수면량과 집중력의 상관관계

김병우,류지근,박우진,박계원,김미정,임지은,백대현,최재덕,최윤호,이가현,이관,김덕수 東國大學校醫學硏究所 2002 東國醫學 Vol.9 No.1

수면, 기억 그리고 학습의 연관성은 실제 매우 복잡하다. 많은 연구에도 불구하고 명확한 연구결과는 아직 없다. 우리는 이 연구에서 평소와는 달리 시험 전날 수면 변화 양상이 집중력에 어느 정도 영향력을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였고, 이를 이용해 효율적인 수면 관리를 할 수 있는 기초자료로 삼고자 하였다. 동국대 의대 본과 1학년생 중 지원자 30명과 본과 2학년생 10명을 대상으로 평상시 상태와 시험 직후 수면이 부족한 상태에서 각각 K-PES TEST를 실시하여 총 8항목에 걸쳐 암기력, 판단력, 단순반응의 변화정도를 검사하였다. 또 설문조사를 병행하여 결과에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 다른 인자들도 파악하였다. 수면량에 대한 부호 숫자 짝짓기(순간 판단력)을 검사한 결과, 인간의 최대 생리학적 기능은 꼭 수면부족에 의해 좌우되는 것은 아니다. 그러나, 수면감소는 피로를 증가시키고, 동기부여를 감소시키나 단, 새로운 사실을 학습하는 데에는 큰 영향을 끼치지 않는다. 즉, 수면부족으로 장시간 깨어있는 것은 정확성과 반응성을 떨어뜨린다. 흡연에 대한 부호 숫자 짝짓기(순간 판단력)을 검사한 결과, 니코틴의 수면에 대한 상호관계는 알려지지 않았고, 인간의 감정이나 의식, 인식에 영향을 주는 것으로 알고있지만, 장기적은 측면에서 흡연이나 알코올은 인식능력과 무관한 것 같다. 카페인에 대한 숫자 외우기(암기력)검사 결과, 카페인은 spacial selective attention에는 특별한 영향을 주지 않지만 지각과정이나 주의 집중에 큰 효과를 주며, 인간의 의식 수행에 긍정적인 효과를 준다. 즉 카페인은 활력, 혼란, 피로상태를 변화시키고 visual analog scales에서 휴식상태에 가까운 양상을 나타낸다. 또 48시간 동안 수면을 취하지 않은 사람에게 카페인은 집중력과 장시간의 좋은 기분을 유지하게 하였다. 그러나 규칙적, 비규칙적으로 먹는 사람간에는 인지수행력의 차이를 보이지 않으며 상용자에서는 상당한 내성이 보인다. 수면패턴에 대한 숫자 더하기(순간 판단력)검사 결과, 집중력은 수면패턴에 의해서도 영향을 받고, 수면패턴이 바뀌게 되면 순간판단력을 저하시킨다. This study was performed to evaluate relationship of sleep and attention, and to control sleep effectively. We conducted a K-PES test of 40 medical students. K-PES contains eight elements, for example, simple response, selective response, color pairing, OddEven discrimination, number addition, number-symbol matching, memory, right-tapping, left tapping. Through these, we tested changes of memory, judgement, simple response. And we conducted a questionnaire survey to exclude bias. Results are as follows. As a results of number-symbol matching test, we know that sleeplessness is not complete responsible for physiologic function for humans. But, decreased sleep increases fatigue and decreases motivation, but no influence on learning new materials. So, long term sleeplessness decreases precision and responsibility. As a results of number-symbol matching test on smoking, a relationship of nicotine and sleep is not certain. A point of view in long term period, smoking and drinking is not related cognition, even if we know that those influence mood, consciousness and cognition. As a results of memory work test on caffeine, caffeine does not influence spacial selective attention, but mainly does perception, attention and consiousness process. Namely caffeine changes energetic activities, chaos, fatigue states and shows resting state in visual analog scales In sleeplessness for 48 hours, caffeine produced attention and good mood for a long time. But, in case of cognitive process no significance shows in regular or irregular diet. Regular diet shows high resistance. As a results of number addition test on sleep patterns, seep patterns influence attention, changes of sleep patterns decrease a moment judgement.

