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Colorless flagellates, Aulacomonas and Collodictyon grazing toxic cyanobacteria
Watanabe, Makoto M. 인제대학교 낙동강환경연구소 1999 심포지움(인제대학교 부설 환경연구소 발표논문집) Vol.- No.8
Four strains of Aulacomonas spp. and 8 strains of Collodictyon spp. were isolated from the ponds of Wuhan in P.R. China, Bangkok in Thailand and Osaka in Japan where Microcystis blooms abundantly occurred. Morphology, phylogeny and phagotrophy of both flagellates were surveyed. The cells of Aulacomonas are naked and have two smooth flagella of equal length and a groove. The posterior end of cell is usually separated into two lobes. A nucleus is located in the anterior part of the cell. Serial sections showed that starch, pyrenoid and eyespot are absent in the cytoplasm and there is no trace of any photosynthetic apparatus. The mitochondria with tubular cristae occur in all strains of Aulacomonas. The cells of Collodictyon are naked and have four smooth flagella of equal length. The other characteristics are the same as those of Aulacomonas. The ultrastructural features of both flagellates suggest that they may not be considered as colorless chlorophytes as previously thought. The analysis of 18S rRNA sequences of Aulacomonas clearly showed that it is more primitive eukaryotic organism than the eukaryotic algae including green algae.
A Case Study of Risk Assessment of Ozone Impact on Forest Tree Species in Japan
Watanabe, Makoto,Yamaguchi, Masahiro,Matsumura, Hideyuki,Kohno, Yoshihisa,Koike, Takayoshi,Izuta, Takeshi Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.4
Ozone ($O_3$) is a main component of photochemical oxidants and a phytotoxic air pollutant. Although the current levels of tropospheric $O_3$ in East Asia could adversely affect productivity of forest tree species, risk assessments of $O_3$ impact were limited. In this paper, we summarize the methodology of risk assessment of $O_3$ on forest tree species based on our two previous studies, risk assessments of $O_3$ impact on the growth of Fagus crenata by Watanabe et al. (2012) and on the annual carbon absorption of three representative conifers, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi by Watanabe et al. (2010). $O_3$ sensitivity of each tree species obtained from an experimental study, $O_3$ exposure and atmospheric N deposition based on field monitoring and vegetation survey were integrated by geographic information system method. Based on the results, we conclude that the area with high risk of $O_3$ impact does not necessarily correspond to the area with high $O_3$ exposure. The varieties of tree habitat, tree sensitivity to $O_3$ and annual carbon absorption among the tree species, and N deposition-induced change in the $O_3$ sensitivity of F. crenata are raised as the factors of discordance between areas with high risk and those with high $O_3$ exposure. In the last part of this paper, we discuss the present uncertainty and perspectives of risk assessment for the future studies on the impact of $O_3$ on forest tree species in East Asia.
A Case Study of Risk Assessment of Ozone Impact on Forest Tree Species in Japan
Makoto Watanabe,Masahiro Yamaguchi,Hideyuki Matsumura,Yoshihisa Kohno,Takayoshi Koike,Takeshi Izuta 한국대기환경학회 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.4
Ozone (O_3) is a main component of photochemical oxidants and a phytotoxic air pollutant. Although the current levels of tropospheric O_3 in East Asia could adversely affect productivity of forest tree species,risk assessments of O_3 impact were limited. In this paper, we summarize the methodology of risk assessment of O_3 on forest tree species based on our two previous studies, risk assessments of O_3 impact on the growth of Fagus crenata by Watanabe et al. (2012) and on the annual carbon absorption of three representative conifers, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi by Watanabe et al. (2010). O_3 sensitivity of each tree species obtained from an experimental study, O_3 exposure and atmospheric N deposition based on field monitoring and vegetation survey were integrated by geographic information system method. Based on the results, we conclude that the area with high risk of O_3 impact does not necessarily correspond to the area with high O_3 exposure. The varieties of tree habitat, tree sensitivity to O_3 and annual carbon absorption among the tree species, and N deposition-induced change in the O_3 sensitivity of F. crenata are raised as the factors of discordance between areas with high risk and those with high O_3 exposure. In the last part of this paper, we discuss the present uncertainty and perspectives of risk assessment for the future studies on the impact of O_3 on forest tree species in East Asia.
Culture collection of Microalgae at the National Institute for Environmental Studies
Watanabe, Makoto M.,Mori,Fumi,Kawachi,Massnobu,Kasai,Fumie 영남대학교 해양과학연구소 2000 국제심포지움 일정 및 발표논문집 Vol.2000 No.1
Microbial Culture Collection at the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES-Collection) was founded in 1983 as the first collection center of environmental microorganisms. Microlgae associated with environmental issues have been collected and preserved the most actively as the first step. The total numbers of strains of algae available for distribution are now 752. Construction of an image database of the algal strains is important to check the quality of algal cultures because the taxonomy of algae is solely based on the morphological characteristics. The image data was stored in the compact disc after the digitization by film scanner. Based on the image database organized using two software, we could produce data files defined Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). In order to develop the long term preservation methods of microalgae, cryopreservation of cyanobacterial and green algal strains was examined using DMSO as cryoprotectant and two step cooling method. Among 48 species and 144 strains of cyanobacteria tested using 3% DMSO, 46 species and 139 strains survived after freezing and thawing. Viability assays for all of these cyanobacterial strains after freezing and thawing were made using FDA vital staining method, resulting that 32 species and 94 strains of cyanobacteria had viability levels of more than 60%. In green algal strains, among 158 species and 375 strains tested, 81 species and 147 strains survived after freezing and thawing. In particular, 92% of Chlorococcalean sttrains and all the strains of Chaetophorales survived after freezing and thawing.
Culture Collection of Microalgae at the National Institute for Environmental Studies
마꼬또와따나베(Makoto M . Watanabe) 한국조류학회 2000 국제심포지움 일정 및 발표논문집 - 21세기, 해양환경과 해양생물자원의 전망 Vol.- No.-
Microbial Culture Collection at the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES-Collection) was founded in 1983 as the first collection center of environmental microorganisms. Microlgae associated with environmental issues have been collected and preserved the most actively as the first step. The total numbers of strains of algae available for distribution are now 752. Construction of an image database of the algal strains is important to check the quality of algal cultures because the taxonomy of algae is solely based on the morphological characteristics. The image data was stored in the compact disc after the digitization by film scanner. Based on the image database organized using two software, we could produce data files defined Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). In order to develop the long term preservation methods of microalgae, cryopreservation of cyanobacterial and green algal strains was examined using DMSO as cryoprotectant and two step cooling method. Among 48 species and 144 strains of cyanobacteria tested using 3% DMSO, 46 species and 139 strains survived after freezing and thawing. Viability assays for all of these cyanobacterial strains after freezing and thawing were made using FDA vital staining method, resulting that 32 species and 94 strains of cyanobacteria had viability levels of more than 60%. In green algal strains, among 158 species and 375 strains tested, 81 species and 147 strains survived after freezing and thawing. In particular, 92% of Chlorococcalean sttrains and all the strains of Chaetophorales survived after freezing and thawing.