심근경색 모델 흰쥐에서 스트레스가 B-type Natriuretic Peptide 발현 및 심박변이율 변화에 미치는 영향

이삼윤(Sam Youn Lee),이미경(Mi Kyoung Lee),김남호(Nam-ho Kim),주민철(Min Cheol Joo),조항정(Hyang Jeong Jo),강지숙(Ji Sook Kang),김병숙(Byung Sook Kim),윤선식(Sun Sik Yoon),최을식(Eul Sig Choi),이문영(Moon Young Lee) 대한스트레스학회 2010 스트레스硏究 Vol.18 No.3

심박변이율의 감소는 심근 경색 환자에서 예후의 악화와 관련되어 있다. 심박변이율 중 very low frequency가 심부전환자의 예후를 판단할 수 있는 독립적 인자로서 사용이 가능하다고 보고된 바 있으며, 심실의 압력 증가에 반응해서 생성되는 B-type natriuretic peptide가 심근 경색의 예후 인자로서 사용할 수 있음 역시 보고된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 심근경색 모델을 제작하여 일정의 회복 기간을 거친 다음 다시 일정 기간의 스트레스를 겪게 한 후 심박변이율의 변화 및 심실 조직에서의 BNP 발현 정도를 비교하여 스트레스에 의한 영향을 관찰하고자 하였다. Sprague-Dawley계 수컷 흰쥐 15마리를 대상으로 하였다. 실험동물은 인위적 스트레스 및 수술을 받지 않은 대조군(CON, n=5), 심근경색 수술을 받은 후 restraint stress를 받지 않은 군(MI+No Stress, n=5), 심근경색 수술을 받은 후 1주일 동안 restraint stress를 받은 군(MI+Stress, n=5)으로 분류하였다. 심근경색 모델 제작 직후 15분 이상 심전도의 변화를 기록하였으며, 2개월 정도 후 심근경색 수술을 받은 동물을 두 군으로 나누어 그 중 한 군에는 1주일 동안 restraint stress를 가한 후 restraint stress를 가하지 않은 동물과 심박변이율을 비교 분석하였다. 심실 조직은 좌심실 전벽 부위의 위축을 관찰할 수 있었고, 대식세포에 의하여 응고, 괴사된 심근세포의 탐식과 혈관이 풍부한 육아조직 및 섬유 변화를 볼 수 있었다. 심박변이율은 심근경색 수술을 받은 직후 심박수는 유의한 증가를 보였고, standard deviation of the normal to normal intervals (SDNN), very low frequency (VLF) 및 low frequency (LF)의 유의한 감소를 보였다. 심근경색 수술을 받았던 동물에서 두 달 정도의 회복 기간을 거친 후 스트레스를 받지 않은 군은 심박수 및 기타 심박변이율 분석에서 SDNN 값을 제외하고는 정상군과 유의한 차이를 관찰할 수 없었던 반면 1주일 동안 스트레스를 받은 군에서는 심박수가 다시 유의하게 증가했을 뿐만 아니라 SDNN, VLF 및 LF 역시 정상군과 유의한 차이를 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 심근경색 동물에 대해 1주일 동안 스트레스를 가한 결과 심박변이율이 감소하고 심실에서의 BNP 발현은 더욱 증가하여 악화함을 보여주고 있다. Diminished heart rate variability (HRV) is associated with less favorable prognosis after myocardial infarction (MI). It has been reported that very low frequency (VLF) power in HRV analysis is an independent risk predictor in patients with congestive heart failure and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) can be used as a prognostic factor of MI. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether stress has an effect to the changes of BNP expression and/or heart rate variability in MI model in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups: control group (CON), MI group (MI+No Stress), and MI followed by stress group (MI+Stress). MI+Stress group rats were raised for a two month recovery period after the operation, followed by being exposed to restraint stress for 2 hours per day for 1 week. Electrocardiogram was recorded after the operation and the last day after 1 week of stress. The frequency components of HRV were calculated in the frequency domain such as VLF, low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and so on. In HRV analysis, standard deviation of the normal to normal intervals (SDNN) was significantly reduced in both groups compared to the control group. VLF and LF also were significantly reduced in MI+Stress group compared to the control groups. In addition, BNP expression in western blotting was shown the strongest bands in MI+ Stress group among experimental groups. These results suggest that BNP and HRV were aggravated by stress in MI rat model. (Korean J Str Res 2010;18:275∼285)

