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Study on the Circuit Performance of Various Interconnect Metal Materials in the Latest Process Nodes
Moonjeong Choi,Juhwan Park,Seoungyeol Choi,Kyungbae Kwon,Yeji Lee,Wonyeong Jang,Jongwook Jeon 대한전자공학회 2023 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.23 No.4
In this work, circuit-level benchmarks were performed on Copper(Cu), Tungsten(W), Cobalt(Co), Ruthenium(Ru), and Doped-multilayer-graphene (DMLG), which are various metallic material options applicable to the wire process at the late semiconductor process nodes. For the transistor, a multi-nanosheet field-effect-transistor (mNS-FET) with gate-all-around (GAA) technology was used, and the power and performance characteristics of the inverter ring oscillator circuit were analyzed assuming a 3 nm process node. In addition, various wire metal options for circuit layout were evaluated by varying fan-out number and wire length. As a result, the speed is fastest for Co and the speed reduction is smallest for DMLG in FO1 50CPP.
Angular Dependence of Transverse-Type Hall Magnetoresistance with Non-saturated Magnetization
Minh Thanh Vu,Seongbin Seo,Wonyeong Choi,Jungmin Park,Ah-Yeon Lee,Thanh-Huong Thi Nguyen,Sanghoon Kim 한국자기학회 2023 Journal of Magnetics Vol.28 No.4
Transverse-type magnetoresistances such as spin Hall magnetoresistance and orbital Hall magnetoresistance are phenomena where the resistance of a bilayer consisting of a ferromagnet (FM) and a non-magnetic metal (NM) changes due to the absorption and reflection of a spin current at the interface. However, accurately evaluating the transverse MRs through angular dependence experiments becomes non-reliable when the magnetization of the system is not fully saturated, often leading to underestimation. Here, we proposed a fitting method that utilizes the standard expression for the total energy of the magnetic system to extract the MR value more accurately. By applying this method to determine the MR amplitude in the Cr/Fe bilayer system, we demonstrate that the extracted MR values in non-saturated cases are in good agreement with that obtained when the magnetization is fully saturated. Our method could be applicable to obtain precise MR values for other systems with similar properties, which is also useful for their further investigations.
Seo, Yelim,Kim, Young-Won,Lee, Donghee,Kim, Donghyeon,Kim, Kyoungseo,Kim, Taewoo,Baek, Changyeob,Lee, Yerim,Lee, Junhyeok,Lee, Hosung,Jang, Geonwoo,Jeong, Wonyeong,Choi, Junho,Hwang, Doegeun,Suh, Jung The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2021 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.25 No.2
Far-infrared rays (FIR) are known to have various effects on atoms and molecular structures within cells owing to their radiation and vibration frequencies. The present study examined the effects of FIR on gene expression related to glucose transport through microarray analysis in rat skeletal muscle cells, as well as on mitochondrial biogenesis, at high and low glucose conditions. FIR were emitted from a bio-active material coated fabric (BMCF). L6 cells were treated with 30% BMCF for 24 h in medium containing 25 or 5.5 mM glucose, and changes in the expression of glucose transporter genes were determined. The expression of GLUT3 (Slc2a3) increased 2.0-fold (p < 0.05) under 5.5 mM glucose and 30% BMCF. In addition, mitochondrial oxygen consumption and membrane potential (ΔΨm) increased 1.5- and 3.4-fold (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001), respectively, but no significant change in expression of Pgc-1a, a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, was observed in 24 h. To analyze the relationship between GLUT3 expression and mitochondrial biogenesis under FIR, GLUT3 was down-modulated by siRNA for 72 h. As a result, the ΔΨm of the GLUT3 siRNA-treated cells increased 3.0-fold (p < 0.001), whereas that of the control group increased 4.6-fold (p < 0.001). Moreover, Pgc-1a expression increased upon 30% BMCF treatment for 72 h; an effect that was more pronounced in the presence of GLUT3. These results suggest that FIR may hold therapeutic potential for improving glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function in metabolic diseases associated with insufficient glucose supply, such as type 2 diabetes.