빠딴잘리 요가경에 나타난 인간의 본성과 삶의 목적

조옥경,김명권 한국동서정신과학회 1999 동서정신과학 Vol.2 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 빠딴잘리 요가경에서 가정하고 있는 인간관과 인생관을 알아보는 것이었다. 다양한 요가의 기법들과 목표는 단순한 철학적 이해를 넘어 인간 심성의 개발이라는 측면에서 심리학의 관심사와 일치한다. 그러므로 빠딴잘리 요가경을 심리학적인 시각에서 살펴보는 것이 필요하다고 보았다. 빠딴잘리는 인간은 순수의식인 뿌루샤와 물질적 요소인 쁘라끄르띠로 되어 있고 이 두 요소는 서로 관련 없이 독립적으로 존재한다고 보았다. 현상적으로 경험하는 심리적 실체인 '나'는 뿌루샤와 쁘라끄르띠의 혼동으로 파생된 것이므로 궁극적으로는 허구임을 강조하였다. 이 혼동을 아위디아(Avidya￣)라고 하며 이로 인해 피할 수 없는 인간의 온갖 고통이 파생된다. 고통을 피하려는 욕구는 모든 인간에게 공통된 것으로 이를 위해서는 고통의 근본원인인 아위디아를 완전히 뿌리뽑아야한다. 여러 가지 명상법과 고행 법은 결국 아위디아를 제거하여 인간 본연의 실체, 즉 뿌루샤와 쁘라끄르띠의 완전한 분리를 체험하는 것이다. 이를 위해 사는 삶만이 진정으로 가치가 있는 삶임을 빠딴잘리는 거듭 강조하고 있다. 뿌루샤의 절대적 존재를 깨닫고 직접 체험함으로써 쁘라끄르띠의 무상한 세계를 초월하여 절대 자유와 행복에로 도달하는 것이 인생의 진정한 목적이라는 것이다. 이러한 빠딴잘리 요가경의 인간과 인생에 대한 태도는 언뜻 보기에는 지나치게 비현실적이고 때로는 무모한 것처럼 보인다. 그러나 빠딴잘리는 자신의 시각을 뒷받침하는 이론적, 경험적 근거를 제시하면서 자유와 행복을 위한 구체적인 방법을 과학적이고 체계적으로 설명하였다. 오랜 세월을 거쳐 경험적으로 입증되어온 요가의 실천적 방법들이 최근 심리치료에 적극적으로 도입되고 있는 실정임을 고려할 때 그 방법들의 이론적 근거를 제공하는 철학적 가정들을 심리학적인 측면에서 재조명해보고 그 가치를 새롭게 찾는 것이 시급한 일이라고 본다. This theoretical study aims to examine the several basic assumptions that Patan~jali's Yoga Su￣tra has adopted about the nature of man and the goal of life. The Yoga Su￣tras are considered the foundation of all Yoga practice and Yoga psychology. People have been practicing Yoga for centuries in order to obtain the physical and psychological benefits that arise out of this discipline. Despite the increasing interest of contemporary Western psychology in the practice of Yoga, comparatively little has been written about its philosophical aspect. It is the purpose of this paper to make explicit theoretical points of Yoga's view about man and his life. Patan~jali assumed that man consists of two separate elements; Purus??a and Prakr??ti. The Purus??a is the pure and essential consciousness. Prakr??ti is the term used to designate everything else in the universe aside from the Purus??a, mainly the natural or material world. According to Patan~jali, the cause of all mental pain and anguish is avidya, lack of understanding the distinction between Purus??a and Prakr??ti. This wrong identification with man's material nature as opposed to one's Purus??a, that is Avidya￣, should be removed by the right knowledge to obtain the absolute happiness and freedom free from all the pain and suffering. Hence the true goal of life is to escape from pain which are yet to come by means of destroying Avidya￣. As the Avidya￣ is the fundamental cause of other sufferings, one's whole life should be devoted to the effective and practical ways to root it out. The philosophical presuppositions of Patan~jali about man and man's life seems to be metaphysical and mystical, not deserving of serious scientific comment. But he deals with human sufferings and the practical means to overcome them in a systematic way. His theoretical assumptions helps us to gain an understanding of Yoga psychology's principles of mental health, psychological disturbance, and therapeutic change.

