호흡 부전을 동반한 급성 자율-감각신경병증 1예

박경필,안규환,김은주,김대성,정대수,박규현,김매자 대한신경과학회 1999 대한신경과학회지 Vol.17 No.5

投入-産出 및 資源利用의 代替關係에 關한 硏究

李弼圭,李正漢 全南大學校 農漁村開發硏究所 1965 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.3 No.-

Recently, various fertilizer and compost have been adopted increasingly in Korean agriculture. According to the Agricultural Almanac, 1964, the amount of chemical fertilizer consumed to both upland and paddy field increased by 2,3 time as 1,224,224 metric tons than 529,333 metric tons in 1948, and barnyard manure or compost amounted to 23,975,903 metric tons. By quantity chemical fertilizer elements, nitrogen was applied 179,789 metric tons, phosphate 150,970 metric tons, and potassium 41,003 metric tons in 1964. It consists of these percentages as followings; N; 48.4%, P2O5: 40.6% and K₂O: 11.0%, respectively. There rise therefore, some problems such as substitution of organic manure for chemical fertilizer, and economic optimum of input-output level. Indeed, how to use both fertilizer and manure effectively and economically poses a big problem for Korean farmers. 1. PURPOSES OR OBJECTIVES In those view points above-mentioned, this economic analysis takes up the factor-factor or resource substitution relationships as its subject, and aims to find out the barley iso-quants (iso-product contour line), isoclines, fertilizer demand function, and supply function of naked barley in its production by means of introducing the production surface function applied to chemical nitrogen and compost. 2. SOURCE OF DATA AND METHODS OF STUDY The data analyzed in this study are the average of 3-years observations obtained from 1963 to 1965 at the experimental farm of the Agricultural College, Chonnam National University, as shown in the Table 1. This Experiment has been performed on the upland of semiclayey soil lacking humus, of which before-culture crop was sweet-potatoes, and adopted with To-won variety of naked barley recommended by Chonnam Provincial Office of Rural Development. Also, the whole experiment field has been arrangd by 49 unit plots, appling additional nitrogen and compost increasingly from 0.25 Kwan to 1.75 Kwan unit to 7 steps of plot, respectively, as shown in the Table 1, with 2 replications. Besides, phosphate 1.5Kwan, potasium 1.5 Kwan and limestone 25 Kwan have been applied equally on the whole experiment field. Cultivation methods in this experiment was based upon the reommendation of Chonnam P.O.R.D. Table 1. Design of Experiment for Naked Barley and yield(Kgs) of Naked Barley per 10a for Specified Nitrogen and Compost Application, Agricultural College, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, Korea, 1963-1965. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ?? Chemical Fertilizer Per 10a output of Naked Barley Product ?? Ammonium Sulphate(Kwan) Element of Nitrogen(Kwan) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ?? 8.750 1.750 231.3 227.4 238.9 254.3 275.2 265.3 285.8 ?? 7.500 1.500 194.4 192.9 226.6 227.8 250.6 284.6 266.6 ?? 6.250 1.250 188.1 200.6 227.7 246.8 260.6 263.5 270.0 ?? 5.000 1.000 162.0 196.9 249.8 249.8 234.5 242.7 246.8 ?? 3.750 0.750 163.4 181.1 210.1 234.2 221.7 226.8 206.6 ?? 2.500 0.500 192.0 207.7 221.3 220.2 216.2 244.6 219.9 ?? 1.250 0.250 168.5 183.0 194.7 201.6 216.2 218.7 223.0 ?? Element of Nitrogen(Kwan)0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 ?? Raw Materials(Kwan) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 ?? Input of X₂ --------------------------------------------------------------------- Note: 1. One Kwan=3.75Kg 2. Date of Initation: October, 1962 3. Date to be Complete: June, 1965 3. PRODUCTION FUNCTION The porduction function derived by the Quadratic and Cobb-Douglas form was as shown in the equiations(1.1) and(1.2), respectivily y=148.000+0.112X₁+4.549X₂+0.077X²₁-0.080X²₂+0.078X₁X₂ ........(1.1) y=112.94X₁0.10479X₂0.16161 .......................................(1.2) In the equiation(1.1), it is shown a result with the phenomenon of increasing returns rather than making it possible to apply the law of kiminishing returs(y=a+bx-b₂X²+b₃X³) so far as Chemical nitrogen is concerned. Table 2*. yield(Kgs)of Naked Barleg per 10a Predicted by Two Types of Production Functions for Specified Nitrogen and Compost Application; College of Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, 1963-1965. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Nitrogen per 10a Compost Per 10a(10Kwan) (0.1Kwan) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Cobb-Douglas Form 2.5 161.25 180.36 192.57 201.73 209.14 215.40 220.83 5.0 173.39 193.95 207.08 216.94 224.90 231.63 237.47 7.5 180.92 202.36 216.06 226.35 234.66 241.68 247.78 10.0 186.45 208.56 222.68 233.28 241.84 249.08 255.36 12.5 190.57 213.50 227.95 228.80 247.57 254.97 261.40 15.0 194.50 217.63 232.34 243.40 252.34 259.88 266.44 17.5 197.72 221.15 236.13 247.37 256.45 264.12 270.68 Quadratic Form 2.5 170.48 188.20 201.92 211.60 217.36 219.08 216.80 5.0 173.18 191.88 296.57 217.23 223.96 226.66 225.35 7.5 176.84 196.51 212.18 223.81 231.52 235.19 234.86 10.0 181.47 202.11 218.76 231.36 240.05 244.69 245.34 12.5 187.05 208.67 226.29 239.87 249.53 255.95 256.77 15.0 193.60 216.20 234.79 249.35 259.98 266.58 269.17 17.5 201.11 224.08 244.25 259.78 271.39 278.96 282.55 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Note: *For this Tabel 2 see Table 5 of original paper. The "Plus" quadratic coefficient of nitrogen in equsstion(1.1) is due to the fact that, in general, physical optimum level of nitrogen is 2.5~3.0 Kwan, but maximum input level of it in this experiment is only 1.75kwan. Therefore, the Cobb-Douglas form instead of quadratic was taken up as the means of analysis in this study, which showed sluggish slope of porduction surfaces as shown in the Table 2 and Figure 1. 