Serial values for hematologic and biochemical analysis after myocardial infarction in rats

( Mi Jin Lee ),( Hyun Jin Tae ),( Ying Hua Li ),( Do Hyeon Yu ),( In Ae Han ),( Seok Won Lee ),( Dong Choon Ahn ),( In Shik Kim ),( Jin Ho Park ) 한국가축위생학회 2008 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.31 No.2

To diagnose acute myocardial infarction(MI), many cardiac markers have been used in hematologic and biochemical analysis, and many studies have been published for hema-tologic and biochemical analysis associated with human acute MI. However, after occurrence of acute MI, the serial investigation for values in hematologic and bioche-mical analysis including chronic MI has rarely been performed. To observe the change of the serial values in hematologic and biochemical analysis, we induced artificial MI. The left main descending artery(LMDA) of the left coronary artery was ligated during the progression(day 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 30) of MI. Total 66 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the sham group(n=24, thoracotomy without LMDA ligation) and the experimental(MI) group(n=42, with LMDA ligation). And all individual in each group was sacrified at day 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 30 for the hematologic and biochemical analysis. In comparison of hematologic analysis between the sham and MI groups, the mean values of red blood cell(RBCs), hemoglobin and hematocrit(HCT) showed a steady increase. In biochemical analysis, the mean values of glucose, choles-terol, total creatine kinase(CK) and isoenzyme MB, and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) were increased in all MI groups compared with the sham groups. The results of this study suggest that early hematologic and biochemical mean values occurred after acute MI are similar to those of human acute MI. In conclusion, we could observe the alterations and serial values in hematologic and biochemical analysis to the extent of chronic status after acute MI.

Serial values for hematologic and biochemical analysis after myocardial infarction in rats

Lee, Mi-Jin,Tae, Hyun-Jin,Li, Ying-Hua,Yu, Do-Hyeon,Han, In-Ae,Lee, Seok-Won,Ahn, Dong-Choon,Kim, In-Shik,Park, Jin-Ho The Korean Society of Veterinary Service 2008 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.31 No.2

To diagnose acute myocardial infarction (MI), many cardiac markers have been used in hematologic and biochemical analysis, and many studies have been published for hematologic and biochemical analysis associated with human acute MI. However, after occurrence of acute MI, the serial investigation for values in hematologic and biochemical analysis including chronic MI has rarely been performed. To observe the change of the serial values in hematologic and biochemical analysis, we induced artificial MI. The left main descending artery (LMDA) of the left coronary artery was ligated during the progression (day 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 30) of MI. Total 66 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the sham group (n=24, thoracotomy without LMDA ligation) and the experimental (MI) group (n=42, with LMDA ligation). And all individual in each group was sacrified at day 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 30 for the hematologic and biochemical analysis. In comparison of hematologic analysis between the sham and MI groups, the mean values of red blood cell (RBCs), hemoglobin and hematocrit (HCT) showed a steady increase. In biochemical analysis, the mean values of glucose, cholesterol, total creatine kinase (CK) and isoenzyme MB, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were increased in all MI groups compared with the sham groups. The results of this study suggest that early hematologic and biochemical mean values occurred after acute MI are similar to those of human acute MI. In conclusion, we could observe the alterations and serial values in hematologic and biochemical analysis to the extent of chronic status after acute MI.

