金元 四大家에 關한 硏究

宋哲鎬,洪元植,金光湖 慶熙大學校韓醫科大學韓醫學硏究所 1986 慶熙韓醫大論文集 Vol.9 No.-

운동선수의 임장불안에 대한 연구

홍관이,이광재,김두경,부기원,노성규,한상준,박기동,오수일,문병용,이철규,박장평,엄기진,박남환 江原大學校附設 體育科學硏究所 1984 江原大學校附設體育科學硏究所論文集 Vol.- No.9

This study is designed to grasp the elements and situations of stage fright in order to propose a part of ways to cope with it. We make 511 top-class high school players, male and female, in the central districts (Seoul, Inchon, Kyungki, Chungbuk, and Kangweon Province) on object of questionnaire, and get the following results. Through players generally have all-round characters they show weakness in the superiority and emotional stability while showing strength in the sonformity. This fact comes to be related to the elements which cause stage fright. Physiological changes also have many effects on the symptom of stage fright. Especially, stage fright increases when players show sensitive reaction to the self-consciousness of final consequence which comes from the tension or uneasiness of sympathetic nerve, Thus, it turns out that players make use of reducing psychological burden by physical exercise or adjusting the level of demanded result in order to release the stage fright.

精神症狀에 대한 韓國人의 態度調査

元鎬澤,洪元植,張煥日,陳聖太,金光日,李基南,嚴龍燮,金明正 大韓神經精神醫學會 1973 신경정신의학 Vol.12 No.1

Korean psychiatrists are more apt to take the abnormal drinking behavior lightly and regard the psychosomatic symptoms as more serious, comparing with American psychiatrists. On the other hand, physicians as well as adults from the population in Korea are less concerned about the neurotic and psychosomatic symptoms and alcoholic behavior as psychiatric problems. It is the authors' concern to understand such differences in opinion about abnormal behaviors from the cultural and social psychiatric view point. The authors used Dohrenwend's questionaire form of 45 mental symptoms and three additional items i. e., homosexual behavior, symptom of senile psychosis and delusion of jealousy following the authors' interests. Each item was rated by three point cale (psychiatrically very serious=2 points, somewhat serious=1, not serious at all=0) and evaluated with critical ratio. As a preliminary study, the reliability of this questionaire was confirmed by the test-retest method; Spearman's rho was 0,93. The subjects in this study consist of 50 psychiatrists, 49 physicians, 54 herb practitioners and 154 adults from the normal population(60 urban samples and 94 rural samples). The collection was carried out by individual interviews for the physicians and normal samples, by letters for the psychiatrists and the herb practitioners. And the data of American psychiatrists compared in this study were quoted from Dohrenwend's report(27). This study has two parts: one is the cross-cultural comparison between American psychiatrists and Korean ones, the other is intracultural comparison among psychiatrists, physicians, herb practitioners and normal population samples. Inspite of the general notion that Korean psychiatry has been much oriented to American psychiatry for over twenty years, there are definite differences in opinion about the severity of abnormal behaviors between American and Korean psychiatrist, especially about alcoholic behavior and psychosomatic symptoms. Such differences are possibly interpreted as arising from the cultural differences. The American psychiatrists seem to be more concerned about alcoholic behavior probably due to the strict attitude of people and/or the fact that the United States reveals the highest incidence of alcoholism throughout the world. The Korea psychiatrists, however, have much tolerable attitude toward alcoholic behavior according to the cultural tradition. Solitary drinking is hardly found in Korea; drinking in Korea is a suitable way of interpersonal contact. They drink slowly and are not so intensively dependent upon alcohol itself. Dependency need to alcohol can be diffused to the other persons. And they take alcohol with many kinds of side-dishes. These drinking manners seem to be cultural virtues for low incidence of alcoholism in Korea. Thus, Korean psychiatrists as well as adults from normal population have highly tolerable attitude toward alcoholic behavior. Even when some person reveals a destructive behavior after drinking, they grant it as a personal charm. Korea psychiatrists, therefore, are not so nervous about the alcoholic behavior. On the other hard, the psychosomatic problems seem to be serious in Korean mental patients. They are easily apt to express their emotional problems as somatic symptoms possibly due to the disease concept of oriental herb medicine that has a high tendency of projection of emotional conflicts unto the soma. So most of Korean people are not aware that psychosomatic symptoms are originated from the emotional problems, and quite contrary to it, the psychiatrists may be