일개 의과대학생의 보완대체의학에 대한 인식 및 태도

김미나,성낙진,박기흠,정휘수,이동욱 동국대학교 의학연구소 2008 東國醫學 Vol.15 No.1

보완대체의학에 대한 사회전반적인 관심은 증가하고 있으나 일반인에게 객관적인 정보를 제공해야 할 의료 관계자들을 교육하는 체계적인 교육과정은 부족한 것이 현실이다. 앞으로 우리나라 의학을 책임질 의과대학생들을 대상으로 보완대체의학에 대한 통합 교육 전의 인식과 태도를 알아보고자 하였다. 2005년 10월 보완대체의학에 대한 의과대학 교육을 받은 적이 없는 일개 의과대학 의학과 전 학년 재학생 217명 중 설문에 참가한 173명을 대상으로 하였다. 자기 기입식 설문지를 이용하여 보완대체의학에 대한 인식도 23문항 및 태도 7문항과 응답자의 일반적 특성을 조사하였다. 인식도는 실무적용, 치료효과, 사회적 관심, 의사소통의 4영역으로 구분하였고, 태도는 응답자의 보완대체의학에 대한 경험과 습득 경로 등을 질문하였다. 보완대체의학의 인식도는 실무적용 2.93±0.70, 치료효과 3.09±0.34, 사회적 관심 3.66±0.56, 의사소통 3.60±0.73으로 실무적용을 제외한 나머지 영역은 긍정적인 태도를 보였다. 그러나 실무적용에서도 의료행위로의 개발 3.37±0.92 및 적용가능성3.29+0.97에 긍정적인 평가를 하였다. 태도 설문에서는 응답자의 92.5%가 보완대체의학을 들어보았으나 배운 경우는 19.7%에 불과하고 그 조차도 체계적인 과정이 아닌 경로가 대부분이었다. 치료는 61.3%가 의사와 상의하고 63.3%는 병원치료와 병행해야 한다고 응답하였다. 응답자의 일반적 특성에 따른 차이는 없었다. 의과대학생은 보완대체의학에 대한 교육과정을 받지 않았음에도 높은 사회적인 관심을 잘 인지하고 있었다. 또한 그 내용과 가치에 대해 어느 정도 인정하고 의사소통의 필요성 및 의료행위로의 개발가능성에도 우호적인 태도를 보였다. 그러나 아직 정립되지 않은 보완대체의학을 독단으로 사용하기보다는 의료인의 조언을 얻어 기존의 현대의학과 병행하여 이용하는 것이 바람직하다고 하였고 의료행위로의 개발 및 적용 가능성에도 높은 관심을 보였다. There are growing interest in the Complementary and Alternative Medicine(CAM) in the entire society while few physicians are provided systematic education about the CAM. The purpose of this research is to find out the recognition and attitude toward the CAM of the medical students. This survey was performed on October 2005, for 173 students in the medical school who have never experienced the education about the CAM. Using the self-written type of questionnaire, it examined their recognition toward the CAM through 23 questions, their attitude with 7 questions. The recognition was classified into 4 areas such as application, therapeutic effect, social interest and communication. The recognition for the CAM showed that application was 2.93±0.70, therapeutic effect was 3.09±0.34, social interest was 3.66±0.56 and was 3.60±0.73, all indicating the positive attitude except for application. However, application also showed the positive evaluation in the development possibility 3.37±0.92 and applicable possibility 3.29±0.97 as the medical activities. The attitude questionnaire showed that 92.5% had ever heard about the CAM while the learned experience was only 19.7% and all of which were not acquired through the systemic curriculum. The medical students were aware well of the high social interests even though they have not formally received any education courses of the CAM. In addition, they showed positive attitude about its value and contents, the possible development as the medical activities and necessary communications. However, most of them didn't recognize the CAM as an independent medicine.