전통주 주박의 항혈전 활성 평가

김미선(Mi-Sun Kim),이예슬(Ye-Seul Lee),김종식(Jong Sik Kim),신우창(Woo-Chang Shin),손호용(Ho-Yong Sohn) 한국생명과학회 2014 생명과학회지 Vol.24 No.8

전통주 주박을 이용한 고부가가치 식품소재 개발을 위해, 상업적 시설에서 생산된 3종 약주(J-B, J-S, J-Y) 및 2종 탁주(J-H, J-W) 주박의 ethanol 추출물 및 열수 추출물을 조제하고 이들의 혈액응고 저해활성, 혈소판 응집저해 활성 및 인간 적혈구 용혈활성을 평가하였다. 5종 주박의 pH는 3.90~4.29로 유사하였으나, brix는 5.0~27.0으로 다양하게 나타났으며, 수분 및 알코올 함량에서도 시료에 따라 1.8배의 차이를 나타내었다. 주박의 색차와 성분은 첨가된 부재료 및 사용누룩에 좌우되었으며, J-W 주박의 경우 수분함량이 80.3%, brix 13, 알코올 함량 1.8%를 함유하여 다른 주박에 비해 다양한 식품제조에 용이하게 이용 가능하리라 판단되었다. Ethanol 추출효율은 J-H, J-W, J-B, J-S, J-Y의 순, 열수 추출효율은 J-S, J-B, J-W, J-H, J-Y의 순으로 높았으며, 총폴리페놀 및 총플라보노이드함량은 ethanol 추출물 중에서는 J-H, 열수 추출물 중에서는 J-Y 주박에서 가장 높았다. 5종 주박의 10종 추출물은 모두 5 mg/ml 농도까지 인간 적혈구에 대한 용혈활성이 나타나지 않았으며, J-B, J-S, J-Y의 약주 주박의 ethanol 추출물에서 유의적인 혈액응고저해 활성이 나타났으며, J-W 탁주 주박의 열수 추출물에서 thrombin 저해 활성과 J-B, J-S 및 J-H 주박 열수 추출물에서 혈액 응고인자 저해활성을 확인하였다. 혈소판 응집저해 활성평가의 경우 J-W 탁주 주박의 ethanol 및 열수 추출물에서만 아스피린에 필적하는 우수한 활성이 확인되었다. 본 연구결과는 다양한 약주 및 탁주 주박이 항혈전 활성을 가지고 있으며, 주박으로부터 항혈전제 개발이 가능함을 제시하고 있다. In this study, ethanol and hot water extracts of lees from Korean traditional wine (J-B, J-S, J-Y, J-H, and J-W) were prepared, and their effects on blood coagulation, platelet aggregation, and hemolysis of human red blood cells (hRBCs) were investigated to develop functional food ingredients from lees. The pH and brix of the lees ranged from 3.90 to 4.29 and 5.0 to 27.0o, respectively, and there was a huge difference in the water and ethanol content among the lees. The nuruk and additives used affected the color and physicochemical properties of lees. The J-W takju made from only rice and traditional nuruk, which has 13o brix and 1.8% of alcohol, has potential as functional food ingredient. With regard to the extraction yields of lees, higher yields were obtained from J-H, which contains different medicinal plants, in ethanol, followed by J-W, J-B, J-S, and J-Y. Higher extraction yields of lees were obtained from J-S in hot water, followed by J-B, J-W, J-H, and J-Y, respectively. The ethanol extract of J-H and the hot water extract of J-Y had the highest contents of total polyphenol and total flavonoids among the lees extracts. The 10 lees extracts did not show hemolysis activity against hRBCs up to 5 mg/ml. In an anticoagulation activity assay, the ethanol extracts of three yakju lees (J-B, J-S, and J-Y) and the hot water extract of J-W inhibited thrombin activity, whereas the hot water extract of J-B, J-S, and J-H inhibited blood coagulation factors. In an antiplatelet aggregation activity assay, only the J-W takju lees showed significant inhibition activity. Our results suggest that lees from traditional wine had high potential as a novel antithrombosis agent.