4. DEMAND FUNCTION OF FERTILIZER AND SUPPLY FUNCTION OF BARLEY In the production of naked barley the demand function of nitrogen(X₁), when the compost(X₂)is fixed at the unit of 10, 20, and 30, respectively, will be given by Equiations(3.10),(3.11), and(3.12) below: X₂=10, X₁=(??)-1.117Px₁-1.117 ...............(3.10) X₂=20, X₁=(??)-1.117Px₁-1.117 ...............(3.11) X₂=30, X₁=(??)-1.117Px₁-1.117 ...............(3.12) And the nitrogen demand schedules of the numerical Table 3(See original paper Table(6) and the same nitrogen demand curves of Figure(2) will be derived from the Equiations above-mentioned. The supply function of naked barley, when nitragen is taken to be only variable, will be given by equiations(4.8), (4.9) and (4.10) below: X₂=10, y=(167.67)1.117Py0.117 ...............(4.8) X₂=20, y=(183.83)1.117Py0.117 ...............(4.9) X₂=30, y=(196.38)1.117Py0.117 ...............(4.10) Table 3*. Demand Schelul of Nitrogen Predicted by Cobb-Douglas Form (unit: 0.1Kwan) --------------------------------------------------------------------- Price Situation of Naitrogen Inupt level of compost(Unit: 10Kwan) Per 0.1Kwan(Won) 10 20 30 --------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 53.29 59.06 63.57 20 38.65 42.83 46.10 25 30.12 33.38 35.93 30 24.57 27.23 29.31 35 20.68 22.92 24.67 40 17.80 19.74 21.20 45 15.62 17.31 18.63 50 13.89 15.39 16.57 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- NoteL *For this Table 3 see Table 6 of Original paper. And the supply functions of the numerical Table 4 and the same supply functions of naked barley of Figure (3) will be derived from the Equiations above-mentioned. Table 4*. Supply Schedule of Naked Barlay Predicted by Cobb-Douglas Form (Unit: Kgs) --------------------------------------------------------------------- Price Situation Per Kgs(Won) Input Level of Compost Unit: 10Kwan 10 20 30 --------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 226.64 250.90 270.05 25 232.38 257.53 277.13 30 237.38 263.08 283.16 35 241.70 267.87 288.32 40 245.51 272.09 292.86 45 248.92 275.23 296.92 50 252.01 279.29 300.61 70 262.12 290.50 312.70 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Note; * For this Table 4 see Table 7 of original paper. 5. SUBSTITUTION RELATIONSHIP OF RESOURCES USE The figure 4 shows iso-quants and isoclines for naked barley per 10a predicted by Cobb-Douglas form. If the unit price of X₁ is 27 Won and X₂ 40 Won or K≒1.50 in the production of 250 Kilograms of naked barley, the optimal combination of both resources is the same as Equations(5.7)and (5.8), by the Table 5. X₂=20.00 .......................(5.7) X₁=19.36 .......................(5.8) And, if the unit price of X₁is 27 Won while X₂is 20 Won or ≒0.75 in the same situation, it would be resonable to apply fertilizer as shown in the Equations(5.10) and (5.11). X₂=26.00 .......................(5.10) X₁=12.70 .......................(5.11) The former equations i the combination for plain field area lacking the compost, and the latter one is the proper combination for mountainous field terrain with aboundant compost available. Note: K ........Price ratio Table 5* Combination of Nitrogen and Compost to Produce specified Naked Barley Yield and Corresponding Marginal Rates of Substitution Predicted by Cobb-Douglas Form, Agicultural College, Chommam National Unversity, Kwangju, Korea, 1963~1965. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Compost Nitrogen M.R.S. | Compost Nitrogen M.R.S. Per 10a Per 10a | Per 10a Per 10a (unit: 10Kwan)(unit: 10Kwan) dx₁/dx₂|(unit: 10Kwan)(unit: 10Kwan) dx₁/dx₂ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 5.46 -1.69 | 25 5.02 -0.31 10 1.92 -0.30 | 30 3.79 -0.20 15 0.01 0.00 | 35 2.99 -0.13 Y=200 | Y=250 5 9.53 -6.06 | 15 30.18 -3.12 10 6.71 -1.04 | 20 19.36 -1.50 15 3.59 -0.37 | 25 13.73 -0.85 20 2.30 -0.18 | 30 10.36 -0.54 25 1.63 -0.10 | 35 8.17 -0.36 30 1.25 -0.06 | 25 34.08 -0.36 Y=225 | Y=275 10 0.63 -3.20 | 30 25.73 -2.11 15 11.04 -1.14 | 35 20.28 -0.90 20 7.08 -0.55 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Note: *See Original Papper the Table 8. 6. RESOURCES ALLOCATION UNDER LIMITED CAITAL In case that the capital is limited to the amount of 1,000 Won, the resonable combination to be applied is shown as the equations(6.9)and(6.10). X₁=15.13 .......................(6.9) X₂=15.16 .......................(6.10) The marginal rate of efficieney of investment for the fertilizers can be calculated the same as equation(6.11). 1-λ=1.86 .......................(6.11) 7. DISCUSS AND CONCLUSION The national average input of nitrogen( X₁) and Compost(X₂) Per 10a reported by M.O.A.F., Korea was the same as Equations(7.1)and (7.2). X₁=23.39 .......................(7.1) X₂=16.34 .......................(7.2) On the other hand, according to the Table 3(original paper Table 6), the optimum amount of nitiogen to applied wiht compost fixed at three levels, when the unit price of it is presumed to be 30 Won in follow: X₂=10, X₁=24.57 ....................(8.1) X₂=20, X₁=27.23 ....................(8.2) X₂=30, X₁=29.31 ....................(8.3) Herein, we might conclude that formers' imput level of nitrogen was never overapplied, and more application of compost makes to embrace more nigiogen, some room of increasing the production of naked barley are still remained by the more production of compost and moderate policy of fertilizer, and by the Table 5, marginal rates of substitution are relatively larger, it means that comparatively, more amount of nitrogen could be substituted by the compost, so that expensive fertilizer imported could be saved by the increase of abundant and cheap compost.

