Karlheinz Stockhausen의 Klavierstucke Nr.2에 대한 고찰

尹演慶 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1980 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.35 No.-

A look at music history reveals that the idea of new systems of musical composition are not limited to say one particular period. However, such movements as those which arose before and after the two world wars of the 20th century have probably had the most profound influence of all. No doubt there are many reasons for this, but chief among them could well be that by the end of the 19th century, the nucleus of all western music systems, tonality, had been dethroned, and nothing which could correspond to it in importance had been established in its place. Endeavors to build new musical systems have never flagged. On the contrary, compared with other eras this present time is even more vigorous, and I being liberated from the traditions of the past, the province of music is ever broadening, and the individual character of each composer's work is seen even more clearly. The subject under discussion belongs to this new world of music. Karlheinz Stockhausen (b. 1928) is a product of this new search for expression in the modern world, and one of his early compositions Klavierstucke Nr. 2 I-IV is considered here. All the new methods employed in composition come from the inheritance of the past, but the endeavor in this study has been to see how the traditions the past have been cast off and new styles developed. Stockhausen's new theory of "group composition" was established in 1952-53 with his Klavier stucke Nr.2, earlier than his more famous Gruppen(1957) or his work on a larger scale Momente (1962-64), but through this work we can approach his new theory. In the Klavierstucke Nr.2, we find by analysis that the most important principle is what is called the "group" form, and through these pieces (I-IV) we also find that this is an expansion of Weberb's system of "pointillism". Stockhausen approached his composing through the pointillism of Webern but cast it off in the use of his new system of group composition. These two systems are both significant and important. These piano works I-IV each have an individual character and aspect. The first piece (I) is built upon two groups running counter to each other. They suggest that the meaning of beginning and end can be seen together. One group can be seen as the ending of one part of the music and the beginning of the next, and through this technique there is a constant overlapping of musical sense. The second piece (II) contains groups at different pitches which reflect each other in "mirror" form. The third piece (III) is concerned with musical duration as well as with permutations of a 6th and at the same time employs the mirror form. The Mirror form here is the "answer" to the original musical pattern and consequently the original pattern and the answer appear simultaneously. Furthermore, the beginning and end of this piece retain their own independence. Thus, if this composition were to be continued indefinitely, yet other mirror forms would appear and in this way there is a certain similarity to I. The fourth piece (IV) is somewhat different from I, II and III in that their limiting factors are eschewed. Here freedom is given to musical patterns, pitch and rhythm. The groups here are formed by dynamics and the role of the dynamics is such that they are divided into two groups of voices which are contrasted contrapuntally. There are nine different forms such as ff and pp, fff and f and others. In this piece duration is also a controlling force. The conclusions of this papers musical analysis can be summarized as follows : 1. A consideration of pitch shows that in I, the 6th, II, the 10th, III, the 4th, and IV the 12th with their permutations are the most important and that the most strictly treated tone row is in I. 2. Musical structure varies from piece to piece. Mirror form is used in II and III : in IV pointillism is used. 3. Meter is especially important in I where six kinds of permutation are used. 4. The use of dynamics is interesting. I employs 6 varieties, II, six, III, four, and IV, six where a different dynamic is used for each note. In addition, in IV, dynamics are contrasted in two voices, where each note and each group has its own independent life. In conclusion, in these compositions we see that Webern's pointillism techniques were not only enlarged upon by Stockhausen, but that they mark a transitional period between pointillism and his fully developed group composition.

J. L. Dussek의 Piano Sonata 연구

윤연경 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1985 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.47 No.-

