Understanding Dynamic Behavior of Nodes for DDOS Attacks in Manet

Neha Singh,Dr.(Col) Rakesh Sharma 인문사회과학기술융합학회 2016 예술인문사회융합멀티미디어논문지 Vol.6 No.8

Hybrid Algorithm to Control Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks

Neha Pant,Rakesh Ranjan,M.P. Singh 보안공학연구지원센터 2014 International Journal of Grid and Distributed Comp Vol.7 No.5

The Congestion in wireless sensor networks occurs when packets arrive at a fully loaded buffer of a sensor node. Due to lack of space in the buffer, packets are dropped. It also leads to packet delay, retransmission of packets, reduced QoS and throughput. A hybrid of rate control and resource control algorithms can be used to control congestion considering the priority of the packets. Congestion is detected when the service time is greater than the inter-arrival time of packets. The inter-arrival time can be increased by a certain factor computed as congestion degree, thus reducing the rate of sending packets. The congestion degree which is the ratio of service time to inter-arrival time can be sent to the sources. The sources can then adjust the rate of sending packets accordingly to control congestion in the upstream nodes. At the time of congestion, high priority packets are sent using multiple paths after increasing the time between generations of packets thus decreasing the rate of sending packets. Low priority packets are sent using a single path after decreasing the packet sending rate thus increasing the time between sending consecutive packets. The method also serves as a hybrid of congestion control and congestion avoidance.

Understanding Dynamic Behavior of Nodes for DDOS Attacks in Manet

Neha Singh,Rakesh Sharma 사단법인 인문사회과학기술융합학회 2016 예술인문사회융합멀티미디어논문지 Vol.6 No.8

Manet is highly vulnerable to distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks; these DDOS attacks consume all system resources like battery power, bandwidth energy, CPU resources, CPU cycles etc and also makes resources or nodes unavailable to the legitimate users. Therefore these DDOS attacks always affect the network connectivity due to the dynamic nature of the nodes as well as functioning of the network which results in data delivery and packet dropping. Significant efforts have been made for the security of Adhoc network but it will not work always due to the dynamic behavior of nodes in the network. In this paper we will present a deep sight into DDOS attacks and how they affect the MANET, also how BLACKHOLE attack affect the connectivity which is more dangerous than other attacks and how we can make the network more effective by understanding the nature of nodes.

A Prospective Study of Anterior Segment Ocular Parameters in Anisometropia

Neha Singh,Jolly Rohatgi,Vinod Kumar 대한안과학회 2017 Korean Journal of Ophthalmology Vol.31 No.2

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in anterior segment ocular parameters inanisometropia >1 D. Methods: This study included 202 eyes of 101 subjects ranging from 10 to 40 years of age with anisometropiaof 1 D or more. The subjects were divided into groups according to anisomyopia, anisoastigmatism, andanisohypermetropia. After providing informed consent, each patient underwent a detailed ophthalmologicalexamination including cycloplegic refraction, best-corrected visual acuity, cover test, axial length (AL) measurementusing A-scan ultrasound biometer, keratometry, anterior chamber depth, and central corneal thicknessmeasurement. For each participant, the eye with greater refractive error was compared to the fellow eyevia paired t-tests. Correlations between parameters were studied using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The average age of subjects was 21.7 ± 9.3 years. Of 101 subjects, 31 had anisomyopia; 42 had anisohypermetropia;and 28 had anisoastigmatism. A predisposition toward greater myopia in right eyes was noted inanisomyopia (24 of 31 subjects, 77%). The inter-ocular acuity difference was significant in all three groups (p < 0.01). As the degree of anisometropia increased, there was significant positive correlation in the difference in AL inmyopes (r = 0.863, p < 0.01) and hypermetropes (r = 0.669, p < 0.01) and the difference in corneal curvaturein anisoastigmatism (r = 0.564, p = 0.002) and hypermetropes (r = 0.376, p = 0.014). A significant positive correlationwas also present between the anterior chamber depth difference and refractive difference in hypermetropes(r = 0.359, p = 0.020). Conclusions: This study showed that anisomyopia is correlated only with anterior chamber differences. Anisohypermetropiais correlated with AL differences as well as corneal curvature difference and anterior chamberdepth difference. The amount of anisoastigmatism correlates only with corneal curvature difference.

Ambiguous pediatric endotracheal tube intubation depth markings: a need for standardization

Neha Singh,Chitta Ranjan Mohanty,Parnandi Bhaskar Rao 대한마취통증의학회 2019 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.72 No.6

Input size independent efficient quality meshing of the interior of 2D point cloud data

Neha Singh,Tathagata Ray,Chandu Parimi,Srivastava Kuchibhotla 한국CDE학회 2019 Journal of computational design and engineering Vol.6 No.3

This paper describes a framework to generate an unstructured Delaunay mesh of a two-dimensional domain whose boundary is specified by a point cloud data (PCD). The assumption is that the PCD is sam-pled from a smooth 1-manifold without a boundary definition and is significantly dense (at least -sampled where < 1). Presently meshing of such a domain requires two explicit steps, namely the extraction of model definition from the PCD and the use of model definition to guide the unstructured mesh generation. For a densely sampled PCD, the curve reconstruction process is dependent on the size of input PCD and can become a time-consuming overhead. We propose an optimized technique that bypasses the explicit step of curve reconstruction by implicit access to the model information from a well-sampled PCD. A mesh thus generated will be optimal, as the fineness of the mesh is not dictated by the sampling of PCD, but only the geometric complexity of the underlying curve. The implementation and experiments of the proposed framework show significant improvement in expense over the tradi-tional methodology. The main contribution of this paper is the circumvention of the explicit time-consuming step of boundary computation which is a function of the PCD sampling size and a direct gen-eration of a mesh whose complexity is dictated by the geometry of the domain.

