한국예술가곡 효시에 관한 연구

이지연 ( Ji-yeon Lee ),공정배 ( Jeong-bae Kong ),김용범 ( Yong-beom Kim ) 한국사상문화학회 2016 韓國思想과 文化 Vol.85 No.-

본 연구는 독일어권에서 비롯된 예술가곡 리트(Lied)의 한국적 전이과정을 통해 한국예술가곡의 효시를 규명하고자하는 목적이다. 예술가곡은 시문학과 음악의 합일된 예술장르로서 독일과 오스트리아를 포함한 독일어권에서 발달된 가곡으로, 시인의 시에 작곡가가 선율을 붙이고 이를 성악가가 부르는 음악 양식이다. 그 효시를 슈베르트의 `실 잣는 그레첸(Gretchen am Spinnrade)`로 비정하고 있다. 작곡가의 임무란 좋은 시를 널리 알리는 것이었기 때문에 음악은 시에 종속되어 있었다. 그러나 예술가곡은 상호매체성에 의한 문화융합결과물로서 시와 음악이 서로가 각기 독립된 예술이었던 상태로부터 벗어나 완전히 하나로 융합되면서 또 하나의 새로운 양식으로 탄생한다. 슈베르트 이후 가곡의 작곡자는 더 이상 시의 언어 음율을 선율적으로 고양시키는 낭음자가 아니라 가사에서 말로 표현될 수 없는 영역을 음악적으로 표출하는 시의 자유로운 해석자의 역할을 하게 된다. 음악을 단순히 시를 쉽게 이해하는 보조수단에 국한시킨 이전의 가곡미학을 극복하고자 하는 새로운 경향들이 나타나면서 이전까지 작법인 유절가곡이 아닌 통절 작곡 형식이 새롭게 떠오르기 시작하였다. 이렇게 완성된 예술가곡은 1835년경 이후부터 독일을 벗어나 다른 나라로도 전파되어, 각 나라의 음악적 특징에 맞는 독자성을 지니며 민족음악으로 자리잡는다. 그리하여 그 갈래의 하나가 한국에 이르게 된다. 독일 예술가곡의 개념과 정의 및 조건에 맞는 한국 최초의 예술가곡이 어떤 작품인가는 학자들의 견해에 따라 논란이 존재 한다. 그러나 이 관점은 예술가곡을 시와 음악의 등가의 결합을 전제로 보았을 때 우리 시문학사적 위상과 일치하는 시기이다. 한국 시문학사는 1930년대에 이르러서 성숙함이 묻어나면서 시인들은 창작 행위에 대한 확고한 자신의 색깔을 드러내기 시작했다. 이 시기에 전문적인 시인의 등장이 활발해지는데 이때 정지용을 대표적으로 꼽을 수 있다. 1932년 7월 동방평론 4호에 발표한 정지용의 시 `고향`에 작곡가 채동선이 곡을 붙였고, 채선엽이 독창을 맡았으며 반주는 김애식이 맡았다. 작곡가 채동선은 독일에서 정통으로 작곡을 공부하고 귀국하여 <고향>을 작곡하였고 시기적으로는 물론 예술가곡의 완성의 필요충분조건은 모두 갖춘 한국 최초의 예술가곡 그 효시로 비정할 수 있다. This study aims to clarify the beginning of the Korean art song by reviewing how the German art song "lied" was traditionally transferred and spread in Korea. As a genre of art that unites poetry and music, the art song was originally developed in German-speaking countries including Germany and Austria; the then composers put a melody on poems so that singers(vocalists) could sing the songs. Gretchen am Spinnrade by Franz Peter Schubert is considered the beginning of such a style of music. Since promulgating good poems was one of the composer`s missions then, music was viewed as subordinate to poems. As an outcome of cultural convergence through intermediality, however, the two independent forms of art, poetry and music, came to converge into a completely single genre, heralding a birth of a new music style. Since Shubert, composers were no longer a mere reciter exalting poems by putting melodies on rhythmical poetic language; instead, they served as a free interpreter of poems to express the sentiment beyond the lyrics musically. In an attempt to overcome the stereotype that regarded music simply as an aid to better understand poems, a new trend such as through-composed songs, away from traditional strophic songs, emerged. Those German art songs were widely disseminated beyond Germany since 1835, and took root in many areas as folk music combined with each country`s traditional musical hallmarks. Korea was no exception. With Korean art songs originated from Germany, scholars in the field have long disputed over which one is the first Korean art song that complied with the concept, definition, and conditions of the German lied. When we consider the art song as a fair combination of poetry and music, a hint can be found from the history of Korean poetry. Korean poetry began to mature in the 1930s with poets clearly expressing their own signature colors in their creations. Professional poets actively broke onto the art scene, and Ji-yong Jeong was one of them. Mr. Jeong released a poem titled "Home (Gohyang)" on No. 4 Dongbang Critique in July, 1932, and Dong-sun Chae, a composer, put a melody on it; later it was sung by Sun-yub Chae with the piano accompaniment by Ae-sik Kim. After studying composition officially in Germany, Dong-sun Chae returned to Korea and composed the song, meeting all of necessary and sufficient conditions of the German lied. In this sense, "Home (Gohyang)" can be regarded as the first Korean art song.

