영조 초기 안동 지역 남인의 정치적 동향

이재현 ( Lee Jae-hyeon ) 대구사학회 2021 대구사학 Vol.144 No.-

이 논문은 英祖 초기에 안동 지역 남인의 정치활동을 규명한 것이다. 시기적 범위는 영조 즉위 이후부터 대략 辛酉大訓을 전후한 시기까지이며, 지역적 범위는 安東을 중심으로 하되 禮安·英陽·寧海 등 안동 주변 지역 또한 그 대상으로 삼았다. 여기서 지역적 범위는 곧 李玄逸 門人 집단 내 핵심인물들의 거주 범위와 일치한다. 영조는 즉위 이후 탕평책을 추진하였는데, 신유대훈으로 국왕 주도의 탕평 정국이 설립되기까지 乙巳換局, 丁未換局, 戊申亂, 己酉處分, 十九下敎, 混沌開闢, 庚申處分 등 많은 정치적 사건이 발생하였다. 그러나 영남 남인의 경우 숙종 대 甲戌換局 이후로 실각하여 재기하지 못하였고, 이로 인해 영조 초기 정국에서는 중앙 정계에서의 역할이 미미하였다. 더구나 무신란에 연루되면서 지역 전체가 ‘逆鄕’으로 규정될 위험에 처하였다. 이에 통상적으로 영남 남인의 정치적 명분은 무신란으로 인해 완전히 붕괴된 것으로 이해되었다. 그러나 무신란 이후 영조의 배려로 안동을 중심으로 한 일부 영남 남인 인사의 등용이 있었다. 김성탁은 이를 대표하는 인물이다. 하지만 당시 안동 지역 남인들은 이현일의 문인집단으로 서로 얽혀있었고, 이현일의 伸冤이 이루어지지 않는 이상, 언제나 ‘己巳年의 餘黨’으로 낙인될 가능성이 존재하였다. 1737년(영조 13)에 김성탁이 이현일을 伸救하다가 영조의 분노를 사 유배 간 사건은 안동 지역 남인의 취약한 정치적 기반을 단적으로 보여 준다. 김성탁 사건의 파급으로 인해 안동 지역 내에서는 김상헌 서원 건립을 둘러싸고 南·老 간의 향전이 벌어졌다. 안동 지역 내에서 열세에 처했던 노론 측은 官의 지원 아래에 서원 건립을 추진했으나, 남인들이 물리력을 동원하면서 저지하여 서원 건립이 좌절되었다. 영조는 이 사건에서 남인들에게 상대적으로 관대한 처분을 내렸다. 이러한 영조의 태도는 黨論 위에서 君師로 군림하려는 영조의 의도를 보여주는 것이었다. 그러나 이러한 영조의 의도와 배려에도 불구하고 1740년대가 되면 안동 지역 남인의 정치활동은 침체되었고, 이것은 곧 영남 남인의 정치활동의 침체를 의미한다. This study identifies the political activities of Namin in Andong in the early days of King Yeongjo. The period ranges from the time of King Yeongjo's accession to the throne to around the time of Sinyu Daehun. The regional range was centered on Andong and around Andong such as Yean, Yeungyang and Yeunghae. The regional range is in line with the extent to which key figures reside within the Lee Hyeon-il’s followers. King Yeongjo promoted Tangpyeong policy(蕩平策) after his ascension, and many political events took place, including the Eulsa Regime Change in 1725(乙巳換局), Jeongmi Regime Change in 1727(丁未換局), Musin Revolt(戊申亂), Kiyucheobun(己酉處分), Sibguhagyo(十九下敎), Hondongaebyeok(混沌開闢), Gyeongsincheobun(庚申處分), until the establishment of the King-led Tangpyeong regime. However, in the case of Namin group of Yeongnam, he failed to recover after Gabsul Regime Change in 1694(甲戌換局), and thus had little role in the central political circle in the early days of King Yeongjo. Furthermore, relevant to Musin Revolt put the entire region at risk of being defined as "Rebellion." In general, it was understood that the political cause of Namin group of Yeongnamwas completely destroyed due to Musin Revolt. However, Namin group of Yeongnam centered on Andong was appointed because of King Yeongjo's consideration after Musin Revolt. Kim Seong-tak was a representative figure. However, Namin in Andong were intertwined with Lee Hyun-il's followers at that time. If Lee Hyun-il is not innocent, They were always likely to be branded as ‘the remnants of the year of Gisa’. In 1737, Kim Sung-tak's banishment due to Yeongjo's anger while explaining Lee Hyun-il shows the weak political foundation of Namin in Andong. Due to the ripple of the Kim Seong-tak's banishment, there was confrontation between Namin and Noron over the construction of Hagdong Seowon in Andong. Noron, who had a weak power in Andong, pushed for the construction of the Seowon under the support of the government office, but the construction of the Seowon was thwarted by Namin's physical force. King Yeongjo gave relatively lenient treatment to Namin in this case. King Yeongjo's attitude showed King Yeongjo's intention to reign as ‘Master King(君師)’ on the party platform. However, despite King Yeongjo's intentions and consideration, the political activities of Namin in Andong began to stagnate in the 1740s, which meant that the political activities of Namin group of Yeongnam had stagnated. (Department of History, Kyungpook National University / corpseljh@hanmail.net)