『 변증기문 (辨證奇聞) 』 의 의학적 특징에 관한 고찰 - 상한문을 (傷寒門) 중심으로 -

이원석(Won Suk Lee),박선동(Sun Dong Park),박원환(Won Hwan Park),김준기(Jun Ki Kim),김종대(Jong Dae Kim) 동국대학교 한의학연구소 1998 東國韓醫學硏究所論文集 Vol.6 No.2

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순우의 (淳于意) 의학사상 고찰 - < 사기 창공전 > 을 중심으로 -

박현국(Hyun Guk Park),김부환(Bu Hwan Kim) 동국대학교 한의학연구소 1993 동국한의학연구소 논문집 Vol.2 No.2

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우이의 (尤怡) 의학사상에 관한 연구

박현국(Hyun Guk Park),정성채(Sung Che Jung),김기욱(Ki Wook Kim) 동국대학교 한의학연구소 1997 東國韓醫學硏究所論文集 Vol.6 No.1

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태평경에 (太平經) 나타난 의학사상에 관한 연구

박성범(Sung Bum Park),박현국(Hyun Guk Park) 동국대학교 한의학연구소 1993 동국한의학연구소 논문집 Vol.2 No.2

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일본 '고증파(考證派)' 의학에 관한 연구

朴炫局 ( Park Hyun-kuk ),金基郁 ( Kim Ki-wook ) 동국대학교 한의학연구소 2008 東國韓醫學硏究所論文集 Vol.11 No.-