Bioinspired tuning of glycol chitosan for 3D cell culture

Cho, Myeong Ok,Li, Zhengzheng,Shim, Hye-Eun,Cho, Ik-Sung,Nurunnabi, Md,Park, Honghyun,Lee, Kuen Yong,Moon, Sung-Hwan,Kim, Ki-Suk,Kang, Sun-Woong,Huh, Kang Moo Nature Publishing Group 2016 NPG Asia Materials Vol.8 No.-

<P>Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems have promising applications compared with conventional two-dimensional cell culture systems. Herein, we report a facile method for the formation of 3D spheroids using novel thermo-reversible polysaccharide-based hydrogels. A series of thermo-reversible hydrogels consisting of N-acyl glycol chitosans (NAGCs) are synthesized through a simple N-acylation reaction, and the degree of acylation is finely tuned to obtain adequate thermo-reversible properties and gel stability. Among the NAGCs, N-hexanoyl glycol chitosan is the most thermo-sensitive and is highly effective for forming multi-cellular spheroids when used to coat the surfaces of cell culture dishes. Cell spheroids are effectively formed at various cell concentrations, and their spheroid shape and cellular functions are well maintained for longer times. The hydrogel culture system is also useful for co-cultures that mimic a biological microenvironment. Our thermo-reversible hydrogels may offer a convenient method for the development of in vitro 3D cell culture systems to provide enhanced performance in tissue regeneration, organ-on-chips, drug screening research and other biomedical applications.</P>

사람 태반에서 GnRH와 GnRH-receptor mRNAs의 발현

김명옥(Myeong Ok Kim),고필옥(Phil Ok Koh),조경제(Gyeong Jae Cho),김해석(Hae Suk Kim),이종학(Jong Hak Lee),김종화(Jong Hwa Kim),백원영(Won Young Paik),최완성(Wan Sung Choi) 대한체질인류학회 1998 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.11 No.1

본 연구는 사람 태반에서 GnRH 와 CnRH -receptor mRNAs 가 어느 세포에서 양현되는지 조사하고, 발현세포의 분포가 임신시기에 따라 어떻게 변화하는지를 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 임신중의 각 시기별 태반조직을 대상으로 GnRH 와 CnRH -receptor cDNA 에 대한 cRNA probe 흘 이용하여 tn Stf hybndlzation 을 시행 한 결과에서 다음과 갇은 소견을 얻었다. GnRH mRNA 는 모든 임신시기의 태반 조직내의 cytotrophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts, villous stromal cells 에서 동정되었다. GnRH mRNA signals 은 맡기로 갈수록 villous stromas 에서 강한 양성 반응이 관찰되었다. GnRH- receptor mRN A signals는 9-10주의 cytotrophoblasts 와 syncyhotrophoblasts 에서 강한 발현을 나타내었고 말기로 갈수록 감소되었다. GnRH 도 사람의 태반내에서 trophoblasts 에서 극소적 으로 생성되고, CnRH -receptor 는 GnRH 와 유사하게 태반융모의 trophoblast 에서 발현 된다. 또한, CnRB -receptor 가 임신유지에 필요한 융모악 성샘자극호르몬의 분비양상과 유사하게 생성되는 것으로 보아 GnRH 가 융오악 성생자극호르몬의 망성 벚 분비에 있어 조정인자로 작용할 가능성이 있있며, 그 작용에 있어 paracnne 또는 autocnne 역할을 항 것으로 생각된다.

Effect of Estrogen on Hepatic Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Eun-Hae Cho,Jin-Hee Sung,Myeong-Ok Kim,Han-Nah Jung,Chung-Kil Won,Jae-Hyun Cho,Hyo-Jong Lee,Phil-Ok Koh 한국실험동물학회 2008 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.24 No.3

It is known that estrogen protects tissues against organ ischemia. This study examined the protective effect of estrogen against hepatic ischemia and reperfusion. Rats were subjected to hepatic ischemia for 60 min and were sacrificed at 3, 6, 12, 24 hr after reperfusion. Estrogen (4 ㎎/㎏) or oil was administered at 1 hr before hepatic ischemia. Alanine aminotransferase and asparatate aminotransferase levels were immediately increased after reperfusion, peaked at 6 hr and then declined gradually. Alanine aminotransferase and asparatate aminotransferase levels were significantly suppressed by estrogen treatment. After 24 hr of reperfusion, ischemic lobe showed inflammatory lesions with severe congestion in oil-treated group. However, in estrogen-treated group, only mild congestion was observed. In histological observation, severity of hepatic injury was getting worse in process of time. In oil-treated animals, most ischemic liver lobes showed hepatocyte necrosis and massive neutrophils infiltration. However, estrogen attenuated the damage of hepatic tissue caused by hepatic ischemic and reperfusion injury. Thus, our results suggest that estrogen play a potent protective role against hepatic injury.

Estrogen Treatment Attenuates Apoptotic Cell Death Following Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Eun-Hae Cho,Jin-Hee Sung,Myeong-Ok Kim,Wongi Min,Chung-Kil Won,Jae-Hyun Cho,Hyo-Jong Lee,Phil-Ok Koh 한국실험동물학회 2009 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.25 No.2

Estrogen exerts a neuroprotective effect by reducing apoptotic cell death in both brain injury and spinal cord injury. This study investigated whether estrogen contributes to the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), an indicator of apoptotic cell death, during spinal cord injury. Adult female rats were ovariectomized and treated with oil or estrogen prior to spinal cord injury. Spinal cord tissues were collected at 24 hr after injury. Estrogen treatment showed a significant improvement of spinal cord tissue morphology and markedly reduced numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells. Using Western blot analysis, we found that the level of cleaved PARP was increased in oil-treated animals, whereas estrogen prevented the injury-induced increase in PARP cleavage. The results of this study provide further evidence that estrogen inhibits apoptotic cell death through the down-regulation of cleaved PARP in spinal cord injury.