highly conscious of psychosomatic symptoms. Another significant difference is seen in suicidal idea and suspiciousness: American psychiatrists regard them as more serious, and reversely Korean psychiatrists regard them as less serious. Such a pattern may also be derived from the socio-cultural differences. When Koreans are either dissapointed or delighted, they say frequently "I want to die" or "It's funny to death" and so on. This idiomatic expression is far from the real death wish but rather an expression of magnification. And the suicidal idea itself is frequently seen in normal population even suicidal attempt is evaluated as abnormal in Korea. With such reasons, Korean psychiatrists may notice suicidal idea as less serious than American psychiatrists. And the suspiciousness may be a way of living for the people under the historical turmoil and vigorous aculturation, that it is perceived as not so abnormal. The next problem is the marked discrepancy of opinion about abnormal behaviors among psychiatrists, physicians, herb practitioners and normal population samples. The agreement of physicians, herb practitioners, urban samples and rural samples with the psychiatrists on the relative severity of symptoms revealed as Spearman's rho of 0.79, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.44 respectively. It is the main point of problem that physicians are less aware of neurotic symptoms which can appear in the somatic illness, and of psychosomatic symptoms as psychiatric problem. Possible reason is that Korean physician have been oriented to the somatic medicine without proper psychosomatic orientation. On the other hand, the herb practitioners are apt to ignore the severity of psychotic symptoms and on the other, regard the neurotic and psychosomatic symptoms as much as psychiatrists' opinion. And the samples of normal population regard the neurotic symptoms as more serious than the psychotic symptoms, and are not aware of the psychosomatic symptoms as psychiatric problems. Physicians, herb practitioners and samples from the normal population underestimate the alcoholic behavior more than psychiatrists do. The alcoholism according to physicians' opinion is rather somatic problem than psychological one. The herb practitioners and adults from normal population manifest the prominently tolerable attitude toward alcoholic behavior. In conclusion, two kinds of problems can be suggested. One is that the difference between Korean and American psychiatrists in the evaluation on the severity of abnormal behaviors, is possibly due to sociocultural differences. The other is the intracultural difference among psychiatrists, physicians, herb practitioners and adults from normal population. Such a difference suggests that there is a considerable cultural lag in the disease concept and attitude between the modern psychiatry and the cultural tradition. This discrepancy can result in the undesirable wandering of patients for seeking the treatment and some hardship in modern psychiatric practitioning in Korea.

부력저항용 영구앵커의 거동

홍원표,송영식,고광태 중앙대학교 기술과학연구소 2002 기술과학연구소 논문집 Vol.32 No.-

본 연구에서는 부력저항용 영구앵커의 거동을 시공단계별로 구분하여 분석한다. 즉, 앵커의 두부에 하중계를 설치하여 앵커축력을 계측하였으며, 이 계측결과를 토대로, 앵커축력의 손실, 건물자중의 증가 및 외적조건 변화에 따른 앵커의 거동을 분석하였다. 영구앵커는 초기인장력에 비하여 Jacking Free시 인장력이 약 7% 정도 감소하며, 최종인장력은 약 15%정도 감소한다. 한편, 앵커의 초기인장력은 외력이 작용하지 않아도 PC 강선의 relaxation, 주입재 및 지반의 creep 등의 내적요인에 의하여 비선형적으로 감소되어 1차 수렴치에 도달하게 된다. 1차 흙되메우기 작업 기간동안 앵커축력은 흙되메우기에 따른 횡방향 토압이 증가 및 상부구조물의 자중증가로 인하여 감소된다. 그러나, 흙되메우기 작업이 중단된 기간동안 되메우기한 흙의 이완현상으로 횡방향 토압이 감소되며 이로 인하여 앵커축력이 증가하게 된다. 그리고, 되메우기한 흙속으로 지하수가 유입되어 부력이 증가하게 되므로 앵커축력은 증가하게 된다. 이때 앵커축력은 1차 수렴치까지 회복하게 된다. The behavior of permanent anchors for buoyant resistance is investigated at each construction stage. The prestressed anchor forces were measured by load cells which were attached to anchor head. On the basis of instrumentation, the loss of anchor force and the behavior of anchor by increment of structure weight and change of external condition were investigated. Prestressed anchor force at jacking free is decreased by about 7% than initial prestressed anchor force and decreased by about 15% finally. Although external forces does not act on the substructure, initial anchor force is decreased nonlinearly due to relaxation of PC strand and creep of grouting materials and soils. Also, anchor force was converged at the first convergent value. When first backfill was performed, anchor force was decreased due to increment of lateral earth pressure and superstructure weight. But, anchor force grew gradually during the period of breaking backfill by lowering of lateral earth pressure due to relaxation of soils. When groundwater inflowed into backfill soils, anchor force is slowly increased by uplift force below mat foundation. At that time, anchor force is recovered by the first convergent value.

