Effects of epigallocatechin gallate on CoCl_(2)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells

Yang, Kyu-Ho,Mo, Hyun-Chul,Choi, Nam-Ki,Kim, Seon-Mi,Kim,Won-Jae 大韓小兒齒科學會 2006 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.33 No.1

Neuronal apoptotic events, consequently resulting in neuronal cell death, are occurred in hypoxic/ischemic condition. This cell death has been shown to be accompanied with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can attack cellular components such as nucleic acids, proteins and phospholipid. However, the underlying mechanisms of apoptosis induced in hypoxic/ischemic condition and its treatment methods are unsettled. Cobalt chloride (CoCl_(2)) has been known to mimic hypoxic condition including the production of ROS. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). a green tea polyphenol, has diverse pharmacologial activities in cell growth and death. This study was aimed to investigate the apoptotic mechanism by CoCl_(2) and effects of EGCG on CoCl_(2)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Administration of CoCl_(2) decreased cell survival in dose- and time-dependent manners and induced genomic DNA fragmentation. Treatment with 100 µM EGCG for 30 min before PC12 cells were exposed to 150 µM CoCl_(2), being resulted in the cell viability and DNA fragmentation being rescued. CoCl_(2) caused morphologic changes such as cell swelling and condensed nuclei, whereas EGCG attenuated morphologic changes by CoCl_(2). EGCG suppressed the apoptotic peak and a loss of Δψ_(m) induced by CoCl_(2). CoCl_(2) decreased Bcl-2 expression but Bax expression was not changed in CoCl_(2)-treated cells. EGCG attenuated the Bcl-2 underexpression by CoCl_(2). CoCl_(2) augumented the cytochrome c release from mitochondria into cytoplasm and increased caspase-8, -9 and caspase-3 activity, a marker of the apoptotic executing stage. EGCG ameliorated the incruement in caspase-8, -9 and -3 activity, and cytochrome c release by CoCl_(2). NAC (N-acetyl-cysteine), a scavenger of ROS, attenuated CoCl_(2)-induced apoptosis in consistent with those of EGCG. These results suggest, that CoCl_(2) induces apoptotic cell death through both mitochondria- and death receptor-dependent pathway and EGCG has neuroprotective effects against CoCl_(2)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. 신경세포자멸사는 저산소 및 허혈환경에서 일어나며 이러한 세포죽은 reactive oxidant species (ROS) 생성을 동반함이 알려져있다. 그러나, 저산소 및 허혈환경에서 일어나는 세포자멸사의 기전 및 그 치료방법은 아직 정립되어 있지 않다. CoCl_(2)는 ROS를 생성하는 등 저산소환경과 유사한 조건을 초래하는 것으로 알려져 있다. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)는 녹차의 polyphenol 성분으로서 세포성장과 죽음에 다양한 약리학적 효과를 나타냄이 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 PC12 세포에서 CoCl_(2)에 의한 세포자멸사기전을 밝히고 이에 미치는 EGCG의 효과를 조사하는데 목적이 있다. Cell viability는 MTT 측정으로 조사되었고, DNA fragmentation은 DNA laddering으로 조사되었다. Bcl-2와 Bax발현 정도는 RT-PCR로, caspase-3와 -9의 활성은 spectrophotometer, caspase-8의 활성은 flow cytometry에 의해 측정되었다. 미토콘드리아에서 세포질로 분비된 cytochrome c는 western blot으로, 분해된 DNA 양과 미토콘드리아 세포막전위 (Δψ_(m))는 FACScan으로 조사되었다. CoCl_(2)투여로 PC12 세포수는 용량 및 시간 의존형태로 감소하였고, genomic DNA fragmentation이 발생하였다. CoCl_(2)투여로 야기된 cell viability의 감소와 DNA fragmentation은 EGCG 전처치에 의해 억제되었다. CoCl_(2)은 세포용적팽창과 condensed nuclei 같은 형태적 변화를 일으켰으며, apoptotic peak, Δψ_(m)감소 및 cytochrome c 유리를 야기하였다. EGCG는 CoCl_(2)에 의한 세포형태변화, apoptotic peak, Δψ_(m)소실 및 cytochrome c 유리를 억제시켰다. CoCl_(2)는 Bcl-2 발현을 감소시켰지만, Bax 발현에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. EGCG는 CoCl_(2)에 의해 야기된 Bcl-2 발현 감소를 억제시켰다. CoCl_(2)는 caspase-3, -8, 그리고 -9의 활성을 증가시켰으며, EGCG는 CoCl_(2)에 의한 세포자멸사를 억제시켰다. 본 실험결과는 PC12 세포에서 CoCl_(2)가 미토콘드리아 의존 및 death receptor의존 기전으로 세포자멸사를 일으키며, EGCG는 세포자멸사기전을 억세지킴으로 신경보호기능을 가짐을 시사하였다.