Tryptophan Hydrxylase 유전자 다형성과 정신분열병 및 임상변인과의 관련연구

이성필,백인호,조희수,도규영 大韓神經精神醫學會 1999 신경정신의학 Vol.38 No.5

연구목적 : 세로토닌의 속도조절효소인 tryptophan hydroxylase(TPH) 유전자의 다형성은 여러 정신질환의 발병과 임상양상과의 관련성이 연구되었으나 정신분열병 환자를 대상으로 한 연구는 없었다. 본 연구에서는 정신분열병의 발병 및 임상변인과 TPH유전자 다형성과의 관련성을 알아보기 위하여 정신분열병 환자와 정상인을 대상으로 TPH 대립유전자 및 유전자형의 빈도를 조사하였고 정신분열병 환자군에서는 임상아형, 자살사고 및 자살행동, 발병연령, 가족력여부 등의 임상적 변인과의 관련성을 알아보았다. 방 법 : 217명의 정신분열병 환자와 236명의 정상대조군을 대상으로 DNA를 분리하여 TPH 유전자를 증폭하고 제한효소 (Nhel)를 이용하여 유전자형을 구분하였다. 결 과 : 환자군과 정상대조군 사이에는 TPH 유전자형 및 대립유전자의 빈도에서 유의한 차이는 없었으나 자살행동을 보인 빈도는 각각의 유전자형에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다(χ²=6.504 p=0.039). 그 외 임상아형, 발병연령, 가족력, 자살사고 등의 변인에 따른 유전자형의 빈도 차이는 없었다. 결 론 : TPH 유전자의 다형성은 정신분열병의 발병이나 임상양상, 자살사고, 가족력 및 발병연령과는 유의한 상관관계가 없으나 자살행동과는 관련이 있는 것으로 생각된다. Objectives : The genetic polymorphism of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin, has been to be related with various psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorders. However, the role of TPH gene polymorphism in schizophrenia is totally unknown. Author examined the association of the TPH gene polymorphism with the development and the clinical variables of schizophrenia. Methods : Genomic DNAs from 217 schizophrenic patients and 236 healthy controls were isolated, and TPH gene was amplified using PCR. Amplified TPH DNA was digested with NheI and the polymorphism was examined by electrophoresis on agarose gel. Results : The allele frequencies and the genotypes of TPH gene were not significantly different between the schizophrenics and the control groups. They were also not associated with most of the clinical variables of schizophrenia such as subtypes, suicidal ideation, age at onset, and family histories. Among the clinical variables, only suicidal rate was highly correlated with genotype 218C/C. Conclusion : We found possible association of the suicical behavior with 218C/C polymorphism. However, it seems that A218C polymorphism of TPH gene does not associated with the development and other clinical variables of schizophrenia.

마늘의 Candida sp. 에 對한 抗菌作用에 關해서

鄭在奎,金渭祥,朴佑淳,鄭弼壽 慶北大學校 1962 論文集 Vol.5 No.-

In the previous communication, the growth inhibitory action of garlic on C. albicans was reported and discussed about the candida distribution of Korean people. In the present study, the inhibitory and lethal effects of garlic on candida sp. were studied further detail and the resistance of oral candida sp. isolated from various age groups, to garlic was examined. (1) The growth inhibitory and lethal concentration of garlic juice on standard candida sp. were differ according to the species, however 0.1-0.2% concentraion of garlic juice in Sabouraud media inhibit the growth and 0.6-1.2% concertration of garlic juice exhibit a lethal effect on cardida sp. within 12 hours. (2) The resistance formation or a difference of resistance level of the isolated strain from various age group were not found and candida sp. seems to be not form resistance easily against garlic.