두개저의 크기, 형태 및 두부자세와 악안면구조의 위치적 상관관계

홍용석,윤영주,김광원 대한치과교정학회 1997 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.27 No.5

두개저의 크기, 형태 및 두부자세가 지니는 두개안면구조의 공간적 수평, 수직적 위치간의 상관성을 파악해 보고자 남자 51명, 여자 49명으로 구성된 표본으로부터 촬영된 100장의 측모 두부방사선사진을 이용, 12개의 계측항목과 37개의 기준점을 설정하고 계측항목에 대한 계측치와 기준점의 수평, 수직 위치를 산출한 다음, 이들 간의 상관관계를 통계적으로 분석하였으며 계측항목에서 얻은 계측치의 크기가 크거나 작은 군을 각각 10개 표본씩으로 분류하여 mean facial diagram을 작성, 비교함으로서 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 두개저의 형태변수인 n-s-ba및 n-s-ar각은 경추의 기준점 cv4ip, cv2ip, cv2tg 그리고 cv2ap의 수평, 수직적 위치 모두에 높은 통계적 유의성의 상관관계를 보였다(0.1% 유의수준). 2. 두개저의 형태변수인 n-s-ba및 n-s-ar각은 안면구조에 있는 대부분의 기준점의 수평적 위치와 상관관계를 보였으나(1% 유의수준), 수직적 위치는 통계적 유의성이 없었다(5% 유의수준). 3. 두개저의 크기변수인 n-s, n-ba, n-ba 및 n-ar의 크기는 두개안면구조내 기준점의 두개의 안면구조내 기준점의 위치와 다양한 양상의 상관관계를 보였으나, 대체로 치아, 치조와 관련된 중안면구조의 수평, 수직적 위치와 상관관계가 높았다. 4. 두개저와 경추의 기울기가 이루는 자세변수인 NSL/CVT, NSL/OPT각은 두개안면구조내 기준점의 수평적 위치에 높은 상관성을 지니고 있었으며 통계학적 유의성이 인정되었으나(1% 유의수준), 수직적 위치와는 통계적 유의성이 없었다(5% 유의수준). 5. 진수평선(true horizontal line)과 경추의 기울기가 이루는 자세변수인 OPT/HOR 및 CVT/HOR각은 두개안면구조내 기준점의 수평, 수직적 위치 모두와 통계적으로 유의성이 인정되는 상관성을 보이지 않았다(5% 유의수준). 6. 연조직에 존재하는 기준점의 수평, 수직적 위치는 모든 변수와의 상관성에서 대부분 경조직의 관련 기준점에 준하는 양상을 보였다. This study was done to evaluate the correlations between the size, the form of the cranial base, head posture and the horizontal and vertical position of craniofacial structures. For this purpose, 100 cephalometric radiograhs were taken from the sample composed of 51 male and 49 female, 12 measurement criteria and 37 reference points were established and digitized, then calculation was performed for the values of measurement variables and the horizontal and vertical position of reference points. The correlations between them were analyzed statistically and mean facial diagrams were constructed and compared with the selected groups which were composed of 10 Sample each as large and small group from the measurement value. The following results were obtained: 1. The angles n-s-ba and n-s-ar as variables for the form of cranial base correlated highly to the horizontal and vertical position of reference points in the cervical column with statistical significance(0.1% level). 2. The angles n-s-ba and n-s-ar as variables for the form of cranial base correlated to the horizontal position of the reference points in the facial structure with statistical significance(1% level), but not to the vertical position of them(5% level) 3. The length n-s, n-ba and n-ar as variables for the size of cranial base were correlated th the position of craniofacial structures in various ways, but in general, highly correlated to the horizontal and vertical position of midfacial structures around the teeth and alveolar area. 4. the angle NSL/CVT and NSL/OPT as postural variables for the inclination of cranial base and cervical column were correlated to the horizontal position of the craniofacial structures with statistical significance(1% level), but not to the vertical position of them(5% level). 5. The angle OPT/HOR and CVT/HOR as postural variables for the inclination of cranial base and ture horizontal line were not correlated to the horizontal and vertical position of the craniofacial structures with statistical significance(5% level) 6. The correlation between the measurement variables and horizontal and vertical positions of the reference points in soft tissue were shown as similar to the related hard tissue points.