1.The 'Kao Zheng Pai'(考證派) comes from the 'Zhe Zhong Pai(折衷派)' and is a school that is influenced by the confucianism of the Qing dynasty. In Japan Inoue Kinga(井上金峨 いのうえきん が), Yoshida Koton(古田篁墩 よしだこうとん 1745~1798) became central members, and the rise of the methodology of historical research(考證學) influenced the members of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', and the trend of historical research changed from confucianism to medicine, making a school of medicine based on the study of texts and proving that the classics were right. 2. Based on the function of 'Nei Qu Li'(內驅力) the 'Kao Zheng Pai', in the spirit of 'use confucianism as the base', researched letters, meanings and historical origins. Because they were influenced by the methodology of historical research(考證學) of the Qing era, they valued the evidential research of classic texts, and there was even one branch that did only historical research, the 'Rue Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(儒學考證派). Also, the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(醫學考證派) appeared by the influence of Yoshida Kouton and Kariya Ekisai(狩谷掖齋 かりやえきさい). 3. In the 'Kao Zheng Pai(考證派)'s theories and views the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai' did not look at medical scriptures like the Huang Di Nei Jing(黃帝內經) and did not do research on 'medical' related areas like acupuncture, the meridian and medicinal herbs. Since they were doctors that used medicine, they naturally were based on 'formulas'(方劑) and since their thoughts were based on the historical ideologies, they valued the Shang Han Ja Bing Lun which was revered as the 'ancestor of all formulas'(衆方之祖). 4. The lives of the important doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai' Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢) Yamada Seichin(山田正珍), Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Mori Ritsi(森立之) Kitamura Naohara(喜多村直寬) are as follows. 1) Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢 めぐろどたく1739~1798) was born of lowly descent but, using his intelligence and knowledge, became a professor as a Shi Jing Yi(市井醫) and as a professor for 34 years at Ji Shou Guan(蹟壽館) mastered the Huang Di Nei Jing after giving over 300 lectures. Since his pupil, Isawara Ken(伊澤蘭軒 いさゎらんけん) taught the Lan Men Wu Zhe(蘭門五哲) and Shibue Chusai(澀江抽齋 しぶぇちゅぅさぃ), Mori Ritsi(森立之 もりりっし), Okanishi Gentei(岡西玄亭 おかにしげんてぃ), Kiyokawa Gendoh(淸川玄道 きょかゎげんどぅ) and Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣 ゃまだぎょぅこぅ), Meguro Dotaku is considered the founder of the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'. 2) The family of Yamada Seichin(山田正珍 ゃまげ せぃちん 1749~1787) had been medical officials in the Makufu(幕府) and the many books that his ancestors had left were the base of his art. Seichin learned from Shan Ben Bei Shan(山本北山), a 'Zhe Zhong Pai' scholar, and put his efforts into learning, teaching and researching the Shang Han Lun(傷寒論). Living in a time between 'Gu Fang Pai'(古方派) member Nakanishi Goretada(中西惟忠 なかにしこれただ) and 'Kao Zheng Pai' member Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡 たき もとひろ), he wrote 11 books, 2 of which express his thoughts and research clearly, the Shang Han Lun Ji Cheng(傷寒論集成) and Shang Han Kao(傷寒考). His comparison of the 'six meridians'(3 yin, 3 yang) between the Shang Han Lun and the Su Wen Re Lun(素問熱論) and his acknowledgement of the need and rationality of the concept of Yin-Yang and Deficient-Replete distinguishes him from the other 'Gu Fang Pai'. Also, his dissertation of the need for the concept doesn't use the theories of latter schools but uses the theory of the Shang Han Lun itself. He even researched the historical parts, such as terms like 'Shen Nong Chang Bai Cao'(神農嘗百草) and 'Cheng Qi Tang'(承氣湯). 3) The ancestor of Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣 ゃまだぎょぅこぅ) was a court physician, and learned confucianism from Kao Zheng Pai's Ashikawa Genan(朝川善庵 ぁさかゎぜんぁん) and medicine from Isawa Ranken(伊澤蘭軒 ぃさゎらんけん) and Taki Motokata(多紀元堅 たきもとかた), and the secret to smallpox from Ikeda Keisui(池田京水 ぃけだけぃすぃ). He later became a lecturer at the Edo Yi Xue Guan(醫學館〉and was invited as the director to the Ji Zhong(濟衆)hospital. He also became the first owner of the Wen Zhi She(溫知社), whose main purpose was the revival of kampo, and launched the monthly magazine Wen Zi Yi Tan(溫知醫談). He also diagnosed and prescribed for the prince Ming Gong(明宮) His works include the 『Jing Fang Bian』(『經方辨』), 『Shang Han Lun Si C』 (『傷寒論釋詞』), 『Huang Zhao Zhu Jia Zhi Yan Ji Yao』(『皇朝諸家治驗集要』)and 『Shang Han Ja Bing Lun Lei Juan』 (『傷寒雜病論類籍』). of these, the 『Jing Fang Bian』(『經方辨』) states that the Shi Gao(石膏)used in the 『Shang Han Lun』 had three meanings-Fa Biao(發表), Qing Re(淸熱), Zi Yin(滋陰)-which were from ‘symptoms’, and first deducted the effects and then told of the reason. Another book, the 『Jiu Zhe Tang Du Shu Ji』 (『九折堂讀書記』) researched and translated the difficult parts of the 『Shang Han Lun』, 『Jin Qui Yao Lue』(『金匱要略』), 『Qian Jin Fangj(『千金方』), and 『Wai Tai Mi Yao』(『外臺秘要』). He usually analyzed the 'symptoms' of diseases but the composition, measurement, processing and application of medicine were all in the spectrum of 'analystic research’ and 'researching analysis’. 