農業經管敎育力法에 關한 東南亞細亞國降硏究會 參加記

李 弼 圭 全南大學校開發硏究所 1964 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.2 No.-

▣ 해당사항 없음

作物生産에 있어서의 新計劃과 Activity Analysis에 關한 考察 : Cut worse of for Better

李弼圭 全南大學校 農漁村開發硏究所 1963 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.1 No.-

The linear model of production such as activity analysis or linear programming, has other uses beside its obvious one as a practical way of computing solutions to practical maximinum problems. It doubles as a useful theoretical tool, a convenient way of idealizing the production and profit-maximizing side of a model designed for answering abstract economic questions. Actually, it is a method of more normative pranning and an analysis in finding the optimum level programming with the same value of production by fact which activity or process* choice and its technical substitution are possible than marginal analysis with production function or transformation function. [*If it is invested with fixed-coefficient of production(input pre unit of output), output is hold the same value of production]. This study attempts to exhibit activity analysis in its role, descrbing production possibilities in the theory of farm management planning. And in this paper two problems are studied from theoretical and practical points of view. One is how much resources (being constraint) are to be allocated to what kind of production activity for the efficient value of production in optimum porgramming. The other is how to allocate resources for the optimum level of activity, ie: the maximum value of objective function, when a farm enterprise is organized newly. The drift of this study is largely divided as following three chapters; 1. Various activities and Iso-product contour lines are studied in connection with basic principls of activity analysis in production enterprise. Production attainable area determined by the property(impossibility of the Land of Cockaige) and the Constraint techniques of factor is an available point of optimum production which indicates the maximum production as well as minimum cost as production frontier. 2. Lineal activity analysis is used to choose the optimum programming in the same production value by the simultaneous uses and substitution of activities not asa marginal production analysis by factor-factor substitution. 3. Practical study with Experimental Data of Crop Production Data in this study are gotten from the Agricultural College, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, and the office of Rural Development, Suwon. (ⅰ) Activity analysis was applied for the optimum programming with capital 40,000Won on paddy field 7 Tanbo(1.75acres) where rice (x₁, former-culture) and naked barley(x₂, after-culture) were to be produced as a model of small size of farm management (Thefore cultivated area totals 14 Tanbo=3.5 acres, x₁=7, x₂=7 respectively). Once those are given to farm orginization as a whole with given available resources, we can get optimum programming of production. Those have been worked within a Jinear technology which defines farmer's feasible input-output combinations by a system of jinear inequalities. Thus if production is feasible within the given area, the feasible set of input-output points is a convex polygon. In the linear model which is shown by the combination of constant returns to scale and the additivity of processes, gets us convexity. And all required is that farmer's ultimate feasible set should be convex. The efficient frontier or transformation curve (or surface) must show nonincreasing marginal rates of transformation. Namely, efficient production as a production frontier in the attainable area of broken-line convex polygon could be gotten by maximum production level. Once this is assumed, the proofs go through much as we sketched them. One set of weights is such that the given efficient point is a solution of the farm programming maximum problem with those weights in the objective function. Consequently, result from this graphic analysis with main geometrical or mathematical otols indicated optimum solution as fallowings; x₁=16.79 Suk (2.384.76kg), x₂=10?? Suk (1,512.00kg), nad the net revenue=31,306 Won This optimum solution of the farm programming is an efficient programming is an efficient production because of being correspondent with criterion equation, -ΔZ = -??C₂-C₁, when Z=objective function, X₁= rice, X₂= naked barley, and C=profit coefficient. (ⅱ) a; As a model of newly·organized farm enterprise, the problem how much labour power and capital should be invested for net revenue 5,000 won was discussed using the production coefficients from upper-mentioned two agences' experiment data. In this programming, soybean culture was exempted in the profit competitive relation with other crops. As a result of those, rice(2,34 Suk) and naked barley (2,17 Suk) was produced respectively, and for them man·power (38 days) and capital (6,6000 won) were required. Accordingly, this type of programming can be judged as effective to enlarge the size. b; It was orginally intended to serve as an illustration of optimum programming under the condition of canstraint factors such as capital 11,500 won, man power 62 days, rice field 605 Pyung, and barley field 417 Pyung. Conseguently, net revenue 8,815 won was returned. The linear model such as the above(a) and (b) being associated with the ray of each activity which makes cone standing right up in the two or three-dimentional fan-space, and being consisted of the constant right up in the two or three-dimentional fan-space, and being consisted of the constant returns to scale, decreasing returns, additivity, and divisibility of activity would result in getting convexity. University decreasing returns to scale would result in even more convexity(not flat place on the efficiency frontier). So we could get long with a mixture of constant and decreasing returners to scale scattered through the seperate activities available. Drawing the diagram is simplified by geometrical methods; the ray through each production activity and Iso-revenue line is optimum solution obtained by the ratios of one or more production coefficients and perpendicular line to constants. For an approach slightly more similar in sprit to activity analysis of the present paper, the reader is referred to the fundamental paper by T.C. Koopmans (ed), "Activity analysis of production and Allocation"(Selected reference(2)). Conclusion We can say that the activity analysis do contains various assumptions, lineality, additivity, independency and divisibility in its characteristics. From the view·point of three fectors, ie: resources restriction, alternative method of activity or process, and maximization of objective function, it is not a problem of small scoped-optimum value in the frame work of production attainable area, but an all scoped-problem. Also, it is the very programming which choose a profictable production activity in relation with fixed-coefficient of production which guarantees constant out-put , if resources are invested as a constant rate, and which maximizes objective function under constraint linear inequation of constant rate, and which maximized objective function under constraint linear inequation of activity analysis computations. At the same time, it proceeds within the condition of non minus activity level. However, even though activity analysis for optimum solution has many superior characteristics to marginal production analysis using one-purposed production function or transformation functions as a available and normative programming, it is required to use together or corresponed closely with budgeting method game theory because of varieties in farm management. In brief, we conclude that it is a effective method as a technical tool which lead to effective programming in decision making of activities combination.