Histone deacetylase 3 is selectively involved in L3MBTL2-mediated transcriptional repression

Yoo, Jung-Yoon,Choi, Kyung-Chul,Kang, HeeBum,Kim, Young Jun,Lee, Jeongmin,Jun, Woo Jin,Kim, Mi-Jeong,Lee, Yoo-Hyun,Lee, Ok-Hee,Yoon, Ho-Geun Elsevier 2010 FEBS letters Vol.584 No.11

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>This is the first report that L(3)mbt-like 2 (L3MBTL2) specifically interacts with the histone deacetylase domain of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) via its MBT domain. Here, we show that L3MBTL2 selectively interacts with HDAC3, but not other class I HDACs. An in vitro peptide-binding assay demonstrated the specific association of HDAC3 with methylated histone-K20 tail and L3MBTL2. Furthermore, depletion of HDAC3 resulted in a decrease of methylated K20-H4, as well as an increase in acetylated histone H3. Consequently, HDAC3 knock-down selectively suppressed L3MBTL2-mediated transcriptional repression. Taken together, our results reveal the concerted action of both HDAC3 and L3MBTL2 in histone deacetylation and methylation-dependent transcriptional repression.</P><P><B>Structured summary</B></P><P>MINT-7719975: <I>L3MBTL2</I> (uniprotkb:Q969R5) and <I>HDAC3</I> (uniprotkb:O15379) <I>colocalize</I> (MI:0403) by <I>fluorescence microscopy</I> (MI:0416)</P><P>MINT-7719941, MINT-7719921: <I>L3MBTL2</I> (uniprotkb:Q969R5) <I>binds</I> (MI:0407) to <I>HDAC3</I> (uniprotkb:O15379) by <I>pull down</I> (MI:0096)</P><P>MINT-7719991: <I>HDAC3</I> (uniprotkb:O15379) <I>physically interacts</I> (MI:0915) with <I>L3MBTL2</I> (uniprotkb:Q969R5) by <I>anti bait coimmunoprecipitation</I> (MI:0006)</P><P>MINT-7719958: <I>L3MBTL2</I> (uniprotkb:Q969R5) <I>physically interacts</I> (MI:0915) with <I>HDAC3</I> (uniprotkb:O15379) by <I>anti tag coimmunoprecipitation</I> (MI:0007)</P><P>MINT-7719897: <I>HDAC3</I> (uniprotkb:O15379) <I>physically interacts</I> (MI:0915) with <I>L3MBTL2</I> (uniprotkb:Q969R5) by <I>two hybrid</I> (MI:0018)</P>

Transcriptional activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α by HDAC4 and HDAC5 involves differential recruitment of p300 and FIH-1

Seo, Hee-Won,Kim, Eun-Jin,Na, Hyelin,Lee, Mi-Ock Elsevier 2009 FEBS letters Vol.583 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>The interplay between hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and histone deacetylase (HDACs) have been well studied; however, the mechanism of cross-talk is unclear. Here, we investigated the roles of HDAC4 and HDAC5 in the regulation of HIF-1α function and its associated mechanisms. HDAC4 and HDAC5 enhanced transactivation by HIF-1α without stabilizing HIF-1α. HDAC4 and HDAC5 physically associated with HIF-1α through the inhibitory domain (ID) that is the binding site for factor inhibiting HIF-1 (FIH-1). In the presence of these HDACs, binding of HIF-1α to FIH-1 decreased, whereas binding to p300 increased. These results indicate that HDAC4 and HDAC5 increase the transactivation function of HIF-1α by promoting dissociation of HIF-1α from FIH-1 and association with p300.</P><P><B>Structured summary:</B></P><P>MINT-6802187:</P><P><I>HIF1 alpha</I> (uniprotkb:Q16665) <I>physically interacts</I> (MI:0218) with <I>FIH1</I> (uniprotkb:Q9NWT6) by <I>anti bait coimmunoprecipitation</I> (MI:0006)</P><P>MINT-6802058:</P><P><I>HIF1 alpha</I> (uniprotkb:Q16665) <I>physically interacts</I> (MI:0218) with <I>HDAC4</I> (uniprotkb:P56524) by <I>pull down</I> (MI:0096)</P><P>MINT-6802021:</P><P><I>HIF1 alpha</I> (uniprotkb:Q61221) <I>physically interacts</I> (MI:0218) with <I>HDAC4</I> (uniprotkb:P56524) by <I>anti bait coimmunoprecipitation</I> (MI:0006)</P><P>MINT-6802036:</P><P><I>HIF1 alpha</I> (uniprotkb:Q61221) <I>physically interacts</I> (MI:0218) with <I>HDAC5</I> (uniprotkb:Q9UQL6) by <I>anti bait coimmunoprecipitation</I> (MI:0006)</P><P>MINT-6802102:</P><P><I>HIF1 alpha</I> (uniprotkb:Q16665) <I>physically interacts</I> (MI:0218) with <I>HDAC5</I> (uniprotkb:Q9UQL6) by <I>pull down</I> (MI:0096)</P><P>MINT-6802121, MINT-6802156:</P><P><I>P300</I> (uniprotkb:Q09472) <I>physically interacts</I> (MI:0218) with <I>HIF1 alpha</I> (uniprotkb:Q16665) by <I>anti bait coimmunoprecipitation</I> (MI:0006)</P>