C2 Superior Facetal Osteotomy: A Novel Technique in Complex Craniovertebral Junction Surgery for C1 Lateral Mass Screw Placement

Deepak Kumar Singh,Shankar Diwakar,Vipin Kumar Chand,Singh Rakesh Kumar,Singh Neha 대한척추외과학회 2023 Asian Spine Journal Vol.17 No.6

Complex craniovertebral junction (CVJ) defects account for a considerable proportion of CVJ diseases. Given the heavily assimilated C1, an unfavorable C1–C2 joint orientation, an overriding C2 superior facet, a low-hanging occiput, and an abnormal vertebral artery course with a high-riding vertebral artery, placement of C1 lateral mass screws might be difficult. To address this, a novel technique for placing C1 lateral mass screws that avoid vertebral artery injury, low-hanging occiput, and overriding C2 superior facet was developed in this study. This approach enables firm fixation of C1–C2 even in difficult situations where the placement of the C1 lateral mass is challenging.

A Survey : Crucial Crime Information Sharing Mechanism Using DTN for Rural Areas

Neha Agrawal,Rajesh singh 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of u- and e- Service, Scienc Vol.8 No.6

Mobile ad hoc routing protocol allows nodes with wireless adaptors to communicate with one another without any pre-existing network infrastructure. In this work, we develop techniques to deliver messages in the case where there is never a connected path from source to destination or when a network partition exists at the time a message is originated. Opportunistic networks is a more general concept of delay tolerant networks which opens an exciting avenue for connecting nodes opportunistically and communicates wirelessly and at the same time expands the potential for real-life application problems. In opportunistic networks, end-to-end communication among users does not require a continuous end-to-end path between source and destination. This is achieved by temporarily storing messages at intermediate nodes, waiting for future opportunities to forward them towards the destination. This system will help us to provide police services to villages. When a crime is reported in a village & police is needed there as soon as possible. We can use high frequency sensors there to locate the crime location and to inform police. This type of system will be helpful in those places where traffic frequency is high.

Factors affecting long-term availability of medicinal plants in India

Singh Preet Amol,Dash Subhransu,Choudhury Abinash,Bajwa Neha 한국작물학회 2024 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.27 No.2

The majority of conventional medications and food supplements are created following the processing of medicinal plants. As majority of the medicinal plants are collected from the forests, the rise in the demand for herbal goods is placing significant strain on the forests while encouraging unsustainable wild harvesting of therapeutic plants. The current study's objective is to gain insight into current debates on the value chain of medicinal or therapeutic plants, role of various Indian acts, i.e., Forest Act, Forests Right Act, export, and other variables affecting the sustainable supply of herbs. A targeted literature search on online databases, scientific studies, and authentic texts was performed to understand the value chain, consumption, export, Indian laws, endangered species, and capacity building institutions, limitations, and future of medicinal plants. The World Flora Online database was used to verify the scientific names of the plants. Value chains for medicinal plants are wide and complex. There is need to weaken the role of middlemen and giving forest gatherers and farmers more negotiating leverage especially through artificial intelligence. The Ministry of AYUSH and National Medicinal Plants Board both play significant roles in India's medicinal plant sector. The different acts and rules pertaining to medicinal plants conservation, usage, transit, and trade should work in harmony and there is need for exclusive medicinal plants policy across India. Maintaining a balance between the protection of medical plant species and a sustainable supply of herbs to support the sector based on medicinal plants while empowering forest gatherers is urgently needed

Enhancing crop health and sustainability: exploring the potential of secondary metabolites and non-thermal plasma treatment as alternatives to pesticides

Singh Himani,Niharika,Lamichhane Pradeep,Gupta Ravi,Kaushik Neha,최은하,Kaushik Nagendra Kumar 한국식물생명공학회 2023 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.17 No.6

Pesticides have been an integral part of modern agriculture as their use ensures good harvests. However, excessive use of pesticides in the last few decades has caused significant environmental degradation. Moreover, excessive use of pesticides causes stress on crops and non-target plants and exhibits toxicity to other organisms including mammals, microbes, and insects. Plants employ various morphological, physiological, and biochemical mechanisms to reduce pesticides toxicity. One such mechanism is production of secondary metabolites that improves stress tolerance of plants. In addition, recent studies have also highlighted a potential role of plasma technology in mitigating various abiotic and biotic environmental stresses. Besides, plasma treatment improves seed germination, physiological processes, and seedling establishment during the early growth stages of a plant under adverse and non-adverse conditions and thus can be used an alternate to the pesticide treatment. This review article summarizes recent advancements in understanding the synthesis, accumulation, and transportation of secondary metabolites which have significant relevance to crop improvement programs. We also present an overview of the effects of plasma treatment on phytopathogenic bacterial cell suspensions and plant responses to metabolic activity. In the future, researchers need to develop innovative ideas to reduce the use of chemical pesticides in farming practices.