J. L. Dussek (1760- 1812) was, in his time, one of the most brilliant pianists, and as such not only developed piano renditions, but especially precise and magnificent performing techniques, such as making use of a lyrical, cantabile execution. As a composer, his emphasis was on works for the pianoforte, with 15 piano concertos and 35 piano sonatas being included in his works. However, although his piano sonatas are held within the limits of the classical sonata, they show certain characteristics of the sonata of the romantic era, and for this reason it may be said that he was in advance of his time. Nevertheless, especially within this country, there is a total lack lf recognition of the distinguishing marks of his piano sonatas, of his historical position, and of their influence upon romantic piano literature. The results of this study show, firstly, that his earlier sonatas and later sonatas vary in such matters as accompaniment from and melodic figuration, the early works employing a simple Alberti bass, single-line scale and arpeggio passages, and a comparatively sparse texture developing onto works where the Alberit bass is extend to the use of 19ths, and the characteristic style of accompaniment of Romanticism, the "um-pah" bass chord configuration. The melodic line employs a complexity of ornamented scale passages, and in this way anticipates the characteristics a complexity musical style. Secondly, in his works the characteristic harmony can be recognized as being such as to contribute a link between Classicism and Romanticism. He delighted in the tonal function of the remote sub-dominant, the triad on the lowered 6th, and frequently employed chromatic harmony in the framework of the classical sonata's basic tonic-dominant tonality. Thus anticipating an important characteristic of romanticism. Thirdly, Dussek, the pianist with a great concern for piano music, in his early works employed parallel octaves for his melodies, a feature of the simple, thin texture of the classical era, but in his later works expanded into the use of parallel 3rds and 6ths for a close and opulent effect. Thus Dussek's piano sonatas themselves mirror the changes from classical music to romantic, carrying out the process of continuous linkage, and seeing these important origins, it is possible to reconfirm the position of Dussek in music history, as one whose function was to span the classical and romantic periods. Dussek can be seen as the one who influenced first Beethoven, followed by Schubert, Schumann and even Brahms as far as romantic though and expression are concerned. In other words, the very features of Dussek's compositions as have been formed (outlined above), as it were, the seed from which these romantic composers' flowers bloomed. The reason for Dussek being forgotten so promptly after his death may be seen as being that the characteristics of romanticism were considered to be completely absorbed, assimilated and developed by romanticism's hero, Beethoven. If that is so, in order to understand the piano music of the romantic era, including that of Beethoven, it is hardly necessary to say that today it is most important to embark upon serious study of Dussek.

Muzio Clementi의 Piano Sonata 연구

尹演慶 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1984 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.44 No.-

Muzio Clementi, who gained fame as the "father of the pianoforte" in the later years of his life, is seen from the perspective of music history as having been in a musical give-and-take relationship with such composers of the classical era as Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven. His musical ability was demonstrated most satisfactorily by being a pianist and composing for the pianoforte, in an age when the use if the harpsichord gradually gave way to the piano. Amongst the works he composed for the piano forte, none show his complete understanding of the new instrument better than his sonatas. The subject matter of his paper concerns the 24 sonatas, in which the forms employed include sonata-allegro form, binary form, ternary form, rondo form, and theme and variation form. As far as tonality is concerned, the key signatures rarely exceed four sharps or flats, and modulation to a related key occurs usually only once in a movement. From the perspective of required performance skill he is principally indebted to Domenico Scarlatti for his brilliant technical characteristics. His influence on the next generation's Beethoven, through his characteristic use of quick octaves, repeated 3rds and 6ths, broken chords, consecutive staccato passages, etc., is undoubted. Likewise is his grasp of form in the use of thematic material throughout the various sections of a movement, and the unity of concept between movements. Apart from these characteristics, his sonatas, by their lyrical melodies, chromatic harmony, use of a wide compass, and varied modulatory concepts provide an example of elements of 19th century pianism. In general though, his works do not abandon the framework of the classical sonata. Clementi, a musician concerned with a vast range of musical activity, greatly influenced not only the musicians of his own time, but also the next generation, through his musical spirit and gift of expression. His piano sonatas in particular show forth his musical ability. Not only composers, but also students of music history and theoreticians should be aware of his importance.

Effects of Corn, Potato, and Tapioca Starches on the Quality of Gluten-free Rice Bread

김미숙,윤연경,정윤화 한국식품과학회 2015 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.24 No.3

Corn, potato, and tapioca starches were used to replace proportions of the rice flour in gluten-free breads and their quality characteristics were investigated. The addition of potato starch at 20 or 30% to rice flour improved dough and bread properties such as viscosity parameters, leavening power, uniform air cells, color, and delayed starch retrogradation compared to the rice bread. Moreover, the bread containing 20% potato starch showed the highest score in overall acceptability in sensory evaluation. Overall, the quality of the rice bread was improved by adding starch despite a little positive effect of corn starch.