A field study of colloid transport in surface and subsurface flows

Zhang, Wei,Tang, Xiang-Yu,Xian, Qing-Song,Weisbrod, Noam,Yang, Jae E.,Wang, Hong-Lan Elsevier, etc 2016 Journal of hydrology Vol.542 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Colloids have been recognized to enhance the migration of strongly-sorbing contaminants. However, few field investigations have examined combined colloid transport via surface runoff and subsurface flows. In a headwater catchment of the upper Yangtze River, a 6m (L) by 4m (W) sloping (6°) farmland plot was built by cement walls to form no-flow side boundaries. The plot was monitored in the summer of 2014 for the release and transport of natural colloids via surface runoff and subsurface flows (i.e., the interflow from the soil-mudrock interface and fracture flow from the mudrock-sandstone interface) in response to rain events. The water sources of the subsurface flows were apportioned to individual rain events using a two end-member model (i.e., mobile pre-event soil water extracted by a suction-cup sampler <I>vs</I>. rainwater (event water)) based on <I>δ</I> <SUP>18</SUP>O measurements. For rain events with high preceding soil moisture, mobile pre-event soil water was the main contributor (generally >60%) to the fracture flow. The colloid concentration in the surface runoff was 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than that in the subsurface flows. The lowest colloid concentration was found in the subsurface interflow, which was probably the result of pore-scale colloid straining mechanisms. The rainfall intensity and its temporal variation govern the dynamics of the colloid concentrations in both surface runoff and subsurface flows. The duration of the antecedent dry period affected not only the relative contributions of the rainwater and the mobile pre-event soil water to the subsurface flows but also the peak colloid concentration, particularly in the fracture flow. The <10μm fine colloid size fraction accounted for more than 80% of the total suspended particles in the surface runoff, while the colloid size distributions of both the interflow and the fracture flow shifted towards larger diameters. These results highlight the need to avoid the application of strongly-sorbing agrochemicals (e.g., pesticides, phosphorus fertilizers) immediately before rainfall following a long no-rain period because their transport in association with colloids may occur rapidly over long distances via both surface runoff and subsurface flows with rainfall.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Subsurface flow was apportioned into rainwater and mobile pre-event soil water. </LI> <LI> The duration of no-rain period affects peak colloid concentration. </LI> <LI> Rainfall intensity and its temporal variation govern colloid discharge dynamics. </LI> </UL> </P>

건강한 성인에서 발병한 칸디다와 연관된 위궤양 1례

박지훈,이상혁,김희,이재호,박성재,지삼룡,양성연,박은택,이연재,설상영,정정명,강미선 白中央醫療院 2005 仁濟醫學 Vol.26 No.1

Fungus such as Candida albicans is a normal flora that is frequently found in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, vaginal mucosa in a normal person. However, candida can cause opportunistic infection in an immune compromised host. Candidiasis has broad spectrum of disease from mucocutaneous infection to invasive or disseminated infection. But, it is rarely reported that candida is associaed with gastrointestinal tract disease in a healthy adult. The case of gastric ulcer associated with candida particularly in a health adult is reported with relevant literature.