1930년대 전반기 이효석 소설의 마르크시즘 차용 양상

이미림 ( Lee Mi-rim ) 한민족어문학회 2020 韓民族語文學 Vol.0 No.87

본고는 이효석 문학의 마르크시즘과 콜론타이즘 전유 및 차용 양상과 소설에 투영된 1930년대 전반기 사회적 분위기를 고찰하였다. 동반자문학으로 출발한 이효석은 전세계를 휩쓸었던 마르크시즘을 경성제대 영문과 재학시 일본인교수의 교육과 유진오와의 친분을 통해 공유하며 사상적 영향을 받았다. 192,30년대 식민지 지식청년에게 마르크스 사상은 독립운동의 수단이 될뿐만 아니라 제국과 식민지를 해체하는 탈식민주의적 관점에서 수용되었다. 카프에 가입하지는 않았지만 동반자작가로 호칭되는 그의 초기문학은 식민지조선의 비참함과 비루함을 그렸으며, 정치적 망명지 해삼위를 환희와 감격, 행복의 마르크시즘이 실현된 유토피아로 재현했다. 1920년대 중반부터 조선공산당을 탄압하기 시작했고 1931년 카프 제1차 검거 사건으로 가혹하고 살벌한 무단정치가 자행된 시점에서 사상과 이념에서 탈피하여 성과 자연, 세태로 함몰되는 전향과정이 형성되었다. 주의자와 맑스 레이디, 엥겔스 걸 등의 작중인물이 지속적으로 등장하는 1931년부터 1934년까지 발표된 이효석 소설은 이 시기가 삐라 뿌리는 시대, 파업의 시대, 붉은 혁명의 시대일 뿐만 아니라 황금광시대, 연애시대, 붉은 사랑의 시대임을 밝히고 있다. 유사단어의 나열, 대조적인 공간감각, 의식의 흐름, 색채미학과 같은 실험적인 기법을 차용하는 낭만적 심리적 리얼리즘 기법은 불온하고 감시당하는 사회의 어두운 주제의식을 검열을 피해가며 카프문학이 지닌 사상의 경직성과 이분법적 사유에서 벗어나는 이효석 문학의 특징이다. 작가는 사상과 본능, 이성과 감각, 의무와 쾌락 사이에서 번민하고 사유하는 근대인의 노정을 특유의 감성과 색채, 이미지로 표현했다. 본고는 1920년대 동반자문학과 1933년 <돈> 사이에 발표된 이효석 문학에 주목한바 일제압박과 공포가 극심했지만 마르크스, 콜론타이, 프롤레타리아, 투사,「자본론」등의 용어가 구체적으로 명시되며 주의자남성과 맑스 레이디의 붉은 혁명과 붉은 사랑이라는 양가적 요소가 가장 열정적이고 치열했던 시대에 마르크스 사상이 작품 속에 어떻게 구현되었는지를 분석하였다. 이 시기의 이효석은 주의자의 성과 사랑, 동거를 통해 인간본성과 생명력유지로서의 생존전략을 예리하게 해부했다. 이효석 소설에서 마르크시즘은 사상 자체에 주목하기보다는 실존과 인간본성을 파헤치는 소재로 차용되었다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the social atmosphere of the former half of the 1930s through the appreciation patterns of Marxism and Kollontaism and the extinction process of ideas in Lee Hyo-seok's literature. Starting with the companion literature, Lee graduated from Gyeongseong Imperial University in English Literature. He shared Marxism that swept over the globe with a Japanese professor and his close friend Yu Jin-o and was under the ideological influence of the professor's education and his friendship with Yu. In the 1920s and 1930s, intellectual youth in colonized Joseon found a means for their independent movement in Marxist ideas and accepted it from a post-colonial perspective to deconstruct the empire and colony. Even though he did not join the KAPF, he was called a companion writer. His early works captured the miserable and low state of colonized Joseon and depicted