열유도상분리법에 의한 미세다공성 폴리에틸렌 중공사막의 제조에 관한 연구

지동선,공용운 단국대학교 1999 산업기술연구 Vol.1 No.-

The solid-liquid phase separation of the high density polyethylene(HDPE) hollow fiber membrane prepared via thermally induced phase separation process was thermodynamically investigated. As the amount of liquid paraffin(LP) used as a diluent increased, the equilibrium melting temperature given Hoffman-Weeks plots decreased. The value of Flory-Huggins interaction parameter obtained from the melting point depression in the HDPE/LP blends was -0.43. The phase was not separated in the melt state since it had good miscibility. However, the solid-liquid phase separation occurred at lower temperatures. The temperatures of crystallization and phase separation decreased with increase in the cooling rate. As the amount of liquid paraffin and draft ratio increased, the flux of polyethylene hollow fiber membrane increased. It was found that the optimum blend ratio for microporous polyethylene hollow fiber membrane of HDPE/LP blends was determined to be 40/60. The flux of polyethylene glycol solution under the same applied pressure and time was less than that of pure water for HDPE/LP 40/60 and 50/50(wt%).

불화음용수 섭취에 따른 백서골의 미세특성 및 결정구조 비교분석

사공억,김지영,송재상,권용훈,송근배 대한구강보건학회 2003 大韓口腔保健學會誌 Vol.27 No.1

The wide spread use of various vehicles for systemic or topical delivery of fluoride is undoubtedly responsible in large part for the remarkable decline in the prevalence of dental caries that is currently being experienced in many countries of the western world. But the effects of fluoride on bone health has been not completely confirmed still now. The aims of this study were to understand the micro-chemical and mechanical changes and the effects of the fluoride on rat femur after administration of various concentrations of fluoride. The three point bending test, surface micorhardness test, fluoride analysis, FT-Raman spectrophotometer and scanning electron microscopy were performed. The obtained results ware as follows; 1. Bone strength was increased significantly in the 5 and 25ppm group compared to control and 1ppm group. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease of stress at fracture in 75ppm group than 25ppm group(p<0.005). 2. Surface microhardness of the femur were also increase in the 1,5 and 25ppm groups than control and decreased at 75ppm group, but there were no significant differences in all the group(p<0.05). 3. With increasing the concentration of administrated fluoride, contents of fluoride in the ashed femur were increased. It was the highest in the 75ppm group than other groups(p<0.05). 4. The change of hydroxyapatite to fluorrapatite structure was not differentiated by FT-Raman analysis.