A. 高校 科學 (生物·地球科學) 및 數學科 探究學習의 評價模型 定立과 評價紙 開發

李相協,權炳奎,林在圭,孫文求,吳岱燮,楊洪準,梁承榮,姜用熙,林成圭,金正遠,金吉民,兪正在 경북대학교 과학교육연구소 1982 科學敎育硏究誌 Vol.6 No.-

Currently the evaluation of high school science and mathematics learning has been too much knowledge-centered without concerning the inquiring ability or scientific attitude. This study, therefore, was made for the purpose of establishing of evaluation model for high school science (biology and earth science) and mathematics learning and its evaluation items. In this paper, the research was done about three fields, biology, earth science and mathematics. 1. For the biology, the evaluation methods of inquiry learning were studied with the foreign references, and proper evaluation items were suggested. 2. For the earth science, after analizing 5 kinds of earth science textbook of current using in high school, essential 19 items were selected. 5 of them were tested in test group and control group, then, the results were analized. 3. For the mathematice, the teaching elements of「Set」and「Flow chart」in mathematics (Ⅰ) were selected and structured. Detailed teaching objects were established and evaluation items were introduced.

봉독약침이 류마티스 관절염 환자의 관절 통증, 종창 및 급성 염증 반응에 미치는 영향

이상훈,이현종,백용현,김수영,박재경,홍승재,양형인,김건식,이재동,최도영,이두익,이윤호 WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2003 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2003 No.-

Objective In order to study the effects of bee venom(BV) on the pain, edema, and acute inflammatory reactant of rheumatoid arthritis(RA) patients. Methods Patients with RA who met the ACR(American College of Rheumatology) 1987 revised criteria for the diagnosis of RA were treated with the BV therapy twice a week for 3 months. Tender Joint counts, swollen joint counts, Visual analog scale(VAS), morning stiffness, ESR. C-reactive protein(CRP) were analyzed before and after BV therapy. Results The results as follows. 1. Tender joint counts in patients after BV therapy were significantly lower than those before BV therapy(9.0±7.9 vs 15± 11.4, p=0.002). 2. Swollen joint counts of the patients after BV therapy were significantly lower than those before BV therapy(50±61 vs 15±23, p=0.001). 3. VAS in patients after BV therapy was significantly lower than those before BV therapy(608± 17.6 vs 380± 159, p=0.000). 4. Duration of morning stiffness in patients after BV therapy was significantly reduced compared with that before BV therapy(119.1± 112.6 min vs 59.0±89.7 min, p=0.009). 5. ESR and CRP were not significantly changed before and after BV therapy, suggesting BV itself could make inflammatory reaction as well as therapeutic effect. Conclusions BV therapy improved tender joint counts, swollen joint counts and duration of morning stiffness in this study, and further study is needed on long-term effect of BV therapy.

봉독약침이 류마티스 관절염 환자의 기능회복 및 삶의 질에 미치는 영향

이상훈,이현종,박상민,김수영,박재경,홍승재,양형인,이재동,최도영,김건식,이두익,이윤호 WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2003 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2003 No.-

Objective: To evaluate the effects of bee venom acupuncture(BVA) on the rehabilitation and quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis(RA) patients Methods: Patients with RA were treated with the BVA therapy twice a week for 3 months. Tender joint counts, swollen joint counts, morning stiffness, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate(ESR), C-reactive protein(CRP), patient global assessment, physician global assessment, Korean health assessment questionnaire(KHAQ) were estimated and analyzed before and after BVA therapy. Results: Tender joint counts, swollen joint counts, morning stiffness showed significant decrease after BVA therapy. But, as acute inflammatory reactants, ESR showed no significant difference and CRP showed significant increase after BVA therapy. Patient global assessment physician global assessment, and KHAQ index showed significant improvement after BVA therapy. Conclusions: BVA therapy can improve rehabilitation and health-related quality of life RA patients as well as clinical symptom and signs. Further study is required in more population with large scale including acute inflammatory reaction of BVA therapy.