Vladivostok, a political place of exile, as a utopia where Marxism of joy, deep impression, and happiness was realized. An event occurred which suppressed the Joseon Communist Party in the middle 1920s. In 1931, the first round of arrests occurred for the KAPF. As the brutal and bloody military government was in place, a process of conversion was formed of escaping from ideas and ideologies and burying oneself in sex, nature, and social conditions. Lee's novels of 1931-1934 present a constant stream of ideologists, Marxist ladies, and Engels girls, showing that the period embodied the coexistence of the Gold Rush era and the dating era as well as the era of leaflets, strikes, and red revolutions. Lee adopted romantic and psychological realism techniques including the enumeration of similar words, depiction of contrasting spaces and senses, flow of consciousness, color aesthetics, and other experimental techniques. They are parts of the characteristics of his literature, which discussed the dark thematic consciousness of the rebellious society under observation by escaping censorship and emerged from the KAPF literature's ideological strictness and dichotomous thinking. During the period, Lee expressed the journey of modern people, with anxiety and thoughts between ideas and instincts, between reason and sense, and between duty and pleasure, in his unique sentiment, colors, and images represented by depression, darkness, splendor, and radiance. Focusing on Lee's literature between his companion literature in the middle 1920s and his The Pig in 1933, this study examined how Marxist ideas were embodied in his works in the era characterized by the greatest suppression and terror of the ruling Japanese, the specific presentation of such terms as Marx, Kollontai, proletariat, fighter, and capitalism, and the most passionate and fierce appearance of ambivalent elements including the red revolution and the red love between ideologist men and Marxist women. During the period, Lee dissected sharply the survival strategies of ideologists to preserve their human nature and life force through their sex, love, and cohabitation.