흰쥐에서 심정지후 뇌의 허혈-재관류 손상과 Tumor Necrosis Factor-α의 상관관계

최승필,박규남,박승현,박상현,정시경,김세경 대한응급의학회 1999 대한응급의학회지 Vol.10 No.4

Background : Tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) has been thought to play a major role in neurological injury during global brain ischemia and subsequent reperfusion following resuscitation in cardiac arrest. So, we hypothesized that the elevation in TNF-α was dependent upon the duration of the global brain ischemia, and related to delayed neuronal damage. Methods : Fourteen rats were divided two groups ; 1 minute-cardiac arrest group(n=7) and 3 minute-cardiac arrest group(n=7). we induced cardiac arrest by chest compression and clamping of tracheal tube for 1 minute and 3 minutes respectively. And then, resuscitation was initiated. To measure the plasma activity of TNF-α, blood samples were drawn before and at the end of cardiac arrest, and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after initiation reperfusion. At 72 hours after resuscitation, the ND(neurologic deficit) score was determined and the histopathologic outcome of hippocampal CA1 neuron was observed by the percent dead hippocampal CA1 neurons. Results : 1. TNF-α level during the early reperfusion period(<2h) was significantly increased in 3 min-cardiac arrest group compared with 1 min-cardiac arrest group(p=0.0001). 2. There was a no significant difference of neurologic deficit score between 1 min-and 3 min-cardiac arrest. 3. Percent dead hippocampal neurons were significantly increased in 3 min-cardiac arrest group compared with 1 min-cardiac arrest group(9.1±1.2% vs 1.2±0.9%, p<0.05). Conclusions : The results suggest that longer duration of global brain ischemia causes a more profound increase in plasma TNF-α level during the early reperfusion period(<2h) and more delayed neuronal damage than lessor duration of global brain ischemia, and that increase in TNF-α level during the early reperfusion period(<2h) is related to delayed neuronal damage.

만발형 골화석증에 대한 증례보고

권종필,양규호 大韓小兒齒科學會 1999 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.26 No.3

골화석증은 드문 유전성 질환으로서 신체 모든 골에 걸쳐 골밀도가 증가한다.1880년 NEWMAN이 처음 보고하였고,이후 Jacksh가 언급한 바 있으나 1904년 Albers-Schonberg에 의해 체계적으로 보고되었다.골화석증은 그동안 Marmorkmochen, Albers-Schonberg disease,marble bone disease,osteopetrosis fragilis generalosata등으로 불리었다. 골화석증의 원인은 현재로서는 명확히 밝혀지지 않았지만,골조직의 정상적인 흡수작용이 장애를 받아서 상대적으로 골밀도가 증가되어 나타난 것으로 보고 있다. 골화석증은 대개 악성형인 선천형(Osteopetrosis congenita)과 양성형인 만발형(Osteopetrosis tarta)의 두가지 형태로 분류되어지며,최근에는 그 중간형태인 intermediate recessive form이 보고되었다.상염색체성 열성유전되는 선천형인 경우에는 좀 더 증상이 심하며.생후 몇 개월내에 진단된다.상염색체성 열성유전되는 만발형인 경우에는 그 증상이 훨씬 양호하여 자각증상이 거의 없을 수도 있어서 신체 다른 부위에 골절이 있을 때 여러 검사를 하다 보면 비로소 발견되기도 한다.골밀도가 계속 증가함에 따라 골수강이 기능이 저하되어 빈혈등의 혈액병이 생기며,신경주위의 골의 과다성장으로 신경학적 병변이 나타난다.또한 골의 강도가 계속 증가하여 골은 쉽게 골절된다.이러한 골절은 만발형 환자들의 첫번째 증상으로 나타나기도 한다.저자는 치아동요,치아의 조기탈락,맹출지연을 주소로 본원에 내원한 환아로서 골화석증으로 진단되었기에 이에 보고하는 바이다. Osteopetrosis is an uncommon hereditary bone condition characterized by a generalized symmetric increase in skeletal density and abnomalities of bone and resorption remodeling.In 1904,the first case of generalized scalerosis of the skelon was reported by Albers-Schonberg. Osteopetrosis is generalized divided into two main type.The infantile(malignat, congenta)type is the most severe form of the disease;It is characterized by skeletal and hematologic abnomalities.The adult(benign,tarta)type which is usually disgnosed in the third or fourth decade of life is limited predominantly to skeletal anomalies and it carries a more favorable prognosis. The recently recognized intermidiate form with its mild and variable clinical recessive trait.There is no reported gender or racial predilection. The characteristic feature of osteopetrosis which is an abscence of physiologic bone resorption results in accumulation of bone mass and mainfests skeletal disturbance. Dental finding of osteopetrosis includes delayed eruption,congenitally absent teeth,unerupted and malformed teeth,and enamel hypoplasia. Our report involves a patient with a chief complaint of tooth mobility and delayed eruption.After clinical and rediologic examination,this patient was referred to dept.of padiatrics under the suspicion of osteopetrosis and it was confirmed.