4)The ancestors of Mori Ritsi(森立之 もりりっし 1807 ~1885) were warriors but he became a doctor by the will of his mother, and he learned from Shibue Chosai(澁江抽齋 しぶぇ ちゅぅさぃ) and Isawaran Ken(伊澤蘭軒 ぃさゎらんけん) and later became a pupil of Shou Gu Yi Zhai(狩谷被齋), a historical research scholar. He then became a lecturer of medical herbs at the Yi Xue Guan, and later participated in the proofreading of 『Yi Xin Fang』(『醫心方』) and with Chosai compiled the 『Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi』 『經籍訪占志』). He visited the Chinese scholar Yang Shou Jing(楊守敬)in 1881 and exchanged books and ideas. Of his works, there are the collections(輯複本)of 『Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing』(『神農本草經』) and 『You Xiang Yi hwa』(『遊相醫話』) and the records, notes, poems, and diaries such as 『Zhi Yuan Man Lu』『積園漫錄』) and 『Zhi Yuan Sui Bi』(『積園隨筆』) that were not published. His thoughts were that in restoring the 『Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing』, “the herb to the doctor is like the 『Shuo Wen Jie Zi』 (『說文解字』) to the scholar”, and he tried to restore the ancient herbal text using knowledge of medicine and investigation(考據). Also with Chosai he compiled the 『Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi』(『經籍訪古志』) using knowledge of ancient text. Ritzi left works on pure investigation, paid much attention to social problems, and through 12 years of poverty treated all people and animals in all branches of medicine, so he is called a ‘half confucianist half doctor’(半儒半醫). 5)Kitamurana Ohira(喜多村直寬 きたむらぢひら 1804~1876) learned scriptures and ancient texts from confucian scholar Asaka Gonsai(安積艮齋 あさかこんさぃ), and learned medicine from his father Huai Yaun(槐圓). He became a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan in his middle ages, and to repay his country, he printed 266 volumes of 『Yi Fang Lei Ju』 (『醫方類聚』) and 1000 volumes of 『Tai Ping Yu Lan』 (『太平製覽』) and devoted it to his country to be spread. His works are about 40 volumes including 『Jin Qui Yao Lue Shu Yi』 (『金匱要略疏義』) and 『Lao Yi Zhi Yan』 (『老醫巵言』) but most of them are researches on the 『Shang Han Za Bing Lun』. In his 『Shang Han Lun Shu Yi』 (『傷寒論疏義』)he shows the concept of the six meridians through the Yin-Yang, Superficial or internal, cold or hot, deficient or replete state of diseases, but did not match the names with the six meridians of the meridian theory, and this has something in common with the research based on the Confucianism of Song(宋儒). In clinical treatment he was positive toward old and new methods and also the experience of civilians, but was negative toward western medicine. 6) The ancestor of the Taki family Tanbano Yasuyori(丹波康賴 たんばのゃょり 1912 ~ 955) became a Yi Bo Shi(醫博士)by his medical skills and compiled the 『Yi Xin Fang』(『醫心方』). His first son Tanbano Shigeaki(丹波重明 たんばのしげあき) inherited the Shi Yao Yuan(施藥院) and the third son Tanbano Masatada(丹波雅忠 たんばのまさただ) inherited the Dian You Tou(典麴頭). Masatada's descendents succeeded him for 25 generations until the family name was changed to Jin Bao(金保) and five generations later it was changed again to Duo Ji(多紀). The research scholar Taki Motohiro was in the third generation alter the last name was changed to Taki, and his family kept an important part in the line of medical officers in Japan. Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡 たき もとひろ 1755-1810) was a teacher in the Yi Xae Guan where his father was residing, and became the physician for the general Jia Qi(家齊). He had a short temper and was not good at getting on in the world, and went against the will of the king and was banished from Ao Yi Shi(奧醫師). His most famous works, the 『Shang Han Lun Ji Yi』 (『傷寒論輯義』) and 『Jin Qui Yao Lue Ji Yi』 (『金匱要略輯義』) are the work of 20 years of collecting the theories of many schools and discussing, and is one of the most famous books on the 『Shang Han Lun』 m Japan. 『Yi Sheng』 (『醫勝』) is a collection of essays on research. Also there are the 『Su Wen Shi』 (『素問識』), 『Liag Shu Shi』 (『靈樞識』), and the 『Guan Ju Fang Yao Bu』 (『觀聚方要補』) Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡 たき もとひろ)’s position was succeeded by his third son Yuan Yin(元胤 1789~1827), and his works include works of research such as 『Nan Jing Shu Jeng』 (『難經疏證』), 『Ti Ya』 (『體雅』), 『Yao Ya』 (『藥雅』), 『Ji Ya』 (『疾雅』 『Ming Yi Gong An』 (『名醫公案』), and 『Yi Ji Kao』 (『醫籍考』). The 『Yi Ji Kao』 is 80 volumes in length and lists about 3000 books on medicine in China before the Qing Dao Guang(道光), and under each title are the origin, number of volumes, state of existence, and, if possible, the preface, Ba Yu(跋語)and biography of the author. The younger sibling of Yuan Yin(元亂 1789-1827), Yuan Jian(元堅 1795~1857) expounded ancient writings at the Yi Xue Guan only after he reached middle age, was chosen for the Ao Yi Shi(奭緣師)and later became a Fa Yan(法眼), Fa Yin(法印) and Yu Chi(禦匙). He left about 15 texts, including『Su Wen Shao Shi』(『素問紹識』), 『Yi Xin Fang』『醫心方』), published in school, 『Za Bing Guang Yao』 (『雜病廣要』), 『Shang Han Guang Yao』 (『傷寒廣要』), and 『Zhen Fu Yao Jue』 (『診腹要訣』). On the Taki family's founding and working of the Yi Xue Guan Yasuka Doumei(矢數道明 ゃかずどぅめぃ) said they were “the people who took the initiative in Edo era kampo medicine” and evaluated their deeds In the fields of ‘research of ancient text’, ‘the founding of Ji Shou Guan(蹟壽館)and medical education’, ‘publication business', ‘writing of medical text’. 5. The doctors of the ‘Kao Zheng Pai’ based their operations on the Edo Yi Xue Guan, and made groups with people with similar ideas to them, making a relationship ‘net’. For example the three families of Duo Ji(多紀), Tang Chuan(湯川)and Xi Duo Cun(喜多村)married and adopted with and from each other and made prefaces and epitaphs for each other Thus, the Taki family, the state science of the Makufu, the tendency of thinking, one's own interests and glory, one's own knowledge, the need of the society all played a role in the development of kampo medicine in the 18th and 19th century.