순조(純祖)대(1800~1834) 안동지역(安東地域) 유림(儒林)의 정치적 동향

이재현 ( Lee Jae-hyeon ) 경북대학교 퇴계연구소 2016 퇴계학과 유교문화 Vol.59 No.-

이 글은 순조 대 안동지역 유림의 정치적 동향을 살펴보기 위한 목적으로 작성된 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 정조 집권 시 중앙정계에 등용되었던 영남남인이 도태되는 상황을 살펴보았다. 다음으로 1810년대에 병호시비가 촉발되는 과정을 이현일-이상정으로 이어지는 학통과 관련하여 추적하였다. 이후 병호시비가 호계서원을 넘어 지역 내 현안으로 확산되는 과정을 알아보고, 1820년대에 향론의 보합을 위해 어떠한 시도가 있었는지를 살펴보았다. 정조 즉위 이전 중앙정계에서 소외되어 있던 영남남인은 정조가 탕평책을 실시하면서 당시 근기남인의 거두인 채제공의 주선으로 중앙정계의 주변부에 자리 잡을 수 있었다. 하지만 정조가 승하하면서 안동을 중심으로 한 영남남인은 새로운 정치적 상황을 맞이하였다. 순조 대의 영남남인은 중앙정계에서의 존립이 위태로운 상황 속에서, 이와 함께 병호시비라는 내부 분열을 해결해야 하는 과제를 안고 있었다. 병호시비는 호계서원에 이상정을 추향하는 문제를 두고 크게 확산되었다. 호유 측은 자신들의 학맥을 잇는 이상정의 추향을 통해 퇴계의 적전임을 천명하려 하였고, 병유 측은 이를 결사적으로 저지하려 하였다. 이러한 분열 양상은 호계서원을 넘어 다른 지역 내 현안까지 확대되었는데, 그 대표적인 것이 채제공 신원소 문제였다. 1820년대에는 『번암집』 간행작업과 을유도회를 통해 시비를 보합하려는 시도가 있었다. 하지만 끝내 화합에는 실패하였다. 이것은 양측이 당대 정치 현실에 대한 정치적 지향에도 차이가 있었기 때문이었다. 병유 측은 향내 현안 해결을 위해서는 중앙정계와의 연계도 필요하다는 입장이었지만, 호유 측은 정체성을 명확히 하면서 중앙정계에 배타적 입장이었다. 순조 대 안동유림은 중앙정계에서 다시 소외되는 과정 속에서 향론의 분열에 직면하였다. 이에 한 측은 중앙정계와 다각도로 연계를 시도하면서 현안을 해결하려 하였고, 한 측은 정체성을 확고히 하면서 중앙정계에 진출하여 하였다. 이러한 인식 차이로 인해 일련의 보합 시도는 결국 실패하였고, 다음 세대의 과제로 남겨지게 된다. This essay investigates the political trends of the class of Confucian scholars who had inhabited in An-Dong in the reign of Sun-Jo. Firs of all, I show the process that Youngnam Namin lost their power in palace politics, who were appointed in the reign of Jeong-Jo. Secondly, I explain the early process of the Byung-Ho conflict in the frame of the academic line from Lee Hyun-il to Lee Sang-jeong. Finally, I suggest the process which the conflict expanded from between the Byung-san lecture hall and the Ho-gye lecture hall to the provincial society, and the various efforts in order to reconcile this conflict. The Youngnam Namin did not take any posts in the court before the enthronement of King Young-jo. However the King carried into effort the Balancing policy, so that the Youngnam Namin could get some posts in the periphery of the court by the effort of an influential political man, Che Jae-gong, who was the leader of the Gungi Namin The Byung-Ho conflict was trigger by the memorial rite of Lee Sang- jeong. The Confucian scholars who studied in the Ho-gye lecture hall wanted to be the right followers of the Lee Hwang by the memorial rite of Lee Sang-jeong. However, the scholars who studied in the Byung-san lecture hall tried to blocked the try of the opposing party. Although, in the 1820s, there were some kinds of reconciling efforts, the final reconcile was not attained. The reason was that the political aims of two parties were different each other. The Byung-san scholars underlined the collaboration with the court politicians in order to resolve the provincial problem. On the other hand, Ho-gye scholars wanted to took a distance to the court, accenting a specific regional identification. As a result of this difference, the reconcile was failed.