BOOK REVIEWS - Human Decency

Kong Ji Yong,Bruce,Ju-Chan Fulton 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2008 Acta Koreana Vol.11 No.3

Evaluation of Gender Effect in Various Pliers' Grip Spans for Maximum Isometric Grasping Tasks

Yong-Ku Kong,Dae-Min Kim,Ji-Soo Park,Sung-Yong Lee,Kyeong-Hee Choi,Kyung Ran Kim 대한인간공학회 2014 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.33 No.6

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of gender (male, female) and grip spans (45, 50, 60, 70, 80mm) on total grip strength, resultant force, finger force and subjective discomfort ratingI. Background: In order to prevent musculoskeletal disorders, studies of hand tools need to be preceded based on grip strength, finger force, and subjective discomfort rating. However, experimental apparatus using tools such as pliers that reflect the actual work place was almost non-existent. Method: Fifty-Two (26 males and 26 females) participants were recruited from the student population. In this study, a pair of revised pliers, which can change grip span from 45 to 80mm was applied to estimate total grip strength, resultant force and individual finger forces. All participants were asked to exert a maximum grip force with three repetitions, and to report the subjective discomfort rating for five grip spans of pliers (45, 50, 60, 70, 80mm). Results: There were significant differences of total grip strength, resultant force, individual finger forces and subjective discomfort rating according to grip span. The lowest total grip strength was obtained from the grip span of 80mm for both genders. For resultant force, the highest resultant force was exerted at grip spans of 50, 60 and 70mm for females and 50 and 60mm for males. The lowest subjective discomfort rating was observed in the 50mm for both genders. Conclusion: Based on the result, 50mm and 60mm grip spans which provide the highest force and lowest discomfort rating might be recommendable for the male and female pliers users. Application: The findings of this study can provide guidelines on designing a hand tool to help to reduce hand-related musculoskeletal disorders and obtain better performance.

Grip Strength of Pliers on the Maximum Gripping Task for Females

Yong-Ku Kong,Dae-Min Kim,Ji-Soo Park,Sung-Yong Lee,Kyeong-Hee Choi 대한인간공학회 2014 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.11

Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of various grip spans of pliers on the resultant force and subjective discomfort in female users. Background: Despite the automation of facilities, many workers were still using hand-tools such as wrench, screwdriver, and pliers. Those hand-tool users are having trouble with hand-related musculoskeletal disorders. Especially females tend to have a higher rate of hand-related musculoskeletal disorders than males. Method: A total of 26 females who had no history of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) were participated in this study. All female participants were asked to exert a maximum grip force with three repetitions, and to report the subjective discomfort rating for five grip spans of pliers (45, 50, 60, 70, 80mm). Results: Results showed that the effects of grip span were statistically significant on the total grip strength, resultant force, and subjective discomfort rating in this study. The lowest total grip strength was obtained from the grip span of 80mm. For resultant force, the 50mm and 60mm grip spans showed also significantly higher resultant force. The lowest subjective discomfort was observed in the 50mm span. Conclusion: Based on the study, the 50mm and 60mm grip spans which provided highest resultant force as well as lowest discomfort rating might be recommendable for the female pliers users. Application: The results of the study might help to reduce hand-related musculoskeletal disorders and perform efficient task in the real-work environment.

Field application of Ergonomics Evaluation Tools (ALLA, AULA) for Farm Work

Yong-Ku Kong,Kyung-Hee Choi,Ji-Soo Park,Sung-Yong Lee,Dae Min Kim 대한인간공학회 2014 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.11

Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze farm working postures using ergonomic evaluation tools (ALLA and AULA) and to examine the validity of each evaluation tool. Background: ALLA (Kong et al., 2010) and AULA (Kong et al., 2011) are whole-body posture evaluation tools in farm works, which were developed to prevent musculoskeltal disease caused by farm works which Method: Classifying farm works depending on the farming form. Farm working postures were evaluated by 19 ergonomic experts and using ergonomic evaluation tools in farm works, ALLA and AULA in order to evaluate working postures that are frequently observed in each type of farming. Results: The analysis result of farm working postures showed that the evaluation results of the experts and evaluation tools( ALLA and AULA) were similar. Conclusion: ALLA and AULA developed, based on the preceding studies, were appropriate for a postural evaluation of each body part in farm works. Although they aren’t perfect to apply a whole-body posture evaluation in farm works. his limitation could be solved by conducting a research on a whole-body posture evaluation, which integrates these two evaluation tools.

[P536] A case of hypertrophic scar treated with combination of intralesional triamcinolone injection and extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT)

( Ji Hyun Kim ),( Sook Hyun Kong ),( Seok Hyun Han ),( Yong Woo Oh ),( Ho Seok Suh ),( Yu Sung Choi ) 대한피부과학회 2017 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.69 No.1

Hypertrophic scar derive from abnormal fibrous wound healing with malfunction of mechanisms controlling tissue repair and regeneration. The Modified Vancouver Scar Scale (moVSS), including height, pliability, vascularity and pigmentation is used to assess the scar condition. Many different treatment modalities including intralesional steroids and surgery have been offered, but the results are often unsatisfactory. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is a transient short-term acoustic pulses successfully introduced in urologic lithotripsy and several orthopedic diseases. Furthermore, the potential use of ESWTs in promoting angiogenesis, decreasing inflammation and enhancing cell differentiation has been suggested. A 25-year-old female presented with a 2.0 x 0.6 sized linear erythematous plaque on the ankle. The patient was clinically diagnosed with hypertrophic scar and treated with intralesional triamcinolone injection for 3 months but the lesion showed no improvement. Then, we treated with ESWT and intraleisional triamcinolone injection at one-week interval. After the treatment, moVSS score decreased from 11 at week 0 to 7 at week 4. Herein, we report a case of hypertrophic scar successfully treated with combination of intralesional triamcinolone injection and ESWT.

Changes of Stem Cell-specific M arkers of Umbilical Cord Blood-derived M esenchymal Stem Cells by Serial Passage

Ji-Hae Song,Yong-Soo Choi,Bu-Young Park,Jong-Il Kim,Hyung-Jin Jeon,Young-Joo Jeon,Mi-Eun Kong,Dong-Il Kim 한국생물공학회 2008 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2008 No.10

[P093] A case of multiple eccrine hidrocystomas on the nose

( Ji Hyun Kim ),( Sook Hyun Kong ),( Seok Hyun Han ),( Yong Woo Oh ),( Ho Seok Suh ),( Yu Sung Choi ) 대한피부과학회 2017 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.69 No.1

Eccrine hidrocystoma is a benign cystic lesion of the eccrine gland that commomly occurs in middle-aged female. It clinically presents as solitary or multiple translucent dome-shaped papules located predominantly on the face, especially periorbital and malar areas. There are two clinical variants of eccrine hidrocystoma. The Robinson type presents as multiple small vesicles and papules, whereas the Smith type presents as larger solitary papule on the face, trunk and extremities. Histologically, eccrine hidrocystoma shows dilated partial cystic structure in the dermis with the cystic wall is lined by one or two layers of cuboidal or flattened epithelial cells without decapitation. As treatment, surgical excision is efficient in the single lesion and topical anticholinergics or CO₂ laser ablation is available as treatment options in multiple lesions. A 54-year old man presented with 5-year history of multiple skin-colored to bluish papules on the dorsum of nose. Lesions tend to be spreading and their sizes were increasing during 5 years. Histopathologically, punch biopsy specimen revealed a unilocular cyst lined by one to two layers of flattened or cuboidal epithelial cells. The patient was diagnosed with multiple eccrine hidrocystomas. Herein we report a case of multiple eccrine hidrocystomas on the nose.