Silicone처리 纖維에 관한 硏究 : 水酸基를 갖고 있는 纖維의 개질을 중심으로

梁在乾,韓貞璉,姜斗煥 단국대학교 1980 論文集 Vol.14 No.-

The reactivity of hydroxyl group on PVA film, cotton, and silk with alkoxysilane and acetoxysilane was investigated. The reactivity of hydroxyl group on PVA film was increased in the order of Q_m>T_m>D_m and Q_a>T_a>D_a, and the complex treating agents such as D_m/T_m, D_m/O_m, D_a/T_a, D_a/Q_a to cotton and silk fabrics had superior effect to the simple one, such as D_m, T_m, Q_m, D_a, T_a, Q_a. Silicone contents per square centimeter of sample which has water repellency was 0.1㎎ above in PVA film, and 0.2㎎ above in the fabrics. The reaction was completly carried out under the 150∼170℃.

原子爐心에서 中性子 스펙트럼의 測定 및 解析에 關한 硏究

양재춘 충남대학교 자연과학연구소 1983 忠南科學硏究誌 Vol.10 No.2

The experimental technique and analytical method of the neutron spectra are established in the nuclear reactor core. The activities are measured by irradiation of the various threshold detectors in the reactor core and the neutron energy spectra are obtained by using the SAND-Ⅱ code which is based on the spectrum unfolding method. It is found that the initial neutron spectra must be selected by semi-empirical method because the resulting neutron spectra which are calculated by spectrum unfolding method depend on the initial neutron spectra. The results are compared with the neutron spectra values of General Atomics which is the designer of TRIGA Mark-Ⅲ reactor. It is shown that the two values are closely related.

N-Trimethylsilylpyrrole의 合成과 分解에 관한 硏究

梁在乾 단국대학교 1986 論文集 Vol.20 No.-

N-Trimethylsilylpyrrole has en preparation by the reaction of Potassium pyrrole and trimethylchlorosilane, and pyrrole magnesium iodide and trimethylchlorosilane, and by an exchange reaction between hexamethyldisilazane and pyrrole. N-Trimethylsilylpyrrole has been found to be stable in absolute ethanol; howerer, it undergoes cleavage to pyrrole and silicon derivatives(trimethylsilanol, hexamen1yldisiloxane, or trimethylethoxysilane), in boiling Water, and in refluxing aqueous ethanol. The cleavage reaction is catalyzed by either acid or base. N-Trimethylsilylpyrrole undergoes decomposition. When heated in a sealed tube at 225℃

Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzyme의 Cellulose Acetate Microzone 電氣泳動 및 組織化學的 檢索

楊聖基,金在植,金重明 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1979 慶北醫大誌 Vol.20 No.2