일본 '고증파(考證派)' 의학에 관한 연구

박현국,김기욱,Park, Hyun-Kuk,Kim, Ki-Wook 동국대학교 한의학연구소 2008 東國韓醫學硏究所論文集 Vol.10 No.-

1.The 'Kao Zheng Pai'(考證派) comes from the 'Zhe Zhong Pai(折衷派)' and is a school that is influenced by the confucianism of the Qing dynasty. In Japan Inoue Kinga(井上金峨), Yoshida Koton(古田篁墩 $1745{\sim}1798$) became central members, and the rise of the methodology of historical research(考證學) influenced the members of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', and the trend of historical research changed from confucianism to medicine, making a school of medicine based on the study of texts and proving that the classics were right. 2. Based on the function of 'Nei Qu Li'(內驅力) the 'Kao Zheng Pai', in the spirit of 'use confucianism as the base', researched letters, meanings and historical origins. Because they were influenced by the methodology of historical research(考證學) of the Qing era, they valued the evidential research of classic texts, and there was even one branch that did only historical research, the 'Rue Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(儒學考證派). Also, the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(醫學考證派) appeared by the influence of Yoshida Kouton and Kariya Ekisai(狩谷掖齋). 3. In the 'Kao Zheng Pai(考證派)'s theories and views the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai' did not look at medical scriptures like the "Huang Di Nei Jing"("黃帝內經") and did not do research on 'medical' related areas like acupuncture, the meridian and medicinal herbs. Since they were doctors that used medicine, they naturally were based on 'formulas'(方劑) and since their thoughts were based on the historical ideologies, they valued the "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun" which was revered as the 'ancestor of all formulas'(衆方之祖). 4. The lives of the important doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai' Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢) Yamada Seichin(山田正珍), Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Mori Ritsi(森立之) Kitamura Naohara(喜多村直寬) are as follows. 1) Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢 $1739{\sim}1798$) was born of lowly descent but, using his intelligence and knowledge, became a professor as a Shi Jing Yi(市井醫) and as a professor for 34 years at Ji Shou Guan(躋壽館) mastered the "Huang Di Nei Jing" after giving over 300 lectures. Since his pupil, Isawara Ken(伊澤蘭軒) taught the Lan Men Wu Zhe(蘭門五哲) and Shibue Chusai(澀江抽齋), Mori Ritsi(森立之), Okanishi Gentei(岡西玄亭), Kiyokawa Gendoh(淸川玄道) and Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Meguro Dotaku is considered the founder of the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'. 2) The family of Yamada Seichin(山田正珍 $1749{\sim}1787$) had been medical officials in the Makufu(幕府) and the many books that his ancestors had left were the base of his art. Seichin learned from Shan Ben Bei Shan(山本北山), a 'Zhe Zhong Pai' scholar, and put his efforts into learning, teaching and researching the "Shang Han Lun"("傷寒論"). Living in a time between 'Gu Fang Pai'(古方派) member Nakanishi Goretada(中西惟忠) and 'Kao Zheng Pai' member Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡), he wrote 11 books, 2 of which express his thoughts and research clearly, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Cheng"("傷寒論集成") and "Shang Han Kao"("傷寒考"). His comparison of the 'six meridians'(3 yin, 3 yang) between the "Shang Han Lun" and the "Su Wen Re Lun"("素問 熱論") and his acknowledgement of the need and rationality of the concept of Yin-Yang and Deficient-Replete distinguishes him from the other 'Gu Fang Pai'. Also, his dissertation of the need for the concept doesn't use the theories of latter schools but uses the theory of the "Shang Han Lun" itself. He even researched the historical parts, such as terms like 'Shen Nong Chang Bai Cao'(神農嘗百草) and 'Cheng Qi Tang'(承氣湯). 3) The ancestor of Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣) was a court physician, and learned confucianism from Kao Zheng Pai's Ashikawa Genan(朝川善庵) and medicine from Isawa Ranken(伊澤蘭軒) and Taki Motokata(多紀元堅), and the secret to smallpox from Ikeda Keisui(池田京水). He later became a lectu

