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Uncertainty in the ENSO amplitude change from the past to the future
Watanabe, Masahiro,Kug, Jong‐,Seong,Jin, Fei‐,Fei,Collins, Mat,Ohba, Masamichi,Wittenberg, Andrew T. American Geophysical Union 2012 Geophysical research letters Vol.39 No.20
<P>Due to errors in complex coupled feedbacks that compensate differently in different global climate models, as well as nonlinear nature of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), there remain difficulties in detecting and evaluating the reason for the past and future changes in the ENSO amplitude,σnino. Here we use physics parameter ensembles, in which error compensation was eliminated by perturbing model parameters, to explore relationships between mean climate and variability. With four such ensembles we find a strong relationship between σniño and the mean precipitation over the eastern equatorial Pacific ( urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl29646:grl29646-math-0001). This involves a two?way interaction, in which the wetter mean state with greater urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl29646:grl29646-math-0001acts to increase the ENSO amplitude by strengthening positive coupled feedbacks. Such a relationship is also identified in 11 single?model historical climate simulations in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 despite mean precipitation biases apparently masking the relationship in the multi?model ensemble (MME). Taking changes inσniño and urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl29646:grl29646-math-0001between pre-industrial and recent periods eliminates the bias, and therefore results in a robustσnino-urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl29646:grl29646-math-0001connection in MME, which suggests a 10-15% increase in the ENSO amplitude since pre-industrial era mainly due to changing mean state. However, theσniño– urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl29646:grl29646-math-0001 connection is less clear for their future changes, which are still greatly uncertain.</P>
A Case Study of Risk Assessment of Ozone Impact on Forest Tree Species in Japan
Watanabe, Makoto,Yamaguchi, Masahiro,Matsumura, Hideyuki,Kohno, Yoshihisa,Koike, Takayoshi,Izuta, Takeshi Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.4
Ozone ($O_3$) is a main component of photochemical oxidants and a phytotoxic air pollutant. Although the current levels of tropospheric $O_3$ in East Asia could adversely affect productivity of forest tree species, risk assessments of $O_3$ impact were limited. In this paper, we summarize the methodology of risk assessment of $O_3$ on forest tree species based on our two previous studies, risk assessments of $O_3$ impact on the growth of Fagus crenata by Watanabe et al. (2012) and on the annual carbon absorption of three representative conifers, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi by Watanabe et al. (2010). $O_3$ sensitivity of each tree species obtained from an experimental study, $O_3$ exposure and atmospheric N deposition based on field monitoring and vegetation survey were integrated by geographic information system method. Based on the results, we conclude that the area with high risk of $O_3$ impact does not necessarily correspond to the area with high $O_3$ exposure. The varieties of tree habitat, tree sensitivity to $O_3$ and annual carbon absorption among the tree species, and N deposition-induced change in the $O_3$ sensitivity of F. crenata are raised as the factors of discordance between areas with high risk and those with high $O_3$ exposure. In the last part of this paper, we discuss the present uncertainty and perspectives of risk assessment for the future studies on the impact of $O_3$ on forest tree species in East Asia.
Realization of a multihop wireless controlled sensor and actuator network for cable installation
Masahiro Watanabe 한국통신학회 2019 ICT Express Vol.5 No.4
Long and heavy cables need to be laid during the construction of plant. The present-day cable installation system drives the cables through by power assistance in order to reduce physical stress on the workers. However, the system cannot pull a long and heavy cable sequentially at the desired timing of the tension triggered onto the cable head by the worker. To solve this problem, we propose a multihop wireless controlled system that works to push the cable at a time set by instruction packets delivered according to the applied tension. This paper explains the design and adoption of a multihop wireless controlled sensor and actuator network into the cable installation system.
A Case Study of Risk Assessment of Ozone Impact on Forest Tree Species in Japan
Makoto Watanabe,Masahiro Yamaguchi,Hideyuki Matsumura,Yoshihisa Kohno,Takayoshi Koike,Takeshi Izuta 한국대기환경학회 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.4
Ozone (O_3) is a main component of photochemical oxidants and a phytotoxic air pollutant. Although the current levels of tropospheric O_3 in East Asia could adversely affect productivity of forest tree species,risk assessments of O_3 impact were limited. In this paper, we summarize the methodology of risk assessment of O_3 on forest tree species based on our two previous studies, risk assessments of O_3 impact on the growth of Fagus crenata by Watanabe et al. (2012) and on the annual carbon absorption of three representative conifers, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi by Watanabe et al. (2010). O_3 sensitivity of each tree species obtained from an experimental study, O_3 exposure and atmospheric N deposition based on field monitoring and vegetation survey were integrated by geographic information system method. Based on the results, we conclude that the area with high risk of O_3 impact does not necessarily correspond to the area with high O_3 exposure. The varieties of tree habitat, tree sensitivity to O_3 and annual carbon absorption among the tree species, and N deposition-induced change in the O_3 sensitivity of F. crenata are raised as the factors of discordance between areas with high risk and those with high O_3 exposure. In the last part of this paper, we discuss the present uncertainty and perspectives of risk assessment for the future studies on the impact of O_3 on forest tree species in East Asia.
In vivo genome editing targeted towards the female reproductivesystem
Masahiro Sato,Masato Ohtsuka,Shingo Nakamura,Takayuki Sakurai,Satoshi Watanabe,Channabasavaiah B. Gurumurthy 대한약학회 2018 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.41 No.9
The discovery of sequence specific nucleases such as ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized genome editing. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has particularly emerged as a highly simple and efficient approach towards generating genome-edited animal models of most of the experimental species. The limitation of these novel genome editing tools is that, till date, they depend on traditional pronuclear injection (PI)-based transgenic technologies developed over the last three decades. PI requires expensive micromanipulator systems and the equipment operators must possess a high level of skill. Therefore, since the establishment of PI-based transgenesis, various research groups worldwide have attempted to develop alternative and simple gene delivery methods. However, owing to the failure of chromosomal integration of the transgene, none of these methods gained the level of confidence as that by the PI method in order to be adapted as a routine approach. The recently developed genome editing systems do not require complicated techniques. Therefore, presently, attention is being focused on non-PIbased gene delivery into germ cells for simple and rapid production of genetically engineered animals. For example, a few reports during the previous 1–2 years demonstrated the use of electroporation (EP) in isolated zygotes that helped to overcome the absolute dependency on PI techniques. Recently, another breakthrough technology called genome editing via oviductal nucleic acids delivery (GONAD) that directly delivers nucleic acids into zygotes within the oviducts in situ was developed. This technology completely relieves the bottlenecks of animal transgenesis as it does not require PI and ex vivo handling of embryos. This review discusses in detail the in vivo gene delivery methods targeted towards female reproductive tissues as these methods that have been developed over the past 2–3 decades can now be re-evaluated for their suitability to deliver the CRISPR/Cas9 components to produce transgenic animals. This review also provides an overview of the latest advances in CRISPR-enabled delivery technologies that have caused paradigm shifts in animal transgenesis methodologies.