탄소성 변형을 받는 냉간 압연강의 X선 잔류응력 특성에 관한 연구

홍순혁,이동우,양광호,조석수,주원식 동아대학교 생산기술연구소 2000 生産技術硏究所硏究論文集 Vol.5 No.1

In textured material, diffraction angle 2θ usually shows a nonlinear relation against sin^2Ψ due to elastic anisotropy of crystals. SPHD and SPCD steel is cold-rolled carbon steel for automobile. The characteristics X-ray for stress measurement is Cr K_α and Mo K_α1characteristic X-ray. The sin^2Ψ-2θ diagram under elastic strain seems to have a linear behavior using regression line of data but has a nonlinear behavior in distribution of data by Cr K_αcharacteristic X-ray. As the plastic strain of specimen increases, the nonlinearity of 2θ with respect to sin^2Ψ increases remarkably. On the other hand, the diffraction angle 2 θ by Mo K_α1 characteristic X-ray shows a good linearity on sin^2Ψ-2θ diagram under plastic strain as well as elastic strain. Therefore, This paper presents the measurement of residual stress in cold-rolled carbon steel for automobile using penetration depth of Mo K_α1 charateristic X-ray and multiplicity factor of crystal diffraction plane.

편측성 하악과두증식증에서 수술방법에 의한 술후 골격구조의 대칭성에 관한 비교연구

홍광진,이원학,조윤주,이정구,민병진 大韓顎顔面成形再建外科學會 1996 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.18 No.2

In patients with unilateral condylar hyperplasia, increased length of the condylar neck causes deviation of the mandible to the opposite site, resulting in facial asymmetry, but the arch form and general contour of the displaced mandible is approximately symmetric. So, the unilateral condylectomy have been prefered surgical method among the surgeons. The purpose of this study is to analyze the postoperative results comparatively following two different surgical methods, condylectomy and ramus surgery, in unilateral condylar hyperplasia. Case of 6 patients with the unilateral condylar hyerplasia were analyzed in this study, 3 case of the condylectomy only, 3 cases of the ramus surgery, Clinical and radiographic evaluations were tried for comparison. In conclusion, comparative results between two groups did not show any significant difference,but we confirmed that unilateral condylectomy could be a excellent surgical methods in unilateral condylar hyperplasia thinking over the unique morphological characteristics of it.