봉독약침이 류마티스 관절염 환자의 관절 통증, 종창 및 급성 염증 반응에 미치는 영향

이상훈,이현종,백용현,김수영,박재경,홍승재,양형인,김건식,이재동,최도영,이두익,이윤호 WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2003 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2003 No.-

Objective In order to study the effects of bee venom(BV) on the pain, edema, and acute inflammatory reactant of rheumatoid arthritis(RA) patients. Methods Patients with RA who met the ACR(American College of Rheumatology) 1987 revised criteria for the diagnosis of RA were treated with the BV therapy twice a week for 3 months. Tender Joint counts, swollen joint counts, Visual analog scale(VAS), morning stiffness, ESR. C-reactive protein(CRP) were analyzed before and after BV therapy. Results The results as follows. 1. Tender joint counts in patients after BV therapy were significantly lower than those before BV therapy(9.0±7.9 vs 15± 11.4, p=0.002). 2. Swollen joint counts of the patients after BV therapy were significantly lower than those before BV therapy(50±61 vs 15±23, p=0.001). 3. VAS in patients after BV therapy was significantly lower than those before BV therapy(608± 17.6 vs 380± 159, p=0.000). 4. Duration of morning stiffness in patients after BV therapy was significantly reduced compared with that before BV therapy(119.1± 112.6 min vs 59.0±89.7 min, p=0.009). 5. ESR and CRP were not significantly changed before and after BV therapy, suggesting BV itself could make inflammatory reaction as well as therapeutic effect. Conclusions BV therapy improved tender joint counts, swollen joint counts and duration of morning stiffness in this study, and further study is needed on long-term effect of BV therapy.

Evaluating Corrosion Resistance of Biomedical Ti-6Al-4 V Alloys Fabricated via Additive Manufacturing Using Electrochemical Critical Localized Corrosion Potential

Jae‑Bong Lee,Dong‑Il Seo,Hyeon‑Yeong Chang 대한금속·재료학회 2021 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.27 No.7

High entropy alloys (HEAs) have received tremendous attention in diferent applications because of their excellent corrosion resistance and superior mechanical properties. In the present work, a novel TiNbMoMnFe high entropy alloy systemwas synthesized and deposited on AISI 316L by DC magnetron sputtering system. The microstructure of the resulting thinflm was evaluated by grazing incidence X-ray difraction and feld emission electron microscope. It was found that the thinflm microstructure is composed of a crystalline solid solution (grain size of 76 nm) and an amorphous phase. The electrochemical investigations in Ringer’s solution revealed that a thin flm of 670 nm thick high entropy alloy has a low corrosioncurrent density of 0.024 μA cm−2, approximately 30% lower than that of the uncoated 316L. Meanwhile, the HEA thin flmshowed the highest pitting corrosion resistance and stability of the passive flm. The wettability examinations exhibited thatthe coated sample has a high contact angle of 90° in contrast to 60° for the uncoated ones. In summary, the TiNbMoMnFehigh entropy alloy thin flm shows great potential for use in biomaterial applications.