영남 지역 시첩(詩帖)제작의 한 국면 - 구암(龜巖) 이정(李禎) 가문의 『수서시(壽瑞詩)』를 중심으로 -

이미진 ( Lee Mi-jin ) 우리한문학회 2021 漢文學報 Vol.45 No.-

『壽瑞詩』는 李稵(1372~1495)의 장수를 기념하여 당시 右議政이었던 姜孟卿(1410~1461)이 지어준 祝壽詩및 후대의 次韻詩를 모아둔 詩帖이다. 이 시첩은 李稵의 후손인 龜巖李楨(1512~1571)이 제작을 주도하였는데, 여기에는 강맹경의 元韻이 지어진 作詩현장과 이후 여러 대에 걸쳐 지어진 次韻詩의 수습 과정이 그대로 남아있다는 점에서 눈여겨볼만하다. 『수서시』는 구암 한시를 모아둔 시집이 아니며, 문학적 완성도를 운운하기 위한 작품 선집도 아닌 만큼 이 시기 영남 지역을 중심으로 활동한 지식인들의 한시 授受장면을 엿볼 수 있는 흥미로운 자료라 할 수 있다. 구암 이정이 오랜 기간 영남 지역에서 지방관을 역임했다는 사실과 그 과정에서 차운시를 수습했던 사실에 주목하여 『수서시』의 제작 경위 및 차운시 현황을 살펴본 결과 차운시는, 강맹경 생존 당시, 구암의 지방관 재직 시, 그리고 구암 사후 수습되었다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 구암은 영천군수(경북 영주)에 제수된 이후 경북 선산과 충북 청주를 거쳐 경북 경주와 전남 순천에 이르기까지 영남의 상하를 관통하면서 비교적 大邑의 수령을 지냈는데, 이 가운데 영주, 선산, 청주 지역에서 재직 시 요청하여 받은 차운시가 수록되어 있기 때문이다. 선대의 시문을 후손이 모아 제작했다는 점에서, 그리고 차운시의 대부분이 선조의 장수와 그의 후손들의 효행을 칭송하고 있다는 점에서 『수서시』는 명실상부한 구암 가문의 기록물의 성격을 지니고 있다고 할 수 있다. The 『Suseosi(壽瑞詩)』 is Sicheop(album of poems, 詩帖) collecting Chuksusi(祝壽詩) created by Gang Maenggyeong(姜孟卿, 1410-1461), the contemporary Uuijeong(state councilor), which expresses the longevity of Lee Ja(李稵, 1372-1495) from Sachoen(泗川) Lee’s family and Chaunsi(次韻詩) created by the next generation. This Sicheop, which was primarily created by Guam Leejeong (龜巖李楨, 1512-1571), a descendent of Lee Ja, shows the site in which Gang Maenggyeong’s Wonun(元韻) was created and the process in which Chaunsi which had been created across many generations was learned. The 『Suseosi』 is neither the collection of Guam’s Chinese poems nor an anthology with literary completion, but may be an interesting material with which it is possible to get a glimpse of the scenes in which intellectuals, who engaged in literary activities around Yeongnam province, exchange Chinese characters with each other. An analysis on the creation process of the 『Suseosi』 and the status of Chaunsi by focusing on the fact that Guam Lee Jeong served as a local official in Yeongnam province for a long time and learned Chaunsi in the process, shows that Chaunsi had been learned by his descendents, during the survival of Gang Maenggyeong and the period in which Guam served as an local official, and after the death of Guam. After being appointed as a Yeongcheon(Yeongju, Gyeongbuk) country headman, Guam held the post of a local governor in relatively bigger towns(大邑), by vertically penetrating Yeongnam, from Seonsan, Gyeongbuk and Cheongju, Chungbuk to Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk and Suncheon, Gyeongnam. The Chaunsi he asked to receive when he held office in Gyeongju, Seonsan and Cheongju was contained in the 『Suseosi』. The 『Suseosi』 is the de facto record of Guam's family, in that the descendants created it by collecting the ancestors’ poetic works and most of Chaunsi praise the ancestors’ longevity and his descendants’ filial conduct.