水稻作 肥料三要素 施用에 關한 經濟分析 : 特히 全南長城 和順地域 施肥量 決定을 위한 限界分析

李弼圭 全南大學校 農漁村開發硏究所 1966 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.4 No.-

It has almost passed half a century that we have introduced the chemical fertileizers, one of the most important factors in increasing agricultural productivity, into our agricultural production field. Because of the needs of increasing food productions as a result of the rapid growth of population a larder amount of chemical fertilizers has been used as well as the techniques of using it distinctly improved and was widely adopted among the farmers during the last decade. According to the statistical year book of the Ministry of Agriculture and forestry, the amount of fertilizers consumed in 1965 amounted to217,925M/T Nitropen, 123,480M/T phosphate and 51,684M/T Potassium respectively, so that the total amount of chemical fertilizers consumed reached at 393,098M/T Compnring this figures to that of 1976, the increased rate of fertilizer consumption shows 9% nitrogen,124% Phosphate and 629% potassium respectively. On the while if we figure out the status of fertilizers consumption of N.P.K, it shows us 96kg (56%),54kg(31%) and 23kg(13%) per nectar respectively. The research on the optimum application of chemical fertilizers economic analysis of input-output relation-will be necessary for the purpose of guiding farmers in their rational application of fertilizers and also necessary for the purpose of allocating imported fertilizers properly and for the reasonable control of domestic firtilizer production policy. Until now the technical study about the use of fertilizers from the side of botanical and soilogical has greatly been done, however, the economical study on tole rational utilization of fertilizers has scarcely been done. The allocation plan of fertilizers in different areas and various crofts or its fundamental data of policy always depend on experimental station data which are obtained under special conditions or circumstance where the conception of "marginality" of technical or economical efficiency of fertilizers resources use is almost neglected. In fact, the maximum limitation of managerial cost will be necessary to study in tile view that the greatest profit of individual economy can by obtained when the marginal revenue is equal to the marginal cost of production. In this regard we are new going to do economic analysis about the optimum application of fertilizers. I have derive a production surface function through exact marginal anayisis by means of exponential function form, at the same time I have intended to resolve the problem that we have discussd above, by using the fertilizer experimental data on rice production in Changsung area and Hwasoon area in Chonnam profvincial O.R.D. 2. PURPOSES OF THE STUDY 1) To find out the optimum allocation of three nutrients of fertilizers which will be consumed for the rice growing in two different areas : Changsung and Hwasoon, Chonnam Province . 2) To find out the optimum combinaction rate and the input level of the three nutrients of fertilizers corresponding to the priee change in rice and fertilizers, 3) To find out the relationship of substitution between nutrients and its economic 4) To find out the optimum amount of purchase and input of fertilizers in different areas in order to get maximized farm earnings under the conditions that the capital and fertilizers are limited in various level. 5) To show and develop the direction of applying the agricultural production economic theory in order to contribute the development of the local societies. 3. METHODS OF THE STUDY By applying the pricniple of agricultural preduction ecenomics how to increase the economic and technical efficiency of the fertilizer resources use. There are two kind of purposes or significant: In the view of individual farmers, to help to make their decision in increasing production and allocation their resources so as to get the maximized farm earning; in the view of society as a whole, it must be the one that the social or local resources should be used far the purpose of maximizing the earning of individual farm. In these two view of study as mentioned above, I have adopted the method with which determining the optimum combination rate of resourses, after I derived the rice production function y=f(N.P.K) or production surface function by exponential function with three nutrients fertilizers experimental data ans then predicted Product contor and isocline. I have also, predicted the marginality of optimum input level by predicting the marginal rate of substitution and iso-cost line. And I have chosen the method with which pursuit the rational allocation of fertilizer resources in different areas, and the marginal line of optimal input-output by introducing the Law of equi-marginal productivity and the theory of marginal efficiency of capital investment, And the readers must note thet this is no lass than a case study. 4. SOURCE OF THE DATA The data used in this study are the ones that were obtained from the three nutrient fertilizers experimentation on rice Production in Changsung: and Hwasoon areas, Chonnam province, by the cooperative study of the Chonnam Provincial 0.R.D. and UNKSOF in 1964. The plan and yield of this experiment are shown in table 2. We have found some problems in analysing the data, for there was some inevilable faults in their plan In this respect, I am afraid that the result of this study might be misused by some one else without any modification. This experiment has been performed on the paddy field of clay-loam in Changsung and loam in Hwasoon, of which former, field was one crop rice paddy field, the latter field was two crop paddy field of rice and naked barley, and adopted with Nongjim No.6 variety of rice crop recommended by Chonnam Provincal Office of Rural Development. Also the whole experiment field has been arranged by 24 unit plot, appling N1-5kg/10a, P1-3kg/10a, K1-3kg/10a, or N2-1Okg/l0a, Pa-6kg/10a, K2-6kg/10a, as shown in the Table 1, and methods of the experiment plan. Table 1. Experiment Plan and the Rice Yield(per10a) in Chonnam 5. DERIVATION OF RICE PRODUCTION FUNCTION Under talc given soil condition and the technical condition as we above mentioned, the exponential function derived from experimental data (see Table 1) of the three nutrients of fertilizers inputed as a variable factor, both Gun the average in both Gun area as follows: Changsung area y=275.96X1 0.1842 X2 0.0467 X3-00.0173 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥(1) Hwasoon area y=232.26X1 0.1260 X2 0.0483 X3-0.0598‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥(2) Average y= 304.47X1 0.1529 X2 0.9465 X3-0.0391 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥(3) note: y= Rice, Xl=Nitrgen, X2=P2O5, X3=K2O Table 2. Value of R2 for Three-variable Nutrients, Multiple Correlation Coefficient, Value of tfor Individual regression Coefficients and Significance Level for Rice Crops Regression Coefficients 1) When we are measuring the Coefficient of Production Elastlsity of Production Function form table(1)and table (2), the productive effect of potassium among the three nutrient of fertilizer shows minus value in both Changsung and Hwasoon areas, so that the significance level of crop regression confficients of potassium can not be acceptable even in the 0.05. On the other hand the significant level of Nitrogen highly comes to 0.01. And in the case of phosphate the significant level comes to 0.05 or more in average in both areas. In the total production index of exponential function of two factors, Nitrogen add phosphate, the elastisity coefficient of Changsung area shows 0.2309 and that of Hwasoon shows 0.1743, so that we can find out the fact that Changsung area needs more nitrogen and phosphate than Hwasoon area. The equation·of production function (1), (2) and (3) and table (2) are showing the relation of such aspects. 2) According to the principle in which the optimum input level of fertilizers in determined at the level Inhere the marginal product always must be equal to the factor/product price. 