가족성 용종증에서 시행한 J형 회장 저장낭-항문 문합술의 수술성적

이현국,박규주,오재환,박재갑,이현국,박규주,오재환,박재갑 대한대장항문학회 1995 Annals of Coloproctolgy Vol.11 No.4

브루셀라균에 노출된 미생물 검사실 직원들에 대한 예방적 항생제 요법과 혈청학적 추적검사

이창섭,이혜수,이재현,박진희,최영실,황규잠,이흥범 대한감염학회 2008 감염과 화학요법 Vol.40 No.2

The aerozolization is one of possible Brucella transmission mechanisms, particularly in air-borne exposed laboratory workers. In this study, seven laboratory workers were potentially exposed to B. abortus via aerosols. Two laboratory workers who sniffed an agar plate several times were considered to be at high risk for acquiring the disease, 5 workers who did not work directly with the strain were be considered at low risk of infection. Prophylactic antibiotics of doxycycline 200 mg/day and rifampin 600 mg/day were offered for 6 weeks in high risk workers and 3 weeks for low risk workers respectively. Enrolled workers were advised to check for serological testing of Brucella species every 3 weeks during a total period of 12 weeks. Compliance with taking medicine was 57.1% (4/7) and compliance for completing the serological tests was 85.7% (6/7). None of the laboratory workers developed clinical disease or tested positive serologically during 3 months of seroloaical testing and 1 year of clinical follow-up.

난소 및 난소 종양 염전의 초음파 소견

오연희,이현경,이원재,이성우,박수성,윤혜원,임문환,심재철,김용탁,김성숙,김정란 동국대학교 경주대학 1993 東國論集 Vol.12 No.-

Acute torsion of the ovary and ovarian mass is a recognized surgical emergency, but rarely has the diagnosis been made preoperatively on the basis of imaging studies. The sonographic findings in 14 cases of surgically proven torsion of the ovary and ovarian mass are described. Mostly cystic ovarian mass, engorged vessel, dilated uterine tube, beak-like echo(torsion site), smooth mass wall thickening an free-fluid collection in cul-de-sac are described. More significant in terms of specificity were the demonstration in 6 cases(42.9%) of the smooth mass wall thickening and in 8 cases(57.1%) of a free fluid in the cul-de-sac. We report the sonographic findings of ovary and ovarian mass torsion that may suggest the preoperative diagnosis of this condition.

신주위 공간 및 요근을 침범한 췌장성 가성낭포 1례 : 진단및 경피적 배액술 Diagnosis and Percutaneous Drainage

이현경,오연희,이원재,한동선,오민구,이성우,박수성 동국대학교 경주대학 1993 東國論集 Vol.12 No.-

Pancretic pseudocyst is a well-known complication of pancreatitis and may occur in unusual locations. Involvement of the left perirenal space and psoas muscle is rare. Radiologic findings and management of a surgically proven case of pancreatic pseudocyst extending to left perirenal space and psoas muscle is described.

