전통적으로 문장(Coat of arms, 紋章)은 특정 가문, 지역 사회 또는 개인을 대표하는 데 사용되는 상징적인 채색된 표시이다. 문장은 12세기 중반부터 서유럽에서 사용되기 시작했으며 기사나 귀족에 의해 독점되지 않고 도시와 수녀원과같은 다양한 곳에서 널리 사용되었다. 문장은 엄격하게 정의된 규칙에 따라 선, 기하학적 패턴, 식물, 동물 또는 물건으로 구체적인 패턴에 따라 구성된다. 문장은 원래 기사들이 군사적 사용을 위하여 개인적인 상징으로 사용되었지만 점차가문의 전통적인 상징이 되었다. 반면에 13세기 중반 이래로 문장의 사용은 사회적으로 널리 확산되어 여성, 성직자, 도시 사람들, 수공예가, 일부 지역(노르망디, 플랑드르, 스위스)의 농부들에 의해 사용되기 시작했다. 14세기 이후 도시, 노동조합 및 수도원과 같은 많은 단체들이 지역사회의 상징으로써 문장을 채택했다. 중세가 끝날 무렵, 문장은 평범한 사람들의 삶에 깊숙이 침투했다. 러시아의 국장과 여러 연방주체의 문장들은 다른 유럽 도시와 마찬가지로 국가와 각 연방주체의 역사와 문화를 유지하고 있다. 다시 말해, 러시아 연방의문장은 단순한 장식이 아니라 개인이나 단체의 정체성과 성격을 보여 주며, 또한 러시아의 문장은 자신의 소유물에 문장을 그려 넣음으로써 특정 재산에 대한 소유를 표시하는 기능을 하기도 했다. 이는 단순한 유행이나 취향의 문제가아니라 상속, 친족 관계, 주권 및 정체성과 같은 사회 및 인류학적 문제와 밀접한 관련이 있다. 따라서 문장의 유형을 분석하면 문장의 구조에 대한 이해가 깊어지고 문장이기호, 표시, 색상 및 구성을 통해 전달하려는 메시지를 인식하게 된다. 향후의연구로, 방패, 창, 원, 새, 기호 및 패턴과 같은 표준 형식으로 러시아 연방 문장을 유형화하는 작업이 필요하다. 따라서 러시아 문장의 표준 구조를 통해 우리는 러시아의 연방주체와 자치단체에 속한 문장의 정체성과 의미를 분명히 이해할 수 있으며 또한 문장의 중앙에 위치해 있는 문양, 주변 문양 및 모티프의 다양하고 미묘한 의미를 파악할 수 있다.

      • KCI등재
      • KCI등재

        현대 러시아 가족의 변화와 전망에 관한 담론 분석

        서승현 한국러시아문학회 2011 러시아어문학 연구논집 Vol.36 No.-

        This article presents the modern Russian family. The concept of family and the family situation in post-soviet (or in Russian modern society) is analyzed. During the Soviet period, the government's policy could best be described as the socialization of the family. It caused estrangement between parents and their children and produced other changes in the traditional basic functions of family as a social institution. So there have been resulting problems in an identity crisis of the family. Russia faces a decreased population due to the rapidly falling birth rate. Since 1992 there has been a depopulation in Russian society, although recently the population rate is moving to a positive direction. The family situation and characteristics of modern Russian family as a socio-demographic factor is covered. There are two different important theoretical opinions on this issues in academic sphere: the crisis theory of family, and the evolution theory of family. This article researches the concepts and the theories of Russian modern family and of its prospect. A government's documentary provides source material processed via statistical data analysis.

      • KCI등재

        러시아 아버지 역할의 변화와 헤게모니적 부성 담론의 문제

        서승현 한국러시아문학회 2016 러시아어문학 연구논집 Vol.52 No.-

        In Russia the current change of fatherhood model has many roots - the result of soviet family policy, the weakening of male breadwinner families as global economic trends. The article is researched on a new fatherhood as a factor of gender and as a social institute in modern Russian society. For Russian modern men in reality it looks as if there is some difficulty to be fatherly. Until now too many Russian fathers shirk their responsibilities, they often don't pay proper maintenance for their children. But usually men don't have custody of his children in Russian society, even though they are wants. Almost two out of three mothers have custody of her children after divorce. Because in the past child-rearing was the responsibility of the mother in Soviet and it continues today. Besides, during that time child remained in state custody, than with their father. Child support is about emotional as well as financial support. But in Russia it was very often held father were absent in family, not only after divorce. Russian women were able to support themselves and raise their own children without men. But now many Russian men started to believe that child-rearing is an important responsibility. Though, Russian government don't help to men to participate actively in the rearing and well-being of their children, based on the new father model. For many modern Russian fathers are more important career success than rearing their children, based on the traditional fatherhood model. This tendency signifies father's rights are not free from hegemonic masculinity in Russian society.

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