신생아 중환자실에서 Serratia marcescens에 의한 집단 감염 발생에 대한 고찰

성민정,장철훈,윤연경,박수은 대한소아청소년과학회 2006 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.49 No.5

Purpose : We evaluated an outbreak of Serratia marcescens infections in 24 neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit(NICU). Methods : From January to August, 2004 a nosocomial outbreak of S. marcescens occurred in our NICU. We describe the clinical characteristics of the outbreak and analyse the risk factors for infections with S. marcescens. After the outbreak stopped, 7 isolates from blood were typed using rapid amplified polymorphic DNA analysis(RAPD). Results : S. marcescens was isolated from 24 neonates, 19 infected and 5 colonized. Seven out of nineteen neonates had bacteremia, 4 had ventilator associated pneumonia, 4 had purulent conjunctivitis, 2 had UTI, 1 had meningitis and 1 had a wound infection. Three neonates died due to S. marcescens infection, 2 of 3 had ventilator associated pneumonia, 1 had meningitis complicated with abscess. The mortality rate of S. marcescens infection was 15.8%. Factors associated with S. marcescens infections were previous antibiotic therapy, indwelling catheter and use of ventilators. The isolated strains were resistant to most antibiotics, but frequently sensitive to imipenem, bactrim and amikacin. RAPD typing results show that at least 3 epidemic strains were related with this outbreak. But one genotype was predominant type in this outbreak. The control measures were instituted and the outbreak stopped within 2 months. Conclusion : S. marcescens can cause rapidly spreading outbreaks associated with fatal infections in neonates. If S. marcescens is isolated from clinical specimens, meticulous infection control measures and epidemiologic investigations should be done at an early stage of the outbreak. 목 적 : 신생아 중환자실에서 일어났던 S. marcescens의 대유행의 임상적 양상과 위험 요소에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2004년 1월부터 8월까지 8개월간 부산대학교병원 신생아 중환자실에 입원해 있던 환아 중 S. marcescens이 분리되었던 24명을 환아군으로 하고, 같은 기간에 신생아 중환자실에 입원해 있었지만 균이 배양되지 않았던 21명을 대조군으로 하며, 균이 배양되었던 24명 중 감염을 일으킨 19명을 감염군으로 감염의 증거가 없던 5명을 보균군으로 나누어 각 군의 임상적 양상, 위험 요소의 비교 및 분리된 균주에 대한 항생제 감수성을 검사하였다. 동시에 환경 배양 검사를 하여 유행의 원인을 조사하였다.결 과 : 환아군과 대조군, 감염군과 보균군 사이에 성별, 제태 연령, 출생시 체중, 분만 방법, 산모의 감염 여부, 입원 기간에는 유의한 차이점이 없었다. 환아들이 가진 기저질환으로는 신생아 호흡 곤란 증후군, 선천성 심질환, 괴사성 장염의 순으로 나타났다. 환자군이 대조군에 비해 카테터의 사용, 수술의 과거력, 항생제 사용, 인공 호흡기 사용, 비위관 삽입의 빈도가 많았다. 감염군에서 균이 배양되었던 검체는 혈액이 7명, 기도내에서 검출된 환아는 4명, 결막 삼출물은 4명, 소변에서 균이 검출된 환아는 2명, 뇌척수액에서 검출된 환아는 1명이었고, 이 중 S. marcescens의 감염으로 인해 사망한 환아는 3명으로 15.8%의 사망률을 나타내었다. 감염군 19명에서 배출된 균의 항생제 감수성은 ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, gentamicin에 저항성을 imipenem, bactrim, amikacin에 감수성을 나타내었다. 분자학적 방법으로 분석한 결과 6월의 유행 당시 모두 같은 균종으로 나왔다. 철저한 소독과 격리를 한 뒤 더 이상 균이 발견되지 않고 있다.