1 have calculated the marginal productivity of nitrogen and Phosphate. In table (3) and table (4), if the unit price of Nitrogen is less than about 7.2 times that of unhulled rice add less than about 3.7 times that of phosphate in might be favorable to consume more than 10kg N. and 6kg P2O5 Per 10a. 3) In this study we could find out that a higher input level of fertilizers will be available in Changsung comparing with it in Hwasoon area. The steeper slope of Production surface see Fig. 1 is showing the marginal product is comaralively large, we can here understand that even in the case of the exchanging rate of grain fertilizer is disadvantage for the farmers at the fertilizer allocation policy of government the influences upon the optimum input level will relatively be small. Fig. 1, Predicted Production Surface of Rice Yield in Chonnam Tabie 3. Kgs of Rice Per 10a Predicted by Exponential Function Table 4. Marginl Physical Product(Kgs)of N and P2O5 Predicted by Exponential Futction, upper Figure Nitrogen, Lower Figual Phosphate 6, RELALT10NSHIP OF SUBSTITUTI0N BETWEEN NITROGEN AND PHOSPHATE USED ON RICE CROP AND OPTIMUM COMBINAT10N OF FERTILIZER NUTRILIENTS FOR SPECIFIED PRICE RELATIONHSHIPS. In this experiment, practically saying, we have recognized the fact that the two different factors, nitrogen and phosphate have a substitution relationship in each other. Table 5 and Fig. (2) shows the isoproduct contours in different rates of substitution between two factors which can produce with rice constant at 350kg, 375kg, 400kg, 425kg, 450kg and 475kg Per 10a respectively. In Table (5) and Fig. (2), with rice indicated by y, nitrogen by X1, and phosphate by X2. the production function, product contour (with rice constant at figs of 6 levels per 10a), and marginal rate of substitution of phosphate for nitrogen are given by equations (3)*, (4) and (5) below. y=304.47X1 0.1529 X2 0.04 * It is the same equation with rice production function-equation (3) above mentioned. The differential value. of equation (4) to the X2 (P2 O5) is estimated as The predicted least cost combination. will be realized when the marginal rate of subtitu1ion is equal to the price ratio of two fertilizer elements (unit price of P2O5/unit price of Nitrogen). The K lines (straight lines) in Fig. 2, passing through the origin, denote that nurients are held in fixed ratios at higher fertilization levels. Changes in slopes or substitution rates on successive isoquants, in relation to needs for different nutrient ratios at varying yield levels, are measured at the point of intersection of the fixd ratio lines and the yield isoquants. If the slope of the isoquants were identical at all points where they are intersected by a fixed ratio line, the same fertilizer mix would be optimun for all yield levels. If the slope changes along a fixed ratio line, the nutrient ratio which is optimum for one yield level is not also optimum for another yield level. A concept with perhaps greater application and more fundamental importance than the fixed ratio line is the fertilizer yield isocline. An isocline map exists for every fertilizer production surface. An isocline is a line connecting all points of equal slopes or substitution rates on a family of isoquants. In other words, it connects all nutrient combinations which have the same substitution rates leer the various yield levels. There is a difierent isocline for each possible nutrient substitution rate. The next equation is the predicted one from various value of K, considering the equation (5) as a K and made a solution for X1 Consquently, the isocline is also an expansion path, showing the least-cost and highest-profit combination of nutrients to use as higher yield levels are attained under a given price ratio for nutrients. ,In other words, the points of inter-section of K lines and the iso-prodcut contours is just the least cost combination that we have discussed. Under the present price condition, the price ratio will be Px2/pyl=42/73≒0.575, for the prices of Nitrogen (X1) and phosphate (X2) per kilogram are 73 won and 42 respectively. As a result, when the iso-product contour is tangent on the line of K=0.575, the least cost combination of two factors, X1 and X2, is nitragen 1: phosphate 0.575, 7. OPTIMUM INPUT LEVEL UNDER LIMITED CAPITAL(OBTAINED BY PRODUCT10N EQUATI0N (3) IN, AVERAGE VALUE.) As seen in Fig. (3) there are various posible ways in factor combinations with certain amount of money, say 1,000won. In the case of farm operationg capital is limited, the optimum perchashed amount of N. and p. (Input level) can be predicted by the profit equation: π=Py Y-(PxiX4+T)‥‥‥‥‥‥(7) Note·: Py=rice price per kg Pxi = fertilizers price per kg T=fixed cost Equation (7) should be motifyed as equntion ‥‥‥‥(8) F=Py Y-(PxiXi+T)+λ(PxiXi-C)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥(8) note:λ=Lagrange's Multiplior C=Limited capital In the result of prediction using this equation (8), the optimum input levels of two factors, the combination ratio of nitrogeu and P2O5, are 2.25:1 in Changsung area and 1.51:1 in Hwasoon respectively, under such a condition as the operating capital is limited by 1,600 won. Consequently it is disireable that the Changsung area should use larger amount of fertilizer than Hwasoon area. The table (6) and (7) tell us such relationships. 8. PERTILIZER RESOURSES ALLOCATION AND MARGINAL EFFICIENCIES OF CAPITAL IN DIFFERENT AREA. In the case of soil production confficient is different in different area, if we want to maximize our farm earning we must allocate our farm operating capital and fertilizer resources in such a way that the marginal product of two factors should be equal in two different asea. When the farm operating capital is limited by 1,600 won per 10a(1 danbo). the marginal efficiencies of capital inputed in Changsung and Hwasoon were 2.26 and 2.2 respectively. so that the reasoaable capital allocation in Hwasoon was 1,200 won. When the allocated amount of fertilizer is limited by a given volume (say, N: 19,243kg, P2O5:9.822kg in each 20a) the equalized allocation of marginal production in two area will be: Xl.1+X2.1 =19.243kg Xl.2+X2.2= 9.822kg Note: X1.1=Nitrogen inputed per 10a in Changsung X2.1 =Nitrogen inputed per 10a in Hwasoon X1·2 = P2O5inputed per10a in Changung X2.2=P2O5 inputed Per 10a in Hwasoon M1=Margina1 productivity of nitrogen M2=Margina1 productivity of phosphate In this case, as we have seen the marginal produtivities of various kinds of fertilizers will be solved as follows: The marginal productivity of nitrogen M1=7.5kg The marginal productivity of phosphate M2=4.5kg In Changsung N:X1.1=11.428kg P2O5:X1.2=4.833kg In Hwasoon N: X2.1=7.815kg P: X2.2=4.989kg Consequentiy the allocation ratios of fertilizers were: Changsung Hwasoon=1:0.687kg in N, and Changsung: Hwasoon=1:0.032kg in P2O5 Thus the yields of rice resulted from the fertilizer resources allocation, as we have seen, are as follows: yl=765,23kg in Changsung and y2=465.22kg in Hwasoon respectively, so that the total comes to 930.5kg in, rice production. Otherwise, in the case of adopting the simple method of allocation (That is equal allocation only by the size of area) instead of using the allocation method that we hare discussed above, the yields of rice are: y1=451.62kg in Changsung and y2 =476.50kg Hwasoon, so that the total yield comes to 928.12kg. In this regards, it is great significant fact that if we allocate our limited resources into production according to the law of equilibrum marginal productivity we can get additional rice production by 0.25% without any additional input of capital and labor from each 10a (1 danbo) of pads land. 9. In short, I specially intended to emphasize that all kinds of policies related to the guidance of optimum application of fertilizers for farmers, to production or importation and its rational allocation in different areas, and to the effective allocation of farm operating capital should be determined by derivation of production function or prediction of coefficients of production function. Because, by doing this, the limited fertilizer resources and capital will be save as well as the economic efficiency and the agricultural productivity will be increased.