약관해석의 원칙

이재현 경상대학교 사회과학연구소 2003 사회과학연구 Vol.21 No.-

Wie die Überschrift des § 4 AGBF (§ 305b BGB n.F.) und § KAGBG ""Vorrang der Individualabrede"", die Entste- hungsgeschichte der koreanischen Vorschrift und der Vergleich des Wortlautes der beiden Vorschriften zeigen, stimmt der sog. ""Grundsatz des Vorrangs der Individual- abrede"" funktional in beiden Rechtsordnungen weitgehend überein. § 5 AGBG (§ 305c Ⅱ BGB n.F.) und § 5 Abs. 2 KAGBG enthalten die ""Unklarheitenregel"". Um zum kundengünstigen Ergebnis zu kommen, gebietet die Unklarheitenregel beider AGB-Gesetze die kundenfreundliche oder kundenfeindliche Bedeutungsalternative danach zu finden, jenachdem, ob die Klausel dem Kunden Rechte gewährt oder beschneidet und ob sie Wirksamkeit oder Unwirksamkeit in Fage kommt. Die nach Erlaß des AGBG in Deutschland herausgebildeten Grundsätze der ""kundenfeindlichen Auslegung"" im Verbands- prozeß können grundsätzlich auch auf Grund der gleichen Zielrichtung der abstrakten Inhaltskontrolle in Korea Anwendung finden. Ausdrücklich regelt das KAGBG in § 5 Abs. 1 weitere Grundsätze der ""objektiven · einheitlichen Auslegung"" der AGB. Danach sind AGB ""nach dem Grundsatz von Treu und Glauben redlich"" (Satz 1) und ""nicht gegenüber jedem einzelnen Kunden unterschiedlich"" (Satz 2) auszulegen. Eine solche gesetzliche Regelung ist im AGBG nicht ausdrücklich erwähnt, dennoch gilt der vor Erlaß des AGBG von der Literatur und Rechtsprechung entwickelte ""Grund- satz der objektiven Auslegung der AGB"" weiter. Bei der Auslegung der AGB kommt es danach, abweichend von der Auslegung der Individualabrede, nicht auf den Willen und die Vorstellungen der konkreten Vertragsparteien, sondern auf die, der an derartigen Geschäften typischerweise betei- ligten Verkehrskreise an. Da der koreanische Gesetzgeber aus dem Charakter der AGB gleicherweise die sog. ""objek- tive Auslegung der AGB"" im Gesetz kodifiziert, liegt ein nennenswerter Unterschied insoweit nicht vor. Entsprechend der spürbaren Tendenz in der deutschen Lehre zur ""Abkehr vom Restriktionsprinzip"", wurde in Korea zu Recht auf die Kodifikation der restriktiven Auslegung von AGB bei dem Gesetzgebungsverfahren verzichtet. Zusammenfassend läßt sich feststellen, daß hinsichtlich der Auslegungsgrundsätze der AGB zwischen beiden Rechtsordnungen kein wesentlicher Unterschied besteht.

풍촌 석회암의 소성에 관한 연구

이재장,노범식,장경호,정수현 강원대학교 석재복합신소재제품연구센터 1997 석재연 논문집 Vol.2 No.-

본 연구는 여러 가지 용도에 적합한 생석회를 생산하기 위하여 풍촌 석회석을 대상으로 소성시험을 하였다. 시료의 형상은 주로 정방형이나 때로는 구형을 나타내며, 배색 내지 회백색을 띈다. 소성시험에 사용한 시료의 크기는 45∼50㎜ 이며, 소화시험에서는 3.3mm(6mesh) 이하로 분쇄하여 소성하였다. 시료의 광물학적 특성을 보기위하여 편광현미경 관찰, X-ray 분석, 열분석을 하였다. 시료는 거의 순수한 CaCO₃이었으며, 600℃ 부터 열분해가 시작되어 850℃에서 완결되었다. 화학분석 결과 CaO 98.27%인 잠재적 순도를 갖는 생석회를 얻을 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 대략 50 ㎜ 정도의 석회석은 전기로의 온도가 실온에서 1,050℃에 도달하였을 때 99%이상이 소성되었다. 이 때 얻어진 생석회는 거의 순 백색이며 갈라짐이 없었다. 소화시험 결과 ASTM C-110에 의하면 반응성이 우수한 생석회인 것을 알 수 있으며, 1분 이내의 상승온도는 63℃ 이었다. In this study, the calcination characteristics of Pungchon limestone was investigated to produce the optimum quick lime for various uses. The shape of limestone sample was mainly cubic, but sometimes longish. Approximate size range for the calcination tests was from 45 to 50 mm. For the slaking test, it was crushed by cobbing method and screened by 3.3 mm(6 mesh) screen. Mineralogical studies of the sample were carried out to investigate textures, X-ray diffraction analysis and thermal analysis. The result of chemical analysis shows a very high grade limestone with a CaO potential of 98.27%. Approximate 50 mm size's of limestone, about 250 g was calcined more than 99% when the calcination temperature arrived at 1,050 ℃ from room temperature in the electric laboratory furnace. Lumpy lime in nearly white colour with nearly no cracks was observed during calcining test. and during calcination process the limestone places kept their shape. Slaking test(ASTM C-110 ) results indicate a high reactivity product. In slaking, a 63℃ temperature rise was achieved within the first one minutes.