Synthesis and characterization of thiolated hexanoyl glycol chitosan as a mucoadhesive thermogelling polymer

Ik Sung Cho,오혜민,Myeong Ok Cho,Bo Seul Jang,Jung-Kyo Cho,Kyoung Hwan Park,강선웅,허강무 한국생체재료학회 2018 생체재료학회지 Vol.22 No.4

Background: Mucoadhesive polymers, which may increase the contact time between the polymer and the tissue, have been widely investigated for pharmaceutical formulations. In this study, we developed a new polysaccharidebased mucoadhesive polymer with thermogelling properties. Methods: Hexanoyl glycol chitosan (HGC), a new thermogelling polymer, was synthesized by the chemical modification of glycol chitosan using hexanoic anhydride. The HGC was further modified to include thiol groups to improve the mucoadhesive property of thermogelling HGC. The degree of thiolation of the thiolated HGCs (SHHGCs) was controlled in the range of 5–10% by adjusting the feed molar ratio. The structure of the chemically modified polymers was characterized by 1H NMR and ATR-FTIR. The sol-gel transition, mucoadhesiveness, and biocompatibility of the polymers were determined by a tube inverting method, rheological measurements, and in vitro cytotoxicity tests, respectively. Results: The aqueous solution (4 wt%) of HGC with approximately 33% substitution showed a sol-gel transition temperature of approximately 41 °C. SH-HGCs demonstrated lower sol-gel transition temperatures (34 ± 1 and 31 ± 1 °С) compared to that of HGC due to the introduction of thiol groups. Rheological studies of aqueous mixture solutions of SH-HGCs and mucin showed that SH-HGCs had stronger mucoadhesiveness than HGC due to the interaction between the thiol groups of SH-HGCs and mucin. Additionally, we confirmed that the thermogelling properties might improve the mucoadhesive force of polymers. Several in vitro cytotoxicity tests showed that SHHGCs showed little toxicity at concentrations of 0.1–1.0 wt%, indicating good biocompatibility of the polymers. Conclusions: The resultant thiolated hexanoyl glycol chitosans may play a crucial role in mucoadhesive applications in biomedical areas.

[P8-224] Administration of Prunus persica Extract Protect Neuroblastoma Cell Line against Peroxynitrite

Myeong-Ok Kim,Dong-Hoon Shin,Bumshick Hong,Jong-Koo Park,Eun-Gu Lee,Eun-Ju Shin,Seung-Chul Kim,Hong-Yon Cho 한국식품영양과학회 2007 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2007 No.10

Cloning and Genetic Location of Capsicum Carotenoid Isomerase Gene (CaCRTISO), and Contig Mapping of BAC Clones Carrying the Gene

Ok Rye Kim,Myeong Cheoul Cho,Eun Young Yoo,Ji Young Lee,Byung-Dong Kim 한국원예학회 2006 한국원예학회 기타간행물 Vol.- No.-

활로사징에서 술전 심혈관조영술 소견과 수술후 좌우심실 압력과의 관계

조범구,김명진,최규옥 대한의학협회 1990 대한의학협회지 Vol.33 No.1

A case of cataract surgery using phacoemulsification in a 12-year-old poodle

( Myeong-gon Kang ),( Dong-hyun Han ),( Sei-myoung Han ),( Eun-gyeom Jung ),( Gyeong-min Kim ),( Jae-hyeon Cho ),( Phil-ok Koh ),( Chung-kil Won ),( Chung-hui Kim ),( Dongbin Lee ) 한국동물위생학회 2022 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.45 No.3

Cataracts occur commonly in older dogs, which can lead to partial or complete vision loss. In the present study, a 12-year-old male poodle presented for evaluation of ocular sinister (OS) cataract. This study was a clinical case report on the process of performing surgery using phacoemulsification (PHACO) and the problems that arise in patient diagnosed with OS cataract. In the oculus dexter (OD), the artificial eye was inserted because there was no electroretinography (ERG) response. In the OS, the ERG was 51.6 μV, so operation was performed because the visual pathway function remained. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy of the OS showed complete loss of vision as a hypermature cataract and that the lens was hardened. During the cataract surgery using PHACO, visco-elastic agents were used to maintain the shape of the eyeball, and the PHACO procedure took 3.13 minutes. The hardened lens and visco-elastic agents were removed from the eye through PHACO surgery, and the operation was completed by inserting an intraocular lens (IOL). As a result of managing IOP for 2 months after surgery, it remained stable at a maximum of 19 mmHg, and no postoperative ocular hypertension (POH) occurred. Currently, one year has passed since the operation, and the dog maintains its daily life with its left eye without any problems.