Interleukin-2와 결핵균 30 kDa 항원이 구개편도 및 말초혈액 T 세포 증식에 미치는 상승효과

박정규,박찬권,조은경,김화중,백태현,고필준,김병국,남부현,나기상,박찬일 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1995 충남의대잡지 Vol.22 No.1

Widespread use of BCG has not controlled tuberculosis, and more effective vaccines are clearly needed. Although chemotherapy will remain the mainstay of antituberculosis treatment, the use of adjunctive immunotherapeutic modalitites is attractive, particularly in persons with drug-resistant tuberculosis. Administration of IL-2 or IFN-γto tuberculosis patients enhance bacillary elimination. Cell-mediated immunity is the critical protective immune response in tuberculosis. Mycobacterial antigens are recognized by T cells and that elicit production of protective cytokines are potentially important vaccine antigens. The 30 kDa antigen is secreted in large quantities by growing mycobacteria. That antigen elicits greater proliferation in lymphocytes from healthy tuberculin reactors than healthy tuberculin nonreactors. In this study, the T lymphocyte proliferative responses to 30 kDa antigen from Mycobactrium tuberculosis H37Rv were examined by using tonsilar and peripheral blood lymphocytes from PPD(+) and PPD(-) tonsilectomized persons. When cultured with 30 kD antigen, tonsilar mononuclear leukocytes and T cells of PPD(+) demonstrated more ^3H-thymidine incorporation than PPD(-) persons (stimulation index was 2.5 and 1.9, 0.8 and 1.0, repectively). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and peripheral blood T lymphocytes were shown the similar responses to this antigen. The combination of IL-2 and 30 kDa antigen elicited a significant proliferative responsiveness in tonsilar mononuclear leukocytes and T cells of PPD(+) persons (SI was 20 and 14.1). PBMC and peripheral blood T cells of PPD(+) persons were also shown a significant responsiveness, but PPD(-) persons did not show. These results demonstrate that the 30 kDa antigen and IL-2 have a synergistic stimulatory property in mycobacteria sensitizing lymphocytes.