일본(日本) 의학(醫學)의 '절충파(折衷派)'에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)

박현국,김기욱,Park, Hyun-Kuk,Kim, Ki-Wook 동국대학교 한의학연구소 2008 東國韓醫學硏究所論文集 Vol.10 No.-

The outline and characteristics of the important doctors of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai'(折衷派) are as follows. Part 1. In the late Edo(江戶) period The 'Zhe Zhong Pai', which tried to take the theory and clinical treatment of the 'Hou Shi Pai (後世派)' and the 'Gu Fang Pai(古方派)' and get their strong points to make treatments perfect, appeared. Their point was 'The main part is the art of the ancients, The latter prescriptions are to be used'(以古法爲主, 後世方爲用) and the "Shang Han Lun(傷寒論)" was revered for its treatments but in actual use it was not kept at that. As mentioned above The 'Zhe Zhong Pai' viewed treatments as the base, which was the view of most doctors in the Edo period. However, the reason the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' is not valued as much as the 'Gu Fang Pai' by medical history books in Japan is because the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' does not have the substantiation or uniqueness of the 'Gu Fang Pai', and also because the view of 'gather as well as store up'(兼收並蓄) was the same as the 'Kao Zheng Pai'. Moreover, the 'compromise'(折衷) point of view was from taking in both Chinese and western medical knowledge systems(漢蘭折衷). Generally the pioneer of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' is seen as Mochizuki Rokumon(望月鹿門) and after that was Fukui Futei(福井楓亭), Wadato Kaku(和田東郭), Yamada Seichin(山田正珍) and Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡). Part 2. The lives of Wada Tokaku(和田東郭), Nakagame Kinkei(中神琴溪), Nei Teng Xi Zhe(內藤希哲), the important doctors of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', are as follows. First Wada Tokaku(和田東郭, 1743-1803) was born when the 'Hou Shi Pai' was already declining and the 'Gu Fang Pai' was flourishing and learned medicine from a 'Hou Shi Pai' doctor, Hu Tian Xu Shan(戶田旭山) and a 'Gu Fang Pai' doctor, Yoshimasu Todo(吉益東洞). He was not hindered by 'the old ways(古方)' and did not lean towards 'the new ways(後世方)' and formed a way of compromise that 'looked at hardness and softness as the same'(剛柔相摩) by setting 'the cure of the disease' as the base, and said that to cure diseases 'the old way' must be used, but 'the new way' was necessary to supplement its shortcomings. His works include "Dao Shui Suo Yan(導水瑣言)", "Jiao Chiang Fang Yi Je(蕉窗方意解)" and "Yi Xue Sho(醫學說)". Second. Nakagame Kinkei(中神琴溪, 1744-1833) was famous for leaving Yoshimasu Todo(吉益東洞) and changing to the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', and in his early years used qing fen(輕粉) to cure geisha(妓女) of syphilis. His argument was "the "Shang Han Lun" must be revered but needs to be adapted", "Zhong Jing can be made into a follower but I cannot become his follower", "the later medical texts such as "Ru Men Shi Qin(儒門事親)" should only be used for its prescriptions and not its theories". His works include "Shang Han Lun Yue Yan(傷寒論約言)". Third, Nei Teng Xi Zhe(內藤希哲, 1701-1735) learned medicine from Qing Shui Xian Sheng(淸水先生) and went out to Edo. In his book "Yi Jing Jie Huo Lun(醫經解惑論)" he tells of how he went from 'learning'(學) to 'skepticism'(惑) and how skepticism made him learn in 'the six skepticisms'(六惑). In the latter years Xi Zhe(希哲) combines the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing(神農本草經)", the main text for herbal medicine, "Ming Tang Jing(明堂經)" of accupuncture, basic theory texts "Huang Dui Nei Jing(皇帝內經)" and "Nan Jing(難經)" with the "Shang Han Za Bing Lun", a book that the 'Gu Fang Pai' saw as opposing to the rest, and became 'an expert of five scriptures'(五經一貫). Part 3. Asada Showhaku(淺田宗伯, 1815-1894) started medicine at Zhong Cun Zhong Zong(中村中倧) and learned 'the old way'(古方) from Yoshimasu Todo and got experience through Ouan Yue(川越) and Fu Jing(福井) and received teachings in texts, history and Wang Yangmin's principles(陽明學) fmm famous teachers. Showhaku(倧伯) meets a medical official of the makufu(幕府), Be