니체 관점으로 본 이효석 문학

이미림 ( Lee Mi-rim ) 한국문명학회 2016 문명연지 Vol.17 No.1

There is a huge accumulation of previous researches on Lee Hyo-seok, whose literary amplitude is known to be wide, according to various perspectives including the social class, gender, nature, orientation toward the West, aesthetics, lyricism, and travel motifs. Criticizing the premodern and modern times and having an anti-time and perspective-based viewpoint, Lee shared the same spirit with Nietzscheanism in that he placed the utmost value on civilization criticism, celebration of nature, elitism, criticism of philistine culture, superiority of nature/body, questions about morality and metaphysics, and Greek art and music in his literature and sought after salvation in literature. The writer was not able to accept the modern society based on colonial capitalism and the identity of colonial intellectuals, denying the old order and generation and trying to break down the common sense and usual conventions. Turning his back on the old order represented by the father, colony, nation, and grownup(father), challenging himself against suppression and taboos, and advocating the positions of animals, women, the poor, and foreigners as others, Lee was in pursuit of the true nature of human beings and led a nomadic life of never settling down in reality and going on an ongoing journey to find his ego and nature. In his When Buckwheat Flower Blooms, Wild Apricots, and The Gorge whose background was his hometown, he laughed at the hypocrisy and pretense of the father generation and resisted the adultery and immorality motifs. In his Juriya, Hwabun, and Byeokgongmuhan, he overturned the marriage institution based on patriarchy, heterosexuality, and monogamy through the issues of sex, body and love and did experiments with and investigations into the human nature. Revealing his doubts about the criticism of reality, restoration of humanity, and truth, he felt it was unfair that he and his literature were evaluated as an erotic writer and escapist literature, respectively. Nietzsche was also bombarded with criticisms in the pool of misunderstanding and prejudice in his days. His literature denied both the premodern(tradition) and modern times and displayed his disillusionment with people, thus criticizing civilization, cities, and modern days and taking a nature-friendly and ecological position. Just like Nietzsche that broke down metaphysics, Christianity, tradition, and convention, Lee had such longing for human liberation and freedom and exhibited his orientation toward others including animals, women, foreigners, the colonized, the elderly, migrants, and the lower class in his poems, novels, critiques and essays. Just like Nietzschean thinking is summoned and re-illuminated today, Lee`s literature is summoned and re-recognized in the 21st century. Having reflections on and raising questions about the old order and truth and seeking after diversity and pluralism, his literature has valid and problematic contemporary values in this post-modern time. Research on his literature, which has been at a standstill, will be able to receive new meanings in its relations with Nietzscheanism.

이효석의 성적 판타지 삼부작 연구

이미림 ( Lee Mi-rim ) 한국문명학회 2020 문명연지 Vol.21 No.1

This paper presents an investigation into the erotic trilogy of Lee Hyo-seok, who reflected on the love and lust issues most actively of the writers in the 1930s. The trilogy includes three novels titled Juriya, Pollen, and The Boundless Blue Sky. Lee depicted unity with nature, primitive instincts, and force of life in his early short stories. Starting with Juriya, the writer dealt with women's sex and love in an experimental and progressive manner. The novel depicts a country's girl entry into Seoul, where she becomes a modern person, ideologist, and adult and changes her name from Kim Yeong-ae to Juriya. She imitates the heroine of Kollontai's Red Love and turns herself from an awkward Marxist to a romanticist. She has conflicts between the object of her respect and that of her carnal desire, and her sexual contemplation reflects the conflict of modern people. Based on infinite sexual imagination, myths, and the Bible, his Pollen depicts violent and unconventional sexual aberrations. Making an inquiry into modernity through power and capital issues along with the complex and ambivalent sexuality of modern people, the author dissects human sexual desire in full scale including appearances, physical attraction, and social classes working between man and woman. Compared with Salome created by Oscar Wilde, Mi-ran goes through three men, Hyeonma, Danju and Yeonghun until returning back to art. This setting is based on Oscarism oriented toward aestheticism and the art-for-art principle. Written in his later years, The Boundless Blue Sky reflects multicultural and cosmopolitan ideas. The protagonist obtains love from a Russian lady called 나아자 and contributes to the foundation of the Nokseong Music Academy led by a group of women, thus showing his aesthetics leading to sexuality, good looks, and art and art-for-art principle putting an emphasis on 심미역. The erotic trilogy of Lee, who expressed the psychology and desire of modern people actively based on the topics of sex and romantic love as part of modern thinking, describes how capital, sexuality, and power work in a modern society and thus holds contemporary significance. In Lee's sex and love, nationality, gender, and age are the objects of transcendence or disregard. The sexuality of a capitalist modern society is found money, appearances, and social classes in the end. In the middle of the trend to assess the value of a literary work based on the awareness of reality and social consciousness, Lee's novels maintained the art-for-art principle and kept their literary value.