흰쥐 뇌에서 항정신병약물이 c-fos 발현에 미치는 영향

박원명,박재홍,김광수 大韓神經精神醫學會 1996 신경정신의학 Vol.35 No.2

흰쥐 뇌의 내측 전전두피질, 측좌핵, 내측선조체, 외측선조체, 외측중격핵에 전형 항정신병약물(chlorpromazine, haloperidol), 비정형 항정신병약물(clozapine, risperidone), 선택적 D₁ 수용체 길항체(SCH23390) 등 5종류의 약물의 여러 용량을 투여후 각 약물의 용매를 사용한 대조군과 같이 c-fos 발현에 미치는 영향을 Fos immunohistochemistry 방법으로 조사하여 각 항정신병 약물의 특성을 이해하려 본 연구를 시행하였다. 실험동물은 체중300∼450g의 Wistar계의 수컷 흰쥐를 각군 4마리씩 사용하였으며 증류수만 주사한 군(1㎖/㎏). 용해만 주사한 군(1㎖/㎏), chorpromazine을 주사한 군(25㎎/㎏, 50㎎/㎏), haloperidol을 주사한 군(0.5㎎/㎏ 1㎎/㎏) clozapine을 주사한 군(10㎎/㎏, 20㎎/㎏, 30㎎/㎏), risperidone을 주사한 군(0.5㎎/㎏, 1㎎/㎏), SCH 23390을 주사한 군(0.5㎎/㎏, 1㎎/㎏)등 모두 13개군으로 나누어 실험하였다. 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 내측 전전두피질 부위의 c-fos 발현은 대조군에 비해 chlorpromazine(50㎎/㎏), clozapine(20㎎/㎏, 30㎎/㎏), risperidone(0.5㎎/㎏, 1㎎/㎏) 투여시 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였다(p< .01). 2) 측좌핵 부위의 c-fos 발현은 대조군에 비해 chlorpromazine, haloperidol, clozapine, risperidone(1㎎/㎏) 투여시 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였으며(p< .01). SCH 23390은 유의하게 감소하였다(p<.01). 3) 선조체 부위의 c-fos 발현은 특히 외측선조체 부위에서 대조군에 비해 chlorpromazine, haloperidol, risperidone 투여시 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였으나(p<.01), clozapine은 chlorpromazine, haloperidol, risperidone에 비교하여 아주 적은 c-fos 발현을 나타내었다. SCH 23390은 내측선조체에서 대조군에 비해 유의하게 감소하였다(p<.05). 4) 외축중격핵의 c-fos 발현은 대조군에 비해 chlorpromazine, haloperidol, clozapine, risperidone 투여시 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였다(p<.01). 이상의 결과로 clozapine, risperidone은 전형 항정신병약물과는 다르게 내측 전전두피질에서 c-fos 발현이 증가함을 관찰하였다. 또한 추체외로 부작용이 가장 강하게 나타나는 haloperidol을 투여시 외측선조체에서 c-fos 발현이 가장 높았고 추체외로 부작용이 거의없는 clozapine 투여시 외측선조체에서의 c-fos 발현은 거의 없는 정도로 나타났는 바 외측선조체에서의 c-fos 발현의 증가, 추체외로 증상및 외측선조체에 D₂수용체가 많음을 고려하면 이들사이에 서로 상관성이 있을 것으로 생각되었다. 지금까지 발표된 다른 학자들의 논문과 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 저자들은 최근 주목을 받고 있는 비정형 항정신병약물인 clozapine과 risperidone은 기존의 전형 항정신병약물과 비교해서 신경해부학적 작용부위의 차이 및 신경전달물질 수용체에 대한 반응의 차이가 있다고 생각하였으며 이러한 차이점이 정신분열증 양성증상뿐 아니라 음성증상에도 좋은 치료효과를 보일뿐 아니라 추체외로 부작용이 상당히 적다는 clozapine과 risperidone의 독특한 약리효과와 관련이 있을 것이라 생각하였다. Objects : To investigate characteristic effects of antipsychotics in brain, the authors studied some potential neuroantatomical differences in the actions of typical antipsychotics(chlopromazine, haloperidol), atypical antipsychotics(clozapine, risperidone) and selective dopamine D₁receptor antagonist(SCH 23390) by comparing their effects on c-fos expression in the rat brain. Methods : Fifty-two rats, weighing 300-450g, were divided into 13 groups according to injection agents〔water, vehicle, chlopromazine, haloperidol, clozapine, risperidone, SCH 23390〕. Each brain was removed immediately after perfusion and placed in fresh fixative. After postfixative period, the brain sections(area of the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, medial striatum, lateral striatum and lateral septal nucleus) were stained by c-fos immunohistochemistry, Results : 1) chlopromazine(50㎎/㎏), clozapine(20㎎/㎏, 30㎎/㎏)and risperidone increased the number of Fos-postive neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex than control subjects(p<.01). 2) chlorpromazine, haloperidol, clozapine and risperidone(1㎎/㎏) increased but SCH 23390 decreased the number of Fos-postive neurons in the nucleus accumbens than control subjects(p<.01). 3) chlorpromazine, haloperidol and risperidone increased the number of Fos-positive neurons in the striatum, especially in the lateral striatum than control subjects(p<.01), but clozapine increased much less than chlorpromazine, haloperidol and risperidone. SCH 23390 decreased the number of Fos-positive neurons in the medial striatum than control subjects(p<.05). 4) chlorpromazine, haloperidol, clozapine and risperidone increased the number of Fos-postive neurons in the lateral septal nucleus than control subjects(p<.01). Conclusion : These results support that clozapine and risperidone's unique therapeutic actions on negative symptoms with a low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects in schizophrenia may be related to their distinctive effects in regions such as the medial prefrontal cortex and lateral striatum.