국제약물역학회와 국제약물감시학회가 공인한 약물 유해 사례 보고 권장 지침 소개

이진호 동국대학교 의학연구소 2009 東國醫學 Vol.15 No.2

약물유해사례는 의료인이 환자를 보는 중에 의약품과 유해사례 간의 인과적 관련성을 의심하는 경우 보고하거나, 식품의약품안전청과 같은 규제기관에 의무적으로 보고하는 것 이외에, 생의학 학술지에 투고할 수도 있다. 이처럼 생의학 학술지에 출판된 유해사례보고는 임상적으로 중요한 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 하지만, 학술지에 발표된 유해사례보고의 완결성에는 상당한 차이가 있고, 자료의 해석에도 한계가 맡다. 수차례 국제적인 노력이 있었지만, 최근까지도 다수의 주요 학술지 에서 유해사례보고에 필요한 최소한의 요구사항만을 제시할 뿐, 일부 학술지 에서는 아직까지도 전혀 제시하지 않고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 보다 원활한 약물 안정성 연구를 위하여 약물유해사례 보고를 보다 체계적이며 적절하게 진행할 지침의 보완이 필요하게 되 어,2004년 국제약물역학회 이사회에서는 실무팀을 구성하여, 1966년부터 2005년 사이 문헌을 검토한 후 이 지침서를 만들었고, 국제약물역학회와 국제약물감시학회는 공동으로 이 지침을 공인하였다. 그리고 생의학 학술지와 학술지 편집자들이 본 지침을 적용하고, 의과대학, 약학대학, 간호대학에서는 교과과정에 포함시킬 것을 당부하였다. 이에 대한약물역학위해 관리학회는 이 권고 지침을 한글로 번역하게 되었고, 저자는 이를 일부 수정하여 소개하고자 한다. The adverse effects of drug and medical products are increasing, which make publication of case reports about suspected adverse effects important for postmarketing surveillance. Publication leads important signals raised in these adverse event reports. But incomplete informations in published cases can often limit the value of such reports by failing to provide sufficient data for causal relationship assessment, or a reasonable pharmacological or biological explanation. Also, many major journals have minim리 requirements for publishing adverse event case reports, and some have none at all. Therefore the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology (ISPE) and the International Society of Pharmacovigilance (ISoP) summarized the guidelines for submitting adverse event report for publication to complete data for next study and making crucial decision, and urge biomedical journals to adopt these guidelines and apply them to case report submission for publication. The Korean Society of Pharmacoepidemiology and Risk Management (KoPERM) translated this guidelines to spread in Korea. So, I introduce this guidelines in the summarized mode with a little modification.