부엌수납공간에 대한 문헌조사

김명숙,유호경,윤연경,이성원,이효숙,장동희,홍선식 연세대학교 생활과학대학 1981 婦學 Vol.14 No.-

주택이란 인간이 생활하는 데 가장 기본적인 단위이며 그 중에서도 부엌은 가족의 식생활과 보건위생을 담당하며 가정의 주부가 하루일과 중 가장 많은 시간을 소비하는 장소로서 과거부터 많은 발전과 개선이 있었다. 그러나 우리나라의 부엌시설과 설비는 비합리적인 요소로 많은 에너지의 낭비와 동선낭비에 의한 시간과 불필요한 에너지의 소모가 과학적 생활에 비능률적인 측면을 낳게 되었다. 이에 이 논문은 현재까지 선행되었던 기존 논문과 참고문헌을 이론적인 배경으로 하여 합리적인 과학생활을 위한 작업대와 수납공간의 합리적인 배치와 한국인 규격에 알맞은 작업대 및 수납장의 칫수와 색채, 그리고 부엌 이외의 저장 공간에 대해서 고찰해 본 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다.

Lemierre 증후군에 합병된 삼첨판막 감염성 심내막염 1예

이선미,박주현,윤연경,이선희,전국진,장철훈,김학진 대한내과학회 2006 대한내과학회지 Vol.70 No.4

지역 기반 반려견 산책 어플리케이션

명지연 ( Ji-yeon Myeong ),윤연경 ( Youn-kyung Yoon ),강지우 ( Ji-woo Kang ) 한국정보처리학회 2023 한국정보처리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.30 No.1

가습기 관리방법의 표준화

이영순,이민희,김미영,박순미,윤연경,장철훈,김종숙 한국의료QA학회 2007 가을학술대회 Vol.2007 No.3

잡곡당화음료 제조 최적 조건 탐색 및 항당뇨 활성 평가

이재성,강윤환,김경곤,윤연경,임준구,김태우,김대중,원상연,배무환,최한석,최면 한국영양학회 2014 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.47 No.1

Purpose: This study was conducted to establish the production conditions through optimization of the production process of beverages using Aspergillus oryzae CF1001, and to analyze volatile compounds and antidiabetic activity. Methods: The optimum condition was selected using the response surface methodology (RSM), through a regression analysis with the following independent variables gelatinization temperature (GT, X1), saccharogenic time (ST, X2), and dependent vari-able; ΔE value (y). The condition with the lowest ΔE value occurred with combined 45 min ST and 50℃ GT. The volatile compounds were analyzed quantitatively by GC-MS. Results: Assessment of antidiabetic activity of saccharogenic mixed grain beverage (SMGB) was determined by measurement of α-glucosidase inhibition activity, and glucose uptake activity and glucose metabolic protein expression by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis. Results of volatile compounds analysis, 62 kinds of volatile compounds were detected in SMGB. Palmitic acid (9.534% ratio), benzaldehyde (8.948% ratio), benzyl ethyl ether (8.792% ratio), ethyl alcohol (8.35% ratio), and 2-amyl furan (4.826% ratio) were abundant in SMGB. We confirmed that α-glucosidase inhibition activity, glucose uptake activity, and glucose-metabolic proteins were upregulated by SMGB treatment with concentration dependent manner. Conclusion: Saccharogenic mixed grain beverage (SMGB) showed potential antidiabetic activity. Further stud-ies will be needed in order to improve the taste and functionality of SMGB. 본 연구에서는 Aspergillus oryzae CF1001 균주를 이용하여 잡곡당화음료 개발조건의 최적화와 향기성분을 분석하고항당뇨 활성을 확인하고자 하였다. 중심합성실험계획법에 의해 당화온도 50.71℃, 호화시간 45.12분이 최적 당화조건으로선정되었으며, 당화온도가 호화시간에 비하여 Brix° 증가에더 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 잡곡당화음료의휘발성 향기성분은 33가지 동정성분과 29가지의 미지 성분이분석되었다. 소장 내 당흡수와 관련된 α-glucosidase 활성억제능은 농도 의존적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. HepG2 세포의 glucose uptake 활성을 확인한 결과, 인슐린에 관계없이 glucose uptake가 증가하였으며, 관련 단백질인 GLUT-2, -4의 발현 또한 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 세포 내 당소모대사 관련 효소인 GK와 PDH도 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 잉여로 남은 glucose를 지방으로 전환 저장하는 ACL, ACC 유전자도 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통해 잡곡당화음료가 glucose uptake와 세포 내 당소모대사 증가를 도우며, 남는 glucose를 지방으로 전환 저장시키는데 도움을 줄 것으로사료된다.