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김대중 한국경제연구원 2016 한국경제연구원 세미나자료 Vol.16 No.2
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Combination Modeling between Cooperation and Competition for Organizational Productivity Improvement
김대중 한국시스템다이내믹스학회 2019 한국시스템다이내믹스 연구 Vol.20 No.1
As the primary purpose of this paper, I built a conceptual framework between cooperation, competition, and organizational productivity and tested the possibility as a model using the concept of the “isoquant-isocost” production function and the concept of system dynamics though arbitrary values are applied. One of the main goals in organizations is to maximize their productivity using their limited resources. An important part to maximize something is to decide what resources to choose and how to combine them. In this respect, cooperation and competition among people in organizations is considered as important resources for improving organizational productivity. In both reality and academic studies, cooperation are overemphasized cooperation, and rather, competition are ignored because the formal is perceived positive and the latter is recognized negative. However, cooperation and competition need to be understood along a continuum, not a separate. Cooperation does not improve productivity indefinitely. Thus, the proper level of combination between cooperation and competition can overcome each own limitations and help achieve the level of the productivity that organizations expect. The model in this paper that combined cooperation with competition based on both “isoquant-isocost” production approach in economics and system dynamics approach is expected to shows some insights into both the necessity and way of combining cooperation with competition.
Relevance of Local Remedies in Investment Treaty Arbitration
김대중 경희대학교 법학연구소 2012 경희법학 Vol.47 No.3
Exhaustion of local remedies provides that before international claims or proceedings are made, the remedies provided by a local state should have been exhausted. Modern investment treaty regimes including the NAFTA Chapter 11, most bilateral investment treaties (BITs), and ICSID Convention have eliminated the exhaustion of the local remedies rule in arbitrations. However, notable numbers of recent investment arbitration tribunals have ruled that the claimants had not adequately tried hosting state's local remedies. In the agreements of NAFTA member countries did not explicitly waive local remedies. In Loewen, even though the tribunal did not recognize the futility or unavailability of a domestic remedy it highlighted importance of local remedies. In Saipem and Waste Management, arbitration tribunal reminded the elements of local remedies in finding the claims. Observing the Local Remedies Rule gives the best advantage to the host state for the preservation of the sovereignty. If an investor had failed to invoke domestic remedies including a right of appeal, the investor could not claim a prima facie case of expropriation because the possibility of just compensation had never been verified. In addition, denial of justice entails an element of finality which requires the claimant to appeal the alleged injustice to the highest domestic court before bringing an international claim. This emerging trend in local remedies has important implications for Korea. Facing 85 FTAs and BITs, Korea should continuously improve its domestic systems, both in government administration and domestic legal systems in addition to sound preparation for international arbitration. However, even though local remedies are relevant to a given investment treaty, international tribunal should never suggest investors to pursue them an unreasonable length, so the very essence of arbitration of promptness in rendering a decision should not be lost. Flexible application of local remedies will better balance between investor protection and sovereignty of host states.
김대중,김정일 본질과 현상사 2019 본질과 현상 Vol.56 No.-
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