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- 저자 : J. L. Fox (검색결과 11 건)
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Hydrocarbon ions in the lower ionosphere of Saturn : HYDROCARBON IONS ON SATURN
Kim, Y. H.,Fox, Jane L.,Black, J. H.,Moses, J. I. American Geophysical Union 2014 JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS Vol.119 No.1
Radio occultation measurements of the Saturn ionosphere have shown that persistent but variable electron density layers appear well below the major peaks. We model here the region of hydrocarbon ions that is below the main peak and is produced by absorption of solar photons in the wavelength range 842 to 1116 angstrom, which penetrate to altitudes below the methane homopause in the wings of the H-2 absorption lines, and in the gaps between groups of lines. In this wavelength range, H-2 absorbs photons in discrete transitions to rovibrational levels of electronically excited states, which then decay to a range of rovibrational levels of the electronic ground state, or to the continuum of the ground state. The cross sections for these discrete absorptions vary by several orders of magnitude from the peaks to the wings of the absorption lines. We find that the adoption of high resolution photoabsorption cross sections for the H-2 bands leads to different photoionization profiles for both the hydrocarbons and H atoms, and to peak CH4+ photoproduction profiles that are more than an order of magnitude larger than those computed with low resolution cross sections. For the present model, we find that ionization by energetic electrons that accompany the absorption of soft X-rays appears in the same altitude range. We predict that a broad region of hydrocarbon ions appears well below the main peak, in the altitude range 600 to 1000 km above the 1 bar level (2-0.04 mu bar) with a maximum electron density of approximate to 3x10(3)cm(-3) at low solar activity.
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Superantigen-mediated differentiation of bovine monocytes into dendritic cells
Seo, K. S.,Park, J. Y.,Davis, W. C.,Fox, L. K.,McGuire, M. A.,Park, Y. H.,Bohach, G. A. Wiley (John WileySons) 2009 Journal of Leukocyte Biology Vol.85 No.4
<P>Although many effects of staphylococcal superantigens (SAg) on T cells are well established, less is known about their effects on APC. In this study, bovine PBMC were stimulated with a low dose of staphylococcal enterotoxin C1 (SEC1). The phenotype of adherent cells (Ac) derived from bovine PBMC cultured with SEC1 [SEC1-stimulated Ac (sAc)] for 192 h was CD14(-), CD68(-), CD163(-), dendritic cell (DC)-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin(+), MHC class II (MHC II)(high), CD11a(low), CD11b(high), CD11c(high), and CD1b(high), suggesting these cells were dendritic cells (DC). SEC1 also induced transcription of the CXCL1, -2, and -3 family, CXCL6, CCL2, and CCL5 genes in sAc, which increased rapidly but returned to basal levels by 48 h. In contrast, increased transcription of CCL3, CCL8, and CXCL12, responsible for mononuclear cell migration and chronic inflammation, was sustained. In vitro cell migration assays showed vigorous migration of granulocytes, followed by migration of mononuclear cells. The autologous MLR showed that sAc induced a dose-dependent proliferation of CD4(+) T cells and an even stronger proliferation of CD8(+) T cells. This effect was inhibited or reduced by pretreatment with mAb to CD11b, MHC II, or MHC II plus CD18. These results indicate that stimulation of bovine PBMC by SAg induces differentiation of monocytes into DC.</P>
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Joo, Y.S.,Moon, J.S.,Fox, L.K.,Suh, G.H.,Kwon, N.H.,Kim, S.H.,Park, Y.H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.12
Studies using natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP) identification indicated that cattle could be selected for immunity. Several studies performed on intracellular organisms such as Mycobacterium, Salmonella, Brucella and Leishmania in human and mouse revealed that resistance against these bacteria was dependent on high activity of NRAMP1 in macrophages. However, hardly any researches have been done on Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis, which is an intracellular organism and the main cause of bovine mastitis. The objectives of this study were to establish reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods, through which NRAMP1 mRNA expression could be compared and analyzed between mastitis-resistant and -susceptible cows. NRAMP1 gene and its expression were investigated using 20 cows (Holstein Friesian) in Korea. Cows were evenly split into two groups, with and without histories of clinical mastitis. Equivalent numbers of cows were randomly selected from each group. Monocytes were isolated from the bovine peripheral blood of each selected cows and activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). mRNA was separated from the monocytes and cDNA of NRAMP1 was synthesized and amplified using RT-PCR with amplification of $\beta$-actin as a control. The difference in NRAMP1 expressions of mastitis-resistant (n=10) and -susceptible (n=10) Holstein cows was analyzed. Results demonstrate that resistant cows produced more NRAMP1 mRNA than the susceptible ones, and ratios of NRAMP1:$\beta$-actin expression were higher in resistant cows with or without LPS activation. Therefore, this study could be applied to select bovine mastitis resistant cows before infection based on the expression of NRAMP1.