正常 成人의 血淸 ALP 活性은 主 分劃이 α_2 肝分劃이었고, 副 分劃은 α_2 /β骨分劃을 나타내었고 發育期의 小兒에서는 骨分劃이 主 分劃으로 나타났고, 肝分劃은 副 分劃이었으며, 新生兒 臍帶血淸에서는 骨分劃만을 主로 나타내었으며, 胎兒에서는 骨分劃과 가장 移動度가 바른 Alb分劃을 나타내었고, 姙婦의 血淸에서는 骨分劃과 같은 移動度를 보였으나 熱에 安定한 胎盤分劃을 나타내었다. 各種 病患別로 ALP CAM 血淸電氣泳動像에서 肝癌은 主로 肝分劃, 骨分劃 및 α_1分劃을 보였고 急性바이러스性肝炎은 主로 肝分劃, 骨分劃 및 Alb分劃을 나타내었고, Choloangioma는 主로 肝分劃과 骨分劃에 α_1과 Alb分劃을 同時에 나타내어 比較的을 特異하였고, 骨病患에서는 거의 特徵的으로 骨分劃을 나타내었고, 胃腸病患과 肺硬化症에서 드물게 特異的 腸分劃을 타타내었다. L+α_1分劃像을 나타낸 肝癌 69例中 原發性肝癌의 從來의 診斷手段을 통하여 cold area만 시행되었던 例가 35例(50.7%), 符合되었던 例中 cold area에 肝針生檢 또는 肝針吸引細胞診 供行例가 15例(21.7%) 細胞診만 施行된 例가 2例(2.9%)이었으며, 이것은 肝癌에 特異하다고 보았다. 各種 臟器組織의 抽出液에 對한 ALP CAM 電氣泳動像에서 肝臟은 血淸의 肝分劃에 該當되는 肝分劃을, 骨은 骨分劃을, 胎盤은 胎盤分劃을, 腸은 腸分劃을, 그리고 腎臟은 腎分劃을 보여 주었고 腎分劃은 血淸에서 아주 드물게 나타나는 것 같았다. 名種 臟器組織에 있어서 ALPI의 活性度는 凍結簿切標本의 肉眠的 所見으로 胎盤, 肝, 腎, 腸, 脾의 順으로 낮았고, 肉筋은 陰性이었으며, 腎臟은 皮質에만 陽性이었고, 鏡檢으로 肝은 主로 bile canaliculi에 極度의 活性을 보였고 肝細胞內에도 若干 認定되었고, 腎臟은 皮質의 近位曲細尿管上皮細胞屬에 ALP活性을 極度로 나타내었으며, 胎盤은 syncytial troplast에 ALP活性을 極度로 나타내었고, 脾臟은 red pulp의 sinusoid에, 그리고 腸은 粘膜屬에만 中等度로 活性을 나타내었고, 空腸에서는 極度로 ALP活性을 보였다. 白血球增加症 例의 미소백혈구 에는 細胞質內에 多樣하게 顆粒狀의 ALP活性을 보였다. 姙娠週數에 胎盤組織과 姙婦血淸에 對한 ALP CAM 電氣泳動 및 組織化學的 檢索에서 ALP 活性은 共히 姙娠週數에 比例하여 增加하였고 末期에 極度에 達하였다. The cellulose acetate microzone electrophoreses of CAME (ALPI) were performed on the sera and various organ tissues, to estimate the source of ALP in the serum of normal physiological and pathological conditions. On the ALP CAME finding, normal adult serum revealed α_2 fraction(liver)as the major fraction and α_2/βfaction (bone) as minor, However, opposite results were obtained from sera of growing child and newborn infant. Sera of premature infants revealed the fastest moving albumin fraction (Alb) and α_2βfraction, and sera of pregnant women, especially in the third trimester of pregnancy revealed heat stable α_2βfraction (placenta) as the major ones and trace of α_2 fraction as the minor. On the ALPI CAME finding in various diseases, liver and α_1 pattern(L+α_1) mainly confined to hepatoma in 94.0 percent, followed by liver abscess in 88.9%, liver and Alb pattern (L+Alb )to acute viral hepatitis and extrahepatic obstructive jaundice in 100% respectively, liver, Alb and α_1 pattern (L+Alb+α_1)to cholangioma in 87.5% liver and β/γ(intestine) pattern(L+I) only to liver cirrhosis, and liver and bone pattern (L+B) to bone diseases only. Therefore these patterns seemed to be specific in the clinical diagnosis. On the ALP CAME findings of various organ-tissue extracts, liver revealed liver fraction, bone and spleen bone fraction, kidney γ/ fraction (kidney) as well as liver fraction as a minor fraction, placenta heat stable α_2/β(placenta) as a major fraction, intestine of fraction, the lung broad fraction from liver to intestineal fraction. However hepatoma and brain tissues did not showed any fraction at all. On the gross inspection of stained slides of ALP from various organ-tissues, such as placenta of the third thrimester pregnancy, kidney, liver, spleen and lymph node, revealed diffuse and strong activity, lung and thyroid revealed diffuse and moderately strong activities, the mucosa of jejunum and the lobule of the breast, revealed strong activities, the mucosa of stomach, colon, rectum, gall bladder and endometrium moderate activities, muscle did not showed any visible activity. Microscopically the organ-tissue ALP were observed mainly in bile canaliculi and portal triad, syncycial bud and sprout of placenta, mucosal cell of jejunum and around the mucosal cells of stomach, colon, rectum, proximal convoluted tubule of renal cortex, osteoblast, sinusoid of splenic red pulp, around the germinalcenter in lymph node, intima of blood vessel, alreolar cell in lung, colloidal follicle of thyroid gland, and endometriu in. Along with progression of gestational weeks, ALP activities of both serum and placental tissue were increased gradually and reached maximum at 40 weeks gestation. The source of elevation of serum ALP activity seemed to be originated mainly from diseased liver and bone, infrequently from kidney and intestine, and possibly from the other tissues.