인두 신경증과 위식도 역류의 상관관계에 대한 예비연구 : Preliminary Study

최홍식,이승문,김광문,홍원표 釜算慶南耳鼻咽喉科學會 1994 임상이비인후과 Vol.5 No.2

저온유통용 골판지 포장상사 개발에 관한 연구 (Ⅰ) : 골판지의 흡습특성 시험 Characteristics of moisture absorption to corrugated fiberboard

이원옥,윤홍선,정훈,이현동,조광환,김만수 한국식품저장유통학회 ( 구 한국농산물저장유통학회 ) 2003 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.10 No.3

농산물의 저온저장 및 고습조건에서 안전하게 유통할 수 있는 골판지 포장상자를 개발하기 위하여 원지의 구성, 라이너의 발수도, 골형태의 차이에 따라 수분흡습 특성과 압축강도와의 관계를 구명하기 위해 각각 원지특성을 달리하여 이중 양면 골판지를 재료로 사용하여 시험하였다. 온도변화에 따른 골판지 함수율 변화는 골판지 원지 종류, 발수도 차이등에 관계없이 거의 일정한 값을 나타냈다. 상대습도 변화에 따른 골판지의 함수율 변화는 상대습도에 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며 골판지의 수분흡습은 발수도 보다는 원지에 구서에 따라 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 수직압축강도는 상대습도가 증가함을 따라 크게 감소하여 상대습도가 수직압축강도에 미치는 영향이 매우 크며 상대습도가 증가함에 따른 수직압축강도의 저하비율은 골판지의 종류에 관계없이 거의 같은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 저온고습 조건에서 안전하게 내용물을 보호할 수 있는 저온유통용 농산물 골판지 상자의 개선을 위해서는 고품질 원지의 생산기술 개발 및 골판지 상자의 구조개선 연구가 우선되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. The hardness of corrugated packaging box decreased during storage period because of high humidity. Therefore, the strength-decreasing factor of corrugated packaging box had to be investigated to determine the compression strength of the corrugated packaging box. This study was conducted to define the characteristics of moisture absorption as well as compression strength of corrugated fiberboard. (1) The moisture content of the corrugated fiberboard was rarely influenced by the kinds of raw materials and water repellent. However, the moisture adsorption of the corrugated fiberboard was shown to be clearly affected by air temperature changes. (2) The moisture content of the corrugated fiberboard was significantly affected by relative humidity. The moisture adsorption of corrugated fiberboard was also greatly influenced by composition of raw materials rather than water repellent. The results indicated that the improvement of raw materials was more effective than the increase of water repellent of corrugated fiberboard to reduce the moisture adsorption of the corrugated fiberboard. (3) The vertical compression strength was significantly decreased with increasing relative humidity. The reduction rate of vertical compression strength was not charged with the increase of relative humidity, which was regardless of kinds of corrugated fiberboard. (4) For improving the strength of the corrugated packaging box, new technique should be found to develop better quality of raw materials. Moreover, the physical construction of corrugated packaging box should be clearly understood because the corrugated packaging box for the agricultural products was usually used for the circumstances of high humidity and low air temperature.