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The X-ray counterpart to the gravitational-wave event GW170817
Troja, E.,Piro, L.,van Eerten, H.,Wollaeger, R. T.,Im, M.,Fox, O. D.,Butler, N. R.,Cenko, S. B.,Sakamoto, T.,Fryer, C. L.,Ricci, R.,Lien, A.,Ryan Jr, R. E.,Korobkin, O.,Lee, S.-K.,Burgess, J. M.,Lee, Nature Publishing Group 2017 Nature Vol. No.
A long-standing paradigm in astrophysics is that collisions—or mergers—of two neutron stars form highly relativistic and collimated outflows (jets) that power γ-ray bursts of short (less than two seconds) duration. The observational support for this model, however, is only indirect. A hitherto outstanding prediction is that gravitational-wave events from such mergers should be associated with γ-ray bursts, and that a majority of these bursts should be seen off-axis, that is, they should point away from Earth. Here we report the discovery observations of the X-ray counterpart associated with the gravitational-wave event GW170817. Although the electromagnetic counterpart at optical and infrared frequencies is dominated by the radioactive glow (known as a ‘kilonova’) from freshly synthesized rapid neutron capture (r-process) material in the merger ejecta, observations at X-ray and, later, radio frequencies are consistent with a short γ-ray burst viewed off-axis. Our detection of X-ray emission at a location coincident with the kilonova transient provides the missing observational link between short γ-ray bursts and gravitational waves from neutron-star mergers, and gives independent confirmation of the collimated nature of the γ-ray-burst emission.
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Banerjee, Gargi,Kim, Hee Jin,Fox, Zoe,Jä,ger, H. Rolf,Wilson, Duncan,Charidimou, Andreas,Na, Han Kyu,Na, Duk L.,Seo, Sang Won,Werring, David J. Oxford University Press 2017 Brain Vol.140 No.4
<P>Perivascular spaces that are visible on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are a neuroimaging marker of cerebral small vessel disease. Their location may relate to the type of underlying small vessel pathology: those in the white matter centrum semi-ovale have been associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy, while those in the basal ganglia have been associated with deep perforating artery arteriolosclerosis. As cerebral amyloid angiopathy is an almost invariable pathological finding in Alzheimer’s disease, we hypothesized that MRI-visible perivascular spaces in the centrum semi-ovale would be associated with a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, whereas those in the basal ganglia would be associated with subcortical vascular cognitive impairment. We also hypothesized that MRI-visible perivascular spaces in the centrum semi-ovale would be associated with brain amyloid burden, as detected by amyloid positron emission tomography using <SUP>11</SUP>C-Pittsburgh B compound (PiB-PET). Two hundred and twenty-six patients (Alzheimer’s disease n = 110; subcortical vascular cognitive impairment n = 116) with standardized MRI and PiB-PET imaging were included. MRI-visible perivascular spaces were rated using a validated 4-point visual rating scale, and then categorized by severity (‘none/mild’, ‘moderate’ or ‘frequent/severe’). Univariable and multivariable regression analyses were performed. Those with Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive impairment were younger, more likely to have a positive PiB-PET scan and carry at least one apolipoprotein E ?4 allele; those with subcortical vascular cognitive impairment were more likely to have hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, prior stroke, lacunes, deep microbleeds, and carry the apolipoprotein E ε3 allele. In adjusted analyses, the severity of MRI-visible perivascular spaces in the centrum semi-ovale was independently associated with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease (frequent/severe grade odds ratio 6.26, 95% confidence interval 1.66?23.58; P = 0.017, compared with none/mild grade), whereas the severity of MRI-visible perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia was associated with clinically diagnosed subcortical vascular cognitive impairment and negatively predicted Alzheimer’s disease (frequent/severe grade odds ratio 0.03, 95% confidence interval 0.00?0.44; P = 0.009, compared with none/mild grade). MRI-visible perivascular space severity in either location did not predict PiB-PET. These findings provide further evidence that the anatomical distribution of MRI-visible perivascular spaces may reflect the underlying cerebral small vessel disease. Using MRI-visible perivascular space location and severity together with other imaging markers may improve the diagnostic value of neuroimaging in memory clinic populations, in particular in differentiating between clinically diagnosed Alzheimer’s and subcortical vascular cognitive impairment.</P>
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Experimental characterization of 1-D velocity selection
A. M. Steinberg,S. H. Myrskog,J. K. Fox,L. R. Segal,A. M. Jofre,S. R. Mishra 한국물리학회 2005 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.47 No.6
We demonstrate a 1-D velocity selection technique which relies on combining magnetic and optical potentials. We have selected atom clouds with temperatures as low as 2.9 % of the initial temperature, with an efficiency of 1 %. The efficiency (percentage of atoms selected) of the techniquecan vary as slowly as the square root of the final temperature. In addition to selecting the coldest atoms from a cloud, this technique imparts a sharp cut-off in the velocity distribution. The cold selected atoms are confined in a small well, spatially separated from higher energy atoms. Such a non-thermal distribution may be useful for atom optics experiments, such as studies of atom tunneling.
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Song, R.,Grabowska, W.,Park, M.,Osypiuk, K.,Vergara-Diaz, G.P.,Bonato, P.,Hausdorff, J.M.,Fox, M.,Sudarsky, L.R.,Macklin, E.,Wayne, P.M. Elsevier 2017 Parkinsonism & related disorders Vol.41 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Purpose</B></P> <P>To systematically evaluate and quantify the effects of Tai Chi/Qigong (TCQ) on motor (UPDRS III, balance, falls, Timed-Up-and-Go, and 6-Minute Walk) and non-motor (depression and cognition) function, and quality of life (QOL) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>A systematic search in 7 electronic databases targeted clinical studies evaluating TCQ for individuals with PD published through August 2016. Meta-analysis was used to estimate effect sizes (Hedges's g) and publication bias for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methodological bias in RCTs was assessed by two raters.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>Our search identified 21 studies, 15 of which were RCTs with a total of 735 subjects. For RCTs, comparison groups included no treatment (n = 7, 47%) and active interventions (n = 8, 53%). Duration of TCQ ranged from 2 to 6 months. Methodological bias was low in 6 studies, moderate in 7, and high in 2. Fixed-effect models showed that TCQ was associated with significant improvement on most motor outcomes (UPDRS III [ES = −0.444, p < 0.001], balance [ES = 0.544, p < 0.001], Timed-Up-and-Go [ES = −0.341, p = 0.005], 6 MW [ES = −0.293, p = 0.06], falls [ES = −0.403, p = 0.004], as well as depression [ES = −0.457, p = 0.008] and QOL [ES = −0.393, p < 0.001], but not cognition [ES = −0.225, p = 0.477]). I<SUP>2</SUP> indicated limited heterogeneity. Funnel plots suggested some degree of publication bias.</P> <P><B>Conclusion</B></P> <P>Evidence to date supports a potential benefit of TCQ for improving motor function, depression and QOL for individuals with PD, and validates the need for additional large-scale trials.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Mind-body exercises like Tai Chi and Qigong (TCQ) show promise for addressing motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. </LI> <LI> Meta-analyses support that TCQ training leads to clinically meaningful improvements in multiple domains of motor function and fall risk. </LI> <LI> Our findings also suggest that TCQ training leads to improvements in mood and quality